This essay is a research report, which is based on results of grammatical error analysis and interviews with linguistic teachers. These researches are conducted in four language streams, namely, Chinese, Spanish, Kore...This essay is a research report, which is based on results of grammatical error analysis and interviews with linguistic teachers. These researches are conducted in four language streams, namely, Chinese, Spanish, Korean and Japanese. It will talk about problems identified in all these four language streams, with Chinese as the focus. Although according to various definitions, translation competence includes several parts, which are all required for a professional translator; this essay covers mainly the linguistic competence with tense and aspect issue as the main point. Meanwhile, some major causes of mistakes will be identified, such as interference of mother tongue, lack of second language proficiency. In the end, some possible ways for improvement are presented for reaching what are needed for a professional translator.展开更多
The aim of the paper is to give a general comparison about the structural composition of the AUX in English and Chinese mainly from the perspective of tense-aspect.Based on the basic construction of English AUX system...The aim of the paper is to give a general comparison about the structural composition of the AUX in English and Chinese mainly from the perspective of tense-aspect.Based on the basic construction of English AUX system,which includes such elements as Tense,Modal,Perfect aspect,Progressive aspect and Passive,the paper focuses on comparing the syntactic characteristics of tense element in the two languages.The final part of the paper briefly summarized predicted learning problems that Chinese learners of English as well as English learners of Chinese would have in learning English and Chinese respectively.展开更多
Mesqan is a South Ethio-Semitic tongue which is mainly worn in day-to-day message by a people of 179,737 communities in the Gurage Zone,Ethiopia,whose linguistic skin was not well expressed.The inner aspire of this pa...Mesqan is a South Ethio-Semitic tongue which is mainly worn in day-to-day message by a people of 179,737 communities in the Gurage Zone,Ethiopia,whose linguistic skin was not well expressed.The inner aspire of this paper is to offer a complete account of tense,aspect,mood and aktionsart structures of the Mesqan tongue.The paper is expressive in character,as the lessons are mostly worried with telling what is really being in the tongue,and mostly rely on main linguistic facts.The linguistic facts,i.e.the elicited grammatical facts regarding tense,aspect,mood and aktionsart,were composed from local speakers of the tongue during 12 months of fieldwork mannered among 2011 and 2012 in four Mesqan villages and in Butajira,the managerial hub of the Mesqan Woreda.The perfective aspect in the tongue emphasizes the endpoint of the oral state with dynamic verbs,but the imperfective aspect relates with the lexical semantics of the verb,which can be practical when their purposes with stative and dynamic verbs are evaluated.Concerning tense,the past and the non-past tense in the tongue are distinguished by assisting verbs and a verb in the imperfective aspect is able to happen with states in the past and in the non-past,i.e.present or future.Future time can also be uttered by an anticipated act throughout the grouping of the future.In addition,an action happening in the past and still around in the tongue is marked by a zero morpheme in the present perfect.Concerning mood,the language has agent-oriented moods that are articulated by verb inflection,and speaker-oriented moods that are articulated by a periphrastic structure.Regarding aktionsart that denotes a specific phase in a verbal condition,like period,regularity,etc.Mesqan has two aktionsarten which are noticeable by periphrastic structures,that is the progressive and the prospective.展开更多
This paper mainly discusses verbal aspects and their syntactic markers in Lhasa Tibetan. Since aspects in Tibetan always share markers with other important categories called evidentiality and egocentricity, the former...This paper mainly discusses verbal aspects and their syntactic markers in Lhasa Tibetan. Since aspects in Tibetan always share markers with other important categories called evidentiality and egocentricity, the former of which assesses the evidence of speaker's statement and the latter denotes behavioral characteristics of a speaker'sego-centricity, this paper simultaneously describes all three types: aspect, evidentiality and egocentricity. There are nine types of verb aspects in Lhasa Tibetan, namely: Prospective, Imminent, Premediated, Realis, Durative, Resultative, Merely-past, Perfect, and Contextual aspects. There are four types of evidentialities, namely, Self-knowledge, Knowing-by-sight, Knowing-by-newly-found-information and Knowing-by-inference evidentialities. Categories of egocentricity demonstrate whether an action is towards the Self or the Other, whether the speaker gains or loses, and so on. Additionally, this essay also discusses the interactive relationship between syntactical verb aspects and personal pronouns, intentionality, modality, as well as temporal-spatial cognition.展开更多
