The geodynamic development of Eurasian active margin is related to subduction,collision and closure of Tethys Ocean.It is divided on pre-collision and post-collision stages.The pre-collision development controlled by ...The geodynamic development of Eurasian active margin is related to subduction,collision and closure of Tethys Ocean.It is divided on pre-collision and post-collision stages.The pre-collision development controlled by subduction,whereas post-collision related by orogenesis,granodiorite magmatism gold base and trace metals(Sb,W,Mo and Hg)metallogeny.The mentioned trace metals association is the geochemical indicator of first stage of post-collision development.The second stage revealed in andesite basalt,shoshonite,olivine basalt and tholeiite volcanic activity.Pre-collision stage is controlled by steady state subduction related with metamorphism and calc-alkaline volcanic activity in subaqual and island conditions of island arc setting.It is lately with steepening of subducting slab and incursion of mantle diapir transferred in interarc-backarc and minor ocean setting with shoshonite-trachyandesite and alkali olivine basalt and tholeiite volcanism and later with ophiolite volcanism,dunite-peridotite magmatism and Cu-pyrite mineralization of minor ocean setting.The pre-collision stage is developed temporally and spacially along dipping of subducted slab in the island arc setting transferring in the backarc-interarc and minor ocean settings.The similar transferring occurs laterally to dipping of slab and ascending succession.The alternation of settings shown the cycling along dipping spatial and temporal alternation of island arc,backarc and minor ocean settings.Laterally to dipping alternation is only spatial,whereas in ascending succession cycling is only temporal,localized spacially.The pre-collision development occurs in subaqual condition,whereas related to orogenesis post-collision development is mainly subaerial.展开更多
The Middle to Late Jurassic,high-pressure metamorphic ophiolites of Inzecca Unit are well exposed in the Noceta-Vezzani area of Alpine Corsica.These metaophiolites were studied by using a multidisciplinary approach to...The Middle to Late Jurassic,high-pressure metamorphic ophiolites of Inzecca Unit are well exposed in the Noceta-Vezzani area of Alpine Corsica.These metaophiolites were studied by using a multidisciplinary approach to reconstruct the architecture of the oceanic sector from which they derived.The collected data indicate that this oceanic crust consists of a mantle metaperidotites and metaophicalcites,both covered by massive or pillow metabasalts with or without a layer of ophiolite-bearing metabreccias.展开更多
The Pamir plateau may have been a westward continuation of Tibet plateau.Meanwhile,the Rushan-Pshart suture is correlative to the Bangong-Nujiang suture of Tibet,and the Central Pamir is the lateral equivalent of the ...The Pamir plateau may have been a westward continuation of Tibet plateau.Meanwhile,the Rushan-Pshart suture is correlative to the Bangong-Nujiang suture of Tibet,and the Central Pamir is the lateral equivalent of the Qiangtang Block.We present the first detailed LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb chronology,major and trace element,and Lu-Hf isotope geochemistry of Taxkorgan two-mica monzogranite to illuminate the Tethys evolution in central Pamir.LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb dating shows that two-mica monzogranite is emplaced in the Cretaceous(118 Ma).Its geochemical features are similar to S-type granite,with enrichment in LREEs and negative Ba,Sr,Zr and Ti anomalies.All the samples show negative zirconεHf(t)values ranging from 17.0 to 12.5(mean 14.5),corresponding to crustal Hf model(TDM2)ages of 1906 to 2169 Ma.It is inferred that these granitoids are derived from partial melting of peliticmetasedimentary rocks analogous to the Paleoproterozoic Bulunkuole Group,predominantly with muscovite schists component.Based on the petrological and geochemical data presented above,together with the regional geology,this work provides new insights that Bangong Nujiang Ocean closed in Early Cretaceous(120114 Ma).展开更多
