Recently, Tavakoli et al.proposed a self-testing scheme in the prepare-and-measure scenario, showing that self-testing is not necessarily based on entanglement and violation of a Bell inequality [Phys.Rev.A 98 062307(...Recently, Tavakoli et al.proposed a self-testing scheme in the prepare-and-measure scenario, showing that self-testing is not necessarily based on entanglement and violation of a Bell inequality [Phys.Rev.A 98 062307(2018)].They realized the self-testing of preparations and measurements in an N → 1(N ≥ 2) random access code(RAC), and provided robustness bounds in a 2 → 1 RAC.Since all N → 1 RACs with shared randomness are combinations of 2 → 1 and 3 → 1 RACs, the3 → 1 RAC is just as important as the 2 → 1 RAC.In this paper, we find a set of preparations and measurements in the3 → 1 RAC, and use them to complete the robustness self-testing analysis in the prepare-and-measure scenario.The method is robust to small but inevitable experimental errors.展开更多
Regardless of which (model-centric or code-centric) development process is adopted, industrial software production ultimately and necessarily requires the delivery of an executable implementation. It is generally acce...Regardless of which (model-centric or code-centric) development process is adopted, industrial software production ultimately and necessarily requires the delivery of an executable implementation. It is generally accepted that the quality of such an implementation is of utmost importance. Yet current verification techniques, including software testing, remain problematic. In this paper, we focus on acceptance testing, that is, on the validation of the actual behavior of the implementation under test against the requirements of stakeholder(s). This task must be as objective and automated as possible. Our first goal is to review existing code-based and model-based tools for testing in light of what such an objective and automated approach to acceptance testing entails. Our contention is that the difficulties we identify originate mainly in a lack of traceability between a testable model of the requirements of the stakeholder(s) and the test cases used to validate these requirements. We then investigate whether such traceability is addressed in other relevant specification-based approaches.展开更多
Outfield testing is an effective measure to check the performance of wireless networks and facilities.Current outfield testing environment has inherent fluctuation due to the wireless propagation condition and has oth...Outfield testing is an effective measure to check the performance of wireless networks and facilities.Current outfield testing environment has inherent fluctuation due to the wireless propagation condition and has other disadvantages such as nonsupport for multiple scenarios,and low-level yet high-cost auto-control capability.In this paper,the conception of a radio testing environment,known as T-Ring(Integrated-Testing Ring),is proposed.It is based on a novel fitting degree evaluation frame.The testing ring can achieve high level of fitting degree to the real network so that the fluctuation of the wireless environment will be under control or even eliminated.This paper will choose some typical performance indicators and obtain corresponding statistical data in both the real network and system level simulation.A complete set of procedures is also given in this paper to evaluate the fitting degree of testing results and simulation results.It proves that the simulation highly fits to the real network and the simulation configuration can be used to construct the testing ring.At the same time,the advanced radio testing ring integrates multiple radio access technologies,scenarios and facilities from different manufacturers.It can improve the efficiency of wireless outfield testing and lower the cost of operators and manufacturers.展开更多
Practitioners and researchers in the field of software engineering have realized that Non Functional requirement have not received due attention and second grade (or no) treatment has been meted out to Non Functional ...Practitioners and researchers in the field of software engineering have realized that Non Functional requirement have not received due attention and second grade (or no) treatment has been meted out to Non Functional Requirements. Many software products/systems are finally not acceptable because of such an approach. This casual approach of treating NFR has moved on to Testing also. Testing of NFR has never been taken seriously. Here in this work, we attempt to under- stand what needs to be done for proper consideration of NFR, so that they are treated as seriously as the Functional Requirements. In an attempt to treat NFR as seriously as FR we work on the testability of NFR by refining an abstract quality concern into concrete NFR statements. We show that quality concerns needs to be analyzed, for identifying and finally converting them into appropriate and unambiguous NFR. Once a high quality of NFR is ensured then the consequent testing of these NFRs will become as effective as that of Functional Requirement. We finally propose a revised model of Problem Analysis and Requirement Specification. A step wise refinement model for quality concern into test- able Non Functional Requirement is also proposed.展开更多
为构建科学合理的城市道路自动驾驶测试场景,基于美国加利福尼亚州机动车管理局(California Department of Motor Vehicles, DMV)2021—2023年公开的280起自动驾驶汽车(Autonomous Vehicle, AV)碰撞事故报告,挖掘典型危险场景并完成测...为构建科学合理的城市道路自动驾驶测试场景,基于美国加利福尼亚州机动车管理局(California Department of Motor Vehicles, DMV)2021—2023年公开的280起自动驾驶汽车(Autonomous Vehicle, AV)碰撞事故报告,挖掘典型危险场景并完成测试场景转化。首先,通过多元Logistic回归分析提取人员受伤情况的显著影响因素。其次,引入独热编码(One-Hot Encoding)对分类变量进行二进制向量转换,消除传统标签编码的数值顺序偏差。然后,采用二阶聚类算法挖掘典型危险场景组,并进一步通过交叉表分析场景组与事故结果变量、道路环境变量间的关联性。最后,将危险场景转化设计为自动驾驶测试场景。结果显示,独热编码处理后的变量,聚类质量较传统方法提升50%;聚类分析共识别出12类典型危险场景,且交叉表分析表明场景组与事故结果及道路环境变量显著相关;进一步结合事故机理与测试需求,将这12类危险场景归纳为6类代表性测试场景,其中“AV停止或减速状态下被后方直行车辆追尾”的场景最为典型,在全部场景中占比46.1%。研究表明,独热编码方法显著提升了聚类分析的准确性,基于真实事故数据的场景聚类方法能识别AV在城市道路的事故模式,并为自动驾驶测试场景库的优先级划分与标准化设计提供数据驱动支撑。展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61572081,61672110,and 61671082)
文摘Recently, Tavakoli et al.proposed a self-testing scheme in the prepare-and-measure scenario, showing that self-testing is not necessarily based on entanglement and violation of a Bell inequality [Phys.Rev.A 98 062307(2018)].They realized the self-testing of preparations and measurements in an N → 1(N ≥ 2) random access code(RAC), and provided robustness bounds in a 2 → 1 RAC.Since all N → 1 RACs with shared randomness are combinations of 2 → 1 and 3 → 1 RACs, the3 → 1 RAC is just as important as the 2 → 1 RAC.In this paper, we find a set of preparations and measurements in the3 → 1 RAC, and use them to complete the robustness self-testing analysis in the prepare-and-measure scenario.The method is robust to small but inevitable experimental errors.