The core issue concerning the usage of tense and aspect is seen as significantly important(Michaelis,1994;Swales and Feak,2000),especially in English writing in college.This study identifies the erroneous use of tense...The core issue concerning the usage of tense and aspect is seen as significantly important(Michaelis,1994;Swales and Feak,2000),especially in English writing in college.This study identifies the erroneous use of tense and aspect in liberal arts students' writing in comparison with that of engineering students' to examine their application ability in writing and identify areas of English learning in need of intensive instruction.This paper displays the frequency rates of errors about two English tenses(the present and the past),two aspects(the progressive and the perfect)based on an online writing corpus of students in two majors,which leads to the result that students in both majors are more likely to make mistakes in the present time and perfect aspect,liberal arts students less influenced.In addition,engineering students writing score seems to be more related to their grammatical errors than that of liberal arts students.To improve their writings,practical teaching strategies such as being aware of cross-lingual influence,practicing grammar on context level,personalized instructions,are also provided.展开更多
This paper aims at examining the perception of English tense and lax vowel contrasts by testing an identification task of CVC syllables with different manipulated durations in Chinese learners of English.This can prov...This paper aims at examining the perception of English tense and lax vowel contrasts by testing an identification task of CVC syllables with different manipulated durations in Chinese learners of English.This can provide some empirical evidence for English as a second language teachers in teaching second language pronunciation.展开更多
The study focuses on uses of different category of verbs in two learners’writing about the events happened in the past.The results suggest that errors of past tense include:present tense used instead of past tense,ov...The study focuses on uses of different category of verbs in two learners’writing about the events happened in the past.The results suggest that errors of past tense include:present tense used instead of past tense,overuse of past tense,misuse of verb’s past tense form,perfect used instead of past,and be added before verb instead of past.The results of errors for each verb category are that states and activities are made more errors in past tense expressions,and there was little difference between states and activities.展开更多
Many students assume it is a challenge to learn English grammar in which tenses are significantly important to begin with. In this essay, a new way of learning English tenses is introduced. Learning English tenses thr...Many students assume it is a challenge to learn English grammar in which tenses are significantly important to begin with. In this essay, a new way of learning English tenses is introduced. Learning English tenses through TPR makes the boring class enjoyable, effective and efficient.展开更多
Tense is one of the most important and difficult grammar points for English learners,but in this essay,the writer just considers surface knowledge about the selected tenses:present,progressive,future,past and perfect ...Tense is one of the most important and difficult grammar points for English learners,but in this essay,the writer just considers surface knowledge about the selected tenses:present,progressive,future,past and perfect tense,so there is much work for others to do in this field.展开更多
This article mainly reviews the problems of grammar teaching in rational and background.And according to the difficulties,a complete teaching designed,which is expected to be helpful to the teachers.
The“cut-and-sewn” pressure garments are normally tailored made in various sizes according to the size of human body as well as the area of burn wounds.When a tubular pressure garment is cut in different length and w...The“cut-and-sewn” pressure garments are normally tailored made in various sizes according to the size of human body as well as the area of burn wounds.When a tubular pressure garment is cut in different length and width measurements,different aspect ratio will be occurred on the elastic fabric for making up the pressuregarment. Many therapists in Hong Kong concerned the change of aspect ratio may affect the tensile properties of the elastic fabric and ultimately will affect the skin-and-garment interface pressure for the patient.The aim展开更多
TO THE EDITOR A 61 year old man with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma developed on the background of chronic hepatitis B was admitted because of acute and gradually intensified right thigh pain and swelling, ...TO THE EDITOR A 61 year old man with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma developed on the background of chronic hepatitis B was admitted because of acute and gradually intensified right thigh pain and swelling, which, within a few hours, was expanded to his right foot. The patient,due to ascites refractory to diuretics, was almost weekly subjected to large volume paracentesis of ascitic fluid for the last six months; meanwhile he has developed a left inguinal, a right femoral and an umbilical hernia. It should be noted that 48 h before admission, the patient was referred to the emergency room because of dyspnoea and 5 L of ascitic fluid were removed.展开更多
In order to overcome the trade-offbetween strength and ductility in traditional metallic materials,the gradient lamellar structure was fabricated through an ultrasound-aided deep rolling technique in pure Ni with high...In order to overcome the trade-offbetween strength and ductility in traditional metallic materials,the gradient lamellar structure was fabricated through an ultrasound-aided deep rolling technique in pure Ni with high stacking fault energy after heat treatment.The gradient lamellar Ni was successively di-vided into three regions.In-situ micro-tensile tests were performed in different regions to reveal the corresponding microscopic mechanical behaviors.Microscopic characterization techniques were adopted to explore the effects of microstructural parameters and defects on mechanical properties.This work demonstrates that the micro-tensile sample with small lamellar thickness and large aspect ratio possesses excellent strength and ductility when the loading direction is parallel to the long side of lamellar grain boundaries.The finding is helpful to the design of metallic material microstructure with superior com-prehensive properties.On one hand,the reason for high strength is that the strength increases with the decrease of lamellar thickness according to the Hall-Petch effect.Besides,initial dislocation density also participates in the strengthening mechanism.On the other hand,the deformation mechanisms include dislocation slip,grain rotation,and the effects of grain boundaries on dislocations,jointly contributing to good ductility.展开更多