This study reconstructs the lithofacies and paleogeographic evolution of North Africa during the Cambrian to Devonian periods,emphasizing the influence of tectonic events,sea-level fluctuations,and climatic changes on...This study reconstructs the lithofacies and paleogeographic evolution of North Africa during the Cambrian to Devonian periods,emphasizing the influence of tectonic events,sea-level fluctuations,and climatic changes on the region's depositional systems and basin development.Integrating seismic,well log,and core data,we identify key depositional patterns and their implications for hydrocarbon exploration.During sedimentation of diverse stages,the source-to-sink systems underwent significant transitions under provenance variation.During the Cambrian-Ordovician periods,intracratonic sag basins dominated,with braided river systems transitioning into glacial deposits in response to climatic cooling and glaciation.Under the control of the source-to-sink system,Silurian witnessed the opening of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean,leading to extensive marine transgressions and the deposition of organic-rich shales of the Lower Silurian,a primary hydrocarbon source rock.Regression during the Late Silurian introduced deltaic and fluvial systems,influenced by tectonic uplifting.During the Devonian period,the Hercynian Orogeny significantly impacted basin architecture,facilitating the development of passive margin basins.Braided and meandering river systems transitioned into deltaic and shallow marine environments,with Late Devonian anoxic conditions fostering the formation of additional hydrocarbon source rocks.This research highlights the interplay of tectonics,climate,and sea-level changes in shaping North Africa's sedimentary history.The findings provide critical insights into the distribution of hydrocarbon source and reservoir rocks,offering valuable guidance for exploration and development in the region.展开更多
Many large and super-large copper deposits have been discovered and explored in the Tibet Plateau,which makes it the most important copper resource reserve and development base in China.Based on the work of the resear...Many large and super-large copper deposits have been discovered and explored in the Tibet Plateau,which makes it the most important copper resource reserve and development base in China.Based on the work of the research team,the paper summarizes the geological characteristics of the main copper deposits in Tibet and puts forward a further prospecting direction.A series of large accumulated metal deposits or ore districts from subduction of Tethys oceanic crust to India-Asia collisionhave been discovered,such as Duolong Cu(Au)ore district and Jiama copper polymetallic deposit.The ore deposits in the Duolong ore district are located in the lowstand domain,the top of lowstand domain,and the highstand domain of the same magmatic-hydrothermal metallogenic system,and their relative positions are the indicators for related deposits in the Bangong Co-Nujiang metallogenic belt.The polycentric metallogenic model of the Jiama copper polymetallic deposit is an important inspiration for the exploration of the porphyry mineralization related to collision orogeny.Further mineral exploration in the Tibet Plateau should be focused on the continental volcanic rocks related to porphyry-epithermal deposits,orogenic gold deposits,hydrothermal Pb-Zn deposits related to nappe structures,skarn Cu(Au)and polymetallic deposits,and the Miocene W-Sn polymetallic deposits.展开更多
The Duolong mineral district in western Tibet is one of the largest porphyry Cu–Au deposit fields with significant metallogenic potential in China.Its tectonic environment relevant to Early Cretaceous Cu–Au minerali...The Duolong mineral district in western Tibet is one of the largest porphyry Cu–Au deposit fields with significant metallogenic potential in China.Its tectonic environment relevant to Early Cretaceous Cu–Au mineralization remains controversial.Here we report new whole-rock major and trace element,and Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb isotopic data for the newly discovered basalt in the Nadun area,Duolong mineral district,to decipher their genesis and further constrain the tectonic environment.A contemporaneous rhyolite sample interbedded with the basalt in the lower part of the volcanic section in the Nadun area yields an LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb age of 122.5±1.2 Ma.The basalt samples exhibit high-K calc-alkaline/shoshonite properties and are enriched in high field strength elements,e.g.,high Ti O_(2)(1.43–1.79 wt.