文摘Regardless of which (model-centric or code-centric) development process is adopted, industrial software production ultimately and necessarily requires the delivery of an executable implementation. It is generally accepted that the quality of such an implementation is of utmost importance. Yet current verification techniques, including software testing, remain problematic. In this paper, we focus on acceptance testing, that is, on the validation of the actual behavior of the implementation under test against the requirements of stakeholder(s). This task must be as objective and automated as possible. Our first goal is to review existing code-based and model-based tools for testing in light of what such an objective and automated approach to acceptance testing entails. Our contention is that the difficulties we identify originate mainly in a lack of traceability between a testable model of the requirements of the stakeholder(s) and the test cases used to validate these requirements. We then investigate whether such traceability is addressed in other relevant specification-based approaches.
文摘Outfield testing is an effective measure to check the performance of wireless networks and facilities.Current outfield testing environment has inherent fluctuation due to the wireless propagation condition and has other disadvantages such as nonsupport for multiple scenarios,and low-level yet high-cost auto-control capability.In this paper,the conception of a radio testing environment,known as T-Ring(Integrated-Testing Ring),is proposed.It is based on a novel fitting degree evaluation frame.The testing ring can achieve high level of fitting degree to the real network so that the fluctuation of the wireless environment will be under control or even eliminated.This paper will choose some typical performance indicators and obtain corresponding statistical data in both the real network and system level simulation.A complete set of procedures is also given in this paper to evaluate the fitting degree of testing results and simulation results.It proves that the simulation highly fits to the real network and the simulation configuration can be used to construct the testing ring.At the same time,the advanced radio testing ring integrates multiple radio access technologies,scenarios and facilities from different manufacturers.It can improve the efficiency of wireless outfield testing and lower the cost of operators and manufacturers.
文摘Practitioners and researchers in the field of software engineering have realized that Non Functional requirement have not received due attention and second grade (or no) treatment has been meted out to Non Functional Requirements. Many software products/systems are finally not acceptable because of such an approach. This casual approach of treating NFR has moved on to Testing also. Testing of NFR has never been taken seriously. Here in this work, we attempt to under- stand what needs to be done for proper consideration of NFR, so that they are treated as seriously as the Functional Requirements. In an attempt to treat NFR as seriously as FR we work on the testability of NFR by refining an abstract quality concern into concrete NFR statements. We show that quality concerns needs to be analyzed, for identifying and finally converting them into appropriate and unambiguous NFR. Once a high quality of NFR is ensured then the consequent testing of these NFRs will become as effective as that of Functional Requirement. We finally propose a revised model of Problem Analysis and Requirement Specification. A step wise refinement model for quality concern into test- able Non Functional Requirement is also proposed.
文摘为构建科学合理的城市道路自动驾驶测试场景,基于美国加利福尼亚州机动车管理局(California Department of Motor Vehicles, DMV)2021—2023年公开的280起自动驾驶汽车(Autonomous Vehicle, AV)碰撞事故报告,挖掘典型危险场景并完成测试场景转化。首先,通过多元Logistic回归分析提取人员受伤情况的显著影响因素。其次,引入独热编码(One-Hot Encoding)对分类变量进行二进制向量转换,消除传统标签编码的数值顺序偏差。然后,采用二阶聚类算法挖掘典型危险场景组,并进一步通过交叉表分析场景组与事故结果变量、道路环境变量间的关联性。最后,将危险场景转化设计为自动驾驶测试场景。结果显示,独热编码处理后的变量,聚类质量较传统方法提升50%;聚类分析共识别出12类典型危险场景,且交叉表分析表明场景组与事故结果及道路环境变量显著相关;进一步结合事故机理与测试需求,将这12类危险场景归纳为6类代表性测试场景,其中“AV停止或减速状态下被后方直行车辆追尾”的场景最为典型,在全部场景中占比46.1%。研究表明,独热编码方法显著提升了聚类分析的准确性,基于真实事故数据的场景聚类方法能识别AV在城市道路的事故模式,并为自动驾驶测试场景库的优先级划分与标准化设计提供数据驱动支撑。