By observing the grammar systems of Chinese and English,it is found that the uses of tenses between the two languages are very different. It turns out that the Chinese expressions of tenses are more casual and variabl...By observing the grammar systems of Chinese and English,it is found that the uses of tenses between the two languages are very different. It turns out that the Chinese expressions of tenses are more casual and variable,without fixed rules,while for English,more regular. The distinct ways and patterns of expressing tenses between Chinese and English give rise to more frequent errors made by students. Thus,only by a thorough and profound understanding of these distinctions can we find a better way to master the uses of tenses,which requires a reasonable comparison of the tenses between Chinese and English.展开更多
For Chinese students,English grammar is significant for both practical application in daily life and various examinations.An increasing number of Chinese English teachers commence the research of the grammar problems ...For Chinese students,English grammar is significant for both practical application in daily life and various examinations.An increasing number of Chinese English teachers commence the research of the grammar problems of their students.Among these grammar problems,past perfect tense is regarded as one of the most difficult tense for Chinese students.It is of great value to analyze past perfect tense in detail.Therefore,the main purpose of this essay is to summarize Chinese students’problems about past perfect tense and attempt to conclude the reasons of these problems via the study on this tense.In addition to that,practical suggestions will be offered to Chinese English teachers.More research is needed as explanations about students’problems are still insufficient.The essay is structured by 3 parts.In the first part,the different opinions towards past perfect tense from several authors will be discussed.The difficult point of this tense will also be mentioned in this section.The aim of this part is to present various definitions of past perfect tense.The second part is regarding the Chinese students’problems about past perfect tense.This part includes the classification of typical mistakes and the explanation of students’mistakes.The last part is about the feasible solutions of these issues.展开更多
The Widower in the Country 1.I’ll get up soon,and leave my bed unmade 2.I’ll go outside and split off kinding wood.3.form the yellow-box log that lies beside the gate.
By analyzing the causes of tenseness, this paper is to explore the possibility to release stress by offering tentative strategies to interpreters. Part 1 is an introduction to tenseness in interpreting. Part 2 analyze...By analyzing the causes of tenseness, this paper is to explore the possibility to release stress by offering tentative strategies to interpreters. Part 1 is an introduction to tenseness in interpreting. Part 2 analyzes the causes of stress with regard to cognitive psychology and cognitive linguistic. Part 3 is to find out some stress-reducing strategies in two phrases. Part 4 is concluded by how to utilize and combine all solutions for the best performance.展开更多
Grammar is a tool in language learning and it should be taught communicatively. In teaching grammar, it is very important to teach students how to use tense accurately, meaningfully and appropriately in communication....Grammar is a tool in language learning and it should be taught communicatively. In teaching grammar, it is very important to teach students how to use tense accurately, meaningfully and appropriately in communication. This paper discusses the ways how tense is taught in the book and makes some suggestions where the use of target tense isn＇t fully explained.展开更多
文摘This essay is a research report, which is based on results of grammatical error analysis and interviews with linguistic teachers. These researches are conducted in four language streams, namely, Chinese, Spanish, Korean and Japanese. It will talk about problems identified in all these four language streams, with Chinese as the focus. Although according to various definitions, translation competence includes several parts, which are all required for a professional translator; this essay covers mainly the linguistic competence with tense and aspect issue as the main point. Meanwhile, some major causes of mistakes will be identified, such as interference of mother tongue, lack of second language proficiency. In the end, some possible ways for improvement are presented for reaching what are needed for a professional translator.
文摘The aim of the paper is to give a general comparison about the structural composition of the AUX in English and Chinese mainly from the perspective of tense-aspect.Based on the basic construction of English AUX system,which includes such elements as Tense,Modal,Perfect aspect,Progressive aspect and Passive,the paper focuses on comparing the syntactic characteristics of tense element in the two languages.The final part of the paper briefly summarized predicted learning problems that Chinese learners of English as well as English learners of Chinese would have in learning English and Chinese respectively.