%)and Nb(14.6–19.5 ppm)contents,with high Nb/La ratios(0.4–0.6),which are compositionally comparable to those of Nb-enriched arc basalts(NEABs).The(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)iratios of 0.7052 to 0.7056,negative eNd(t)(-0.7 to-0.2)and eHf(t)values(+6.0 to+6.5),and high(^(206)Pb/^(204)Pb)i,(^(207)Pb/^(204)Pb)i,(^(208)Pb/^(204)Pb)iand ratios(18.522 to 18.561,15.641 to 15.645 and 38.679 to 38.730,respectively)suggest that the Nadun NEABs are more enriched than those of the island arc basalts(IABs)in the area.The slightly enriched radiogenic isotopes for the Nadun NEABs indicate that the subducting sediments play an important role in the source.Furthermore,their high Nb,Ti,and Cu contents indicate that the source mantle wedge was metasomatized by slab melts.The Nadun NEAB and other coeval magmatic rocks in the Duolong mineral district,including adakite,OIB-like basalt,MORB-type basalt,A-type rhyolite,and common IAB,are typical rock assemblages of ridge subduction.We infer that the Duolong mineral district were formed by ridge subduction in the Early Cretaceous.展开更多
The Permian Period was a critical time interval during which various blocks of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau have experienced profound and complex paleogeographical changes.The supercontinent Pangea was formed to its ma...The Permian Period was a critical time interval during which various blocks of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau have experienced profound and complex paleogeographical changes.The supercontinent Pangea was formed to its maximum during this interval,hampering a global east-to-west trending equatorial warm ocean current.Meanwhile,a semi-closed Tethys Ocean warm pool formed an eastward-opening oceanic embayment of Pangea,and became an engine fostering the evolutions of organisms and environmental changes during the Paleozoic-Mesozoic transition.Stratigraphy and preserved fossil groups have proved extremely useful in understanding such changes and the evolutionary histories of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Widely distributed Permian deposits and fossils from various blocks of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau exhibited varied characteristics,reflecting these blocks’different paleolatitude settings and drifting histories.The Himalaya Tethys Zone south to the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone,located in the northern Gondwanan margin,yields fossil assemblages characterized by cold-water organisms throughout the Permian,and was affliated to those of the Gondwanaland.Most of the exotic limestone blocks within the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone are Guadalupian(Middle Permian)to Early Triassic in age.These exotic limestone blocks bear fossil assemblages that have transitional affinities between the warm Tethys and cold Gondwanan regions,suggesting that they most probably represent seamount deposits in the Neo-Tethys Ocean.During the Asselian to Sakmarian(Cisuralian,also Early Permian),the Cimmerian microcontinents in the northern part of Gondwana preserved glacio-marine deposits of Asselian to Sakmarian,and contained typical Gondwana-type cold-water faunas.By the middle Cisuralian(~290-280 Ma),the Cimmerian microcontinents rifted off from the Gondwanaland,and drifted northward allometrically due to the active magmatism of the Panjal Traps in the northern margin of the Indian Plate.Two slices of microcontinents are discerned as a result of such allometic drifting.The northern Cimmerian microcontinent slice,consisting of South Qiangtang,Baoshan,and Sibuma blocks,drifted relatively quickly,and preserved widespread carbonate deposits and warm-water faunas since Artinskian.By contrast,the southern Cimmerian microcontinent slice,consisting of Lhasa,Tengchong,and Irrawaddy blocks,drifted relatively slowly,and were characterized by widespread carbonate deposits containing warm-water faunas of late Kungurian to Lopingian(Late Permian).As such,these blocks rifted off from the northern Gondwanan margin since at least the Kungurian.Thus,it can be inferred that these blocks were incorperated into the low latitude,warm-water regions later than the northern Cimmerian slice.Such discrepancies in depositional sequences and paleobiogeography imply that the rifting of Cimmerian microcontinents resulted in the formation of both Meso-Tethys and Neo-Tethys oceans during the Cisuralian.By contrast,the North Qiangtang block,because of its further northern paleogeographical position,contains warm-water faunas throughout the whole Permian Period that are affiliated well with the faunas from the South China,Simao,and Indochina blocks.Together,these blocks belonged to the members of the northern Paleo-Tethys Ocean.Thus,an archipelagic paleogeographical framework divided by Paleo-,Meso-,and Neo-Tethys oceans was formed,fostering a global biodiversity centre within the Tethys warm pool.Since most of the allochthonous blocks assembling the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau were situated in the middle to high latitude regions during the Permian,they preserved most sensitive paleoclimate records of the Late Paleozoic Ice Age(LPIA),the Artinskian global warming event,and the rapid warming event at the end-Permian.Therefore,sedimentological and paleontological records of these blocks are the unique window through which we can understand global evolutions of tectonic movement and paleoclimate,and their impacts on spatiotemporal distributions of comtemporaneous biotas.展开更多