文摘Mesqan is a South Ethio-Semitic tongue which is mainly worn in day-to-day message by a people of 179,737 communities in the Gurage Zone,Ethiopia,whose linguistic skin was not well expressed.The inner aspire of this paper is to offer a complete account of tense,aspect,mood and aktionsart structures of the Mesqan tongue.The paper is expressive in character,as the lessons are mostly worried with telling what is really being in the tongue,and mostly rely on main linguistic facts.The linguistic facts,i.e.the elicited grammatical facts regarding tense,aspect,mood and aktionsart,were composed from local speakers of the tongue during 12 months of fieldwork mannered among 2011 and 2012 in four Mesqan villages and in Butajira,the managerial hub of the Mesqan Woreda.The perfective aspect in the tongue emphasizes the endpoint of the oral state with dynamic verbs,but the imperfective aspect relates with the lexical semantics of the verb,which can be practical when their purposes with stative and dynamic verbs are evaluated.Concerning tense,the past and the non-past tense in the tongue are distinguished by assisting verbs and a verb in the imperfective aspect is able to happen with states in the past and in the non-past,i.e.present or future.Future time can also be uttered by an anticipated act throughout the grouping of the future.In addition,an action happening in the past and still around in the tongue is marked by a zero morpheme in the present perfect.Concerning mood,the language has agent-oriented moods that are articulated by verb inflection,and speaker-oriented moods that are articulated by a periphrastic structure.Regarding aktionsart that denotes a specific phase in a verbal condition,like period,regularity,etc.Mesqan has two aktionsarten which are noticeable by periphrastic structures,that is the progressive and the prospective.
基金This study is sponsored by the National Natural Science foundation of China (Number 60173024,60473135). We thank Professors Sun Tianxin, J. L. Randy, J. A. Matisoff and Gu Yang for theirconstructive comments.
文摘This paper mainly discusses verbal aspects and their syntactic markers in Lhasa Tibetan. Since aspects in Tibetan always share markers with other important categories called evidentiality and egocentricity, the former of which assesses the evidence of speaker's statement and the latter denotes behavioral characteristics of a speaker'sego-centricity, this paper simultaneously describes all three types: aspect, evidentiality and egocentricity. There are nine types of verb aspects in Lhasa Tibetan, namely: Prospective, Imminent, Premediated, Realis, Durative, Resultative, Merely-past, Perfect, and Contextual aspects. There are four types of evidentialities, namely, Self-knowledge, Knowing-by-sight, Knowing-by-newly-found-information and Knowing-by-inference evidentialities. Categories of egocentricity demonstrate whether an action is towards the Self or the Other, whether the speaker gains or loses, and so on. Additionally, this essay also discusses the interactive relationship between syntactical verb aspects and personal pronouns, intentionality, modality, as well as temporal-spatial cognition.
文摘The core issue concerning the usage of tense and aspect is seen as significantly important(Michaelis,1994;Swales and Feak,2000),especially in English writing in college.This study identifies the erroneous use of tense and aspect in liberal arts students' writing in comparison with that of engineering students' to examine their application ability in writing and identify areas of English learning in need of intensive instruction.This paper displays the frequency rates of errors about two English tenses(the present and the past),two aspects(the progressive and the perfect)based on an online writing corpus of students in two majors,which leads to the result that students in both majors are more likely to make mistakes in the present time and perfect aspect,liberal arts students less influenced.In addition,engineering students writing score seems to be more related to their grammatical errors than that of liberal arts students.To improve their writings,practical teaching strategies such as being aware of cross-lingual influence,practicing grammar on context level,personalized instructions,are also provided.
文摘This paper aims at examining the perception of English tense and lax vowel contrasts by testing an identification task of CVC syllables with different manipulated durations in Chinese learners of English.This can provide some empirical evidence for English as a second language teachers in teaching second language pronunciation.
文摘The study focuses on uses of different category of verbs in two learners’writing about the events happened in the past.The results suggest that errors of past tense include:present tense used instead of past tense,overuse of past tense,misuse of verb’s past tense form,perfect used instead of past,and be added before verb instead of past.The results of errors for each verb category are that states and activities are made more errors in past tense expressions,and there was little difference between states and activities.
文摘Many students assume it is a challenge to learn English grammar in which tenses are significantly important to begin with. In this essay, a new way of learning English tenses is introduced. Learning English tenses through TPR makes the boring class enjoyable, effective and efficient.
文摘Tense is one of the most important and difficult grammar points for English learners,but in this essay,the writer just considers surface knowledge about the selected tenses:present,progressive,future,past and perfect tense,so there is much work for others to do in this field.
文摘This article mainly reviews the problems of grammar teaching in rational and background.And according to the difficulties,a complete teaching designed,which is expected to be helpful to the teachers.
文摘The“cut-and-sewn” pressure garments are normally tailored made in various sizes according to the size of human body as well as the area of burn wounds.When a tubular pressure garment is cut in different length and width measurements,different aspect ratio will be occurred on the elastic fabric for making up the pressuregarment. Many therapists in Hong Kong concerned the change of aspect ratio may affect the tensile properties of the elastic fabric and ultimately will affect the skin-and-garment interface pressure for the patient.The aim
文摘TO THE EDITOR A 61 year old man with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma developed on the background of chronic hepatitis B was admitted because of acute and gradually intensified right thigh pain and swelling, which, within a few hours, was expanded to his right foot. The patient,due to ascites refractory to diuretics, was almost weekly subjected to large volume paracentesis of ascitic fluid for the last six months; meanwhile he has developed a left inguinal, a right femoral and an umbilical hernia. It should be noted that 48 h before admission, the patient was referred to the emergency room because of dyspnoea and 5 L of ascitic fluid were removed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(grant Nos.52222505,51975211,and 51725503)Shanghai Rising-Star Program(grant No.20QA1402500)Foun-dation Strengthening Plan Technology Field Fund Project(grant No.2019-JCJQ-JJ-454).
文摘In order to overcome the trade-offbetween strength and ductility in traditional metallic materials,the gradient lamellar structure was fabricated through an ultrasound-aided deep rolling technique in pure Ni with high stacking fault energy after heat treatment.The gradient lamellar Ni was successively di-vided into three regions.In-situ micro-tensile tests were performed in different regions to reveal the corresponding microscopic mechanical behaviors.Microscopic characterization techniques were adopted to explore the effects of microstructural parameters and defects on mechanical properties.This work demonstrates that the micro-tensile sample with small lamellar thickness and large aspect ratio possesses excellent strength and ductility when the loading direction is parallel to the long side of lamellar grain boundaries.The finding is helpful to the design of metallic material microstructure with superior com-prehensive properties.On one hand,the reason for high strength is that the strength increases with the decrease of lamellar thickness according to the Hall-Petch effect.Besides,initial dislocation density also participates in the strengthening mechanism.On the other hand,the deformation mechanisms include dislocation slip,grain rotation,and the effects of grain boundaries on dislocations,jointly contributing to good ductility.
文摘By observing the grammar systems of Chinese and English,it is found that the uses of tenses between the two languages are very different. It turns out that the Chinese expressions of tenses are more casual and variable,without fixed rules,while for English,more regular. The distinct ways and patterns of expressing tenses between Chinese and English give rise to more frequent errors made by students. Thus,only by a thorough and profound understanding of these distinctions can we find a better way to master the uses of tenses,which requires a reasonable comparison of the tenses between Chinese and English.
文摘For Chinese students,English grammar is significant for both practical application in daily life and various examinations.An increasing number of Chinese English teachers commence the research of the grammar problems of their students.Among these grammar problems,past perfect tense is regarded as one of the most difficult tense for Chinese students.It is of great value to analyze past perfect tense in detail.Therefore,the main purpose of this essay is to summarize Chinese students’problems about past perfect tense and attempt to conclude the reasons of these problems via the study on this tense.In addition to that,practical suggestions will be offered to Chinese English teachers.More research is needed as explanations about students’problems are still insufficient.The essay is structured by 3 parts.In the first part,the different opinions towards past perfect tense from several authors will be discussed.The difficult point of this tense will also be mentioned in this section.The aim of this part is to present various definitions of past perfect tense.The second part is regarding the Chinese students’problems about past perfect tense.This part includes the classification of typical mistakes and the explanation of students’mistakes.The last part is about the feasible solutions of these issues.
文摘The Widower in the Country 1.I’ll get up soon,and leave my bed unmade 2.I’ll go outside and split off kinding wood.3.form the yellow-box log that lies beside the gate.
文摘By analyzing the causes of tenseness, this paper is to explore the possibility to release stress by offering tentative strategies to interpreters. Part 1 is an introduction to tenseness in interpreting. Part 2 analyzes the causes of stress with regard to cognitive psychology and cognitive linguistic. Part 3 is to find out some stress-reducing strategies in two phrases. Part 4 is concluded by how to utilize and combine all solutions for the best performance.
文摘Grammar is a tool in language learning and it should be taught communicatively. In teaching grammar, it is very important to teach students how to use tense accurately, meaningfully and appropriately in communication. This paper discusses the ways how tense is taught in the book and makes some suggestions where the use of target tense isn＇t fully explained.