文摘The geodynamic development of Eurasian active margin is related to subduction,collision and closure of Tethys Ocean.It is divided on pre-collision and post-collision stages.The pre-collision development controlled by subduction,whereas post-collision related by orogenesis,granodiorite magmatism gold base and trace metals(Sb,W,Mo and Hg)metallogeny.The mentioned trace metals association is the geochemical indicator of first stage of post-collision development.The second stage revealed in andesite basalt,shoshonite,olivine basalt and tholeiite volcanic activity.Pre-collision stage is controlled by steady state subduction related with metamorphism and calc-alkaline volcanic activity in subaqual and island conditions of island arc setting.It is lately with steepening of subducting slab and incursion of mantle diapir transferred in interarc-backarc and minor ocean setting with shoshonite-trachyandesite and alkali olivine basalt and tholeiite volcanism and later with ophiolite volcanism,dunite-peridotite magmatism and Cu-pyrite mineralization of minor ocean setting.The pre-collision stage is developed temporally and spacially along dipping of subducted slab in the island arc setting transferring in the backarc-interarc and minor ocean settings.The similar transferring occurs laterally to dipping of slab and ascending succession.The alternation of settings shown the cycling along dipping spatial and temporal alternation of island arc,backarc and minor ocean settings.Laterally to dipping alternation is only spatial,whereas in ascending succession cycling is only temporal,localized spacially.The pre-collision development occurs in subaqual condition,whereas related to orogenesis post-collision development is mainly subaerial.
基金supported by PRIN 2020 project(Resp.Michele Marroni)Claudia D’Oriano(INGV)Matteo Masotta and Danis Filimon(Earth Science Dept)are also thanked for analytical support in the laboratoriesThis work benefited from the PRA 2022 project handled by Francesca Meneghini.
文摘The Middle to Late Jurassic,high-pressure metamorphic ophiolites of Inzecca Unit are well exposed in the Noceta-Vezzani area of Alpine Corsica.These metaophiolites were studied by using a multidisciplinary approach to reconstruct the architecture of the oceanic sector from which they derived.The collected data indicate that this oceanic crust consists of a mantle metaperidotites and metaophicalcites,both covered by massive or pillow metabasalts with or without a layer of ophiolite-bearing metabreccias.
基金Project(41802103)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2017YFC0601403)supported by the National Key R&D Program of China
文摘The Pamir plateau may have been a westward continuation of Tibet plateau.Meanwhile,the Rushan-Pshart suture is correlative to the Bangong-Nujiang suture of Tibet,and the Central Pamir is the lateral equivalent of the Qiangtang Block.We present the first detailed LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb chronology,major and trace element,and Lu-Hf isotope geochemistry of Taxkorgan two-mica monzogranite to illuminate the Tethys evolution in central Pamir.LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb dating shows that two-mica monzogranite is emplaced in the Cretaceous(118 Ma).Its geochemical features are similar to S-type granite,with enrichment in LREEs and negative Ba,Sr,Zr and Ti anomalies.All the samples show negative zirconεHf(t)values ranging from 17.0 to 12.5(mean 14.5),corresponding to crustal Hf model(TDM2)ages of 1906 to 2169 Ma.It is inferred that these granitoids are derived from partial melting of peliticmetasedimentary rocks analogous to the Paleoproterozoic Bulunkuole Group,predominantly with muscovite schists component.Based on the petrological and geochemical data presented above,together with the regional geology,this work provides new insights that Bangong Nujiang Ocean closed in Early Cretaceous(120114 Ma).
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.92255302).
文摘This study reconstructs the lithofacies and paleogeographic evolution of North Africa during the Cambrian to Devonian periods,emphasizing the influence of tectonic events,sea-level fluctuations,and climatic changes on the region's depositional systems and basin development.Integrating seismic,well log,and core data,we identify key depositional patterns and their implications for hydrocarbon exploration.During sedimentation of diverse stages,the source-to-sink systems underwent significant transitions under provenance variation.During the Cambrian-Ordovician periods,intracratonic sag basins dominated,with braided river systems transitioning into glacial deposits in response to climatic cooling and glaciation.Under the control of the source-to-sink system,Silurian witnessed the opening of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean,leading to extensive marine transgressions and the deposition of organic-rich shales of the Lower Silurian,a primary hydrocarbon source rock.Regression during the Late Silurian introduced deltaic and fluvial systems,influenced by tectonic uplifting.During the Devonian period,the Hercynian Orogeny significantly impacted basin architecture,facilitating the development of passive margin basins.Braided and meandering river systems transitioned into deltaic and shallow marine environments,with Late Devonian anoxic conditions fostering the formation of additional hydrocarbon source rocks.This research highlights the interplay of tectonics,climate,and sea-level changes in shaping North Africa's sedimentary history.The findings provide critical insights into the distribution of hydrocarbon source and reservoir rocks,offering valuable guidance for exploration and development in the region.
基金supported by the project of the China Geological Survey(DD20190167)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFC0604101,2018YFC0604106)+1 种基金the Special Funds for Basic Scientific Research of the Institute of mineral resources,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences(kk2017)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42002103,41902097).
文摘Many large and super-large copper deposits have been discovered and explored in the Tibet Plateau,which makes it the most important copper resource reserve and development base in China.Based on the work of the research team,the paper summarizes the geological characteristics of the main copper deposits in Tibet and puts forward a further prospecting direction.A series of large accumulated metal deposits or ore districts from subduction of Tethys oceanic crust to India-Asia collisionhave been discovered,such as Duolong Cu(Au)ore district and Jiama copper polymetallic deposit.The ore deposits in the Duolong ore district are located in the lowstand domain,the top of lowstand domain,and the highstand domain of the same magmatic-hydrothermal metallogenic system,and their relative positions are the indicators for related deposits in the Bangong Co-Nujiang metallogenic belt.The polycentric metallogenic model of the Jiama copper polymetallic deposit is an important inspiration for the exploration of the porphyry mineralization related to collision orogeny.Further mineral exploration in the Tibet Plateau should be focused on the continental volcanic rocks related to porphyry-epithermal deposits,orogenic gold deposits,hydrothermal Pb-Zn deposits related to nappe structures,skarn Cu(Au)and polymetallic deposits,and the Miocene W-Sn polymetallic deposits.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42002235,41803002)the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFC0600408)+3 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant Nos.2019M652495,2018M642708)the Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong(ts201712075)the Ao Shan Talents Cultivation Program Supported by Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(2017ASTCP-OS07)the Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)(No.JCZX202026)。
文摘The Duolong mineral district in western Tibet is one of the largest porphyry Cu–Au deposit fields with significant metallogenic potential in China.Its tectonic environment relevant to Early Cretaceous Cu–Au mineralization remains controversial.Here we report new whole-rock major and trace element,and Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb isotopic data for the newly discovered basalt in the Nadun area,Duolong mineral district,to decipher their genesis and further constrain the tectonic environment.A contemporaneous rhyolite sample interbedded with the basalt in the lower part of the volcanic section in the Nadun area yields an LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb age of 122.5±1.2 Ma.The basalt samples exhibit high-K calc-alkaline/shoshonite properties and are enriched in high field strength elements,e.g.,high Ti O_(2)(1.43–1.79 wt.%)and Nb(14.6–19.5 ppm)contents,with high Nb/La ratios(0.4–0.6),which are compositionally comparable to those of Nb-enriched arc basalts(NEABs).The(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)iratios of 0.7052 to 0.7056,negative eNd(t)(-0.7 to-0.2)and eHf(t)values(+6.0 to+6.5),and high(^(206)Pb/^(204)Pb)i,(^(207)Pb/^(204)Pb)i,(^(208)Pb/^(204)Pb)iand ratios(18.522 to 18.561,15.641 to 15.645 and 38.679 to 38.730,respectively)suggest that the Nadun NEABs are more enriched than those of the island arc basalts(IABs)in the area.The slightly enriched radiogenic isotopes for the Nadun NEABs indicate that the subducting sediments play an important role in the source.Furthermore,their high Nb,Ti,and Cu contents indicate that the source mantle wedge was metasomatized by slab melts.The Nadun NEAB and other coeval magmatic rocks in the Duolong mineral district,including adakite,OIB-like basalt,MORB-type basalt,A-type rhyolite,and common IAB,are typical rock assemblages of ridge subduction.We infer that the Duolong mineral district were formed by ridge subduction in the Early Cretaceous.
基金supported by the the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(Grant No.2019QZKK0706)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.91855205,42261144668,42293280)the Strategic Priority Research Program(B)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB26000000)。
文摘The Permian Period was a critical time interval during which various blocks of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau have experienced profound and complex paleogeographical changes.The supercontinent Pangea was formed to its maximum during this interval,hampering a global east-to-west trending equatorial warm ocean current.Meanwhile,a semi-closed Tethys Ocean warm pool formed an eastward-opening oceanic embayment of Pangea,and became an engine fostering the evolutions of organisms and environmental changes during the Paleozoic-Mesozoic transition.Stratigraphy and preserved fossil groups have proved extremely useful in understanding such changes and the evolutionary histories of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Widely distributed Permian deposits and fossils from various blocks of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau exhibited varied characteristics,reflecting these blocks’different paleolatitude settings and drifting histories.The Himalaya Tethys Zone south to the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone,located in the northern Gondwanan margin,yields fossil assemblages characterized by cold-water organisms throughout the Permian,and was affliated to those of the Gondwanaland.Most of the exotic limestone blocks within the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone are Guadalupian(Middle Permian)to Early Triassic in age.These exotic limestone blocks bear fossil assemblages that have transitional affinities between the warm Tethys and cold Gondwanan regions,suggesting that they most probably represent seamount deposits in the Neo-Tethys Ocean.During the Asselian to Sakmarian(Cisuralian,also Early Permian),the Cimmerian microcontinents in the northern part of Gondwana preserved glacio-marine deposits of Asselian to Sakmarian,and contained typical Gondwana-type cold-water faunas.By the middle Cisuralian(~290-280 Ma),the Cimmerian microcontinents rifted off from the Gondwanaland,and drifted northward allometrically due to the active magmatism of the Panjal Traps in the northern margin of the Indian Plate.Two slices of microcontinents are discerned as a result of such allometic drifting.The northern Cimmerian microcontinent slice,consisting of South Qiangtang,Baoshan,and Sibuma blocks,drifted relatively quickly,and preserved widespread carbonate deposits and warm-water faunas since Artinskian.By contrast,the southern Cimmerian microcontinent slice,consisting of Lhasa,Tengchong,and Irrawaddy blocks,drifted relatively slowly,and were characterized by widespread carbonate deposits containing warm-water faunas of late Kungurian to Lopingian(Late Permian).As such,these blocks rifted off from the northern Gondwanan margin since at least the Kungurian.Thus,it can be inferred that these blocks were incorperated into the low latitude,warm-water regions later than the northern Cimmerian slice.Such discrepancies in depositional sequences and paleobiogeography imply that the rifting of Cimmerian microcontinents resulted in the formation of both Meso-Tethys and Neo-Tethys oceans during the Cisuralian.By contrast,the North Qiangtang block,because of its further northern paleogeographical position,contains warm-water faunas throughout the whole Permian Period that are affiliated well with the faunas from the South China,Simao,and Indochina blocks.Together,these blocks belonged to the members of the northern Paleo-Tethys Ocean.Thus,an archipelagic paleogeographical framework divided by Paleo-,Meso-,and Neo-Tethys oceans was formed,fostering a global biodiversity centre within the Tethys warm pool.Since most of the allochthonous blocks assembling the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau were situated in the middle to high latitude regions during the Permian,they preserved most sensitive paleoclimate records of the Late Paleozoic Ice Age(LPIA),the Artinskian global warming event,and the rapid warming event at the end-Permian.Therefore,sedimentological and paleontological records of these blocks are the unique window through which we can understand global evolutions of tectonic movement and paleoclimate,and their impacts on spatiotemporal distributions of comtemporaneous biotas.
