Background Cervical cancer is the only cancer that can be eliminated worldwide.Tracking the latest burden of cervical cancer is critical toward the targets set by World Health Organization(WHO)to eliminate cervical ca...Background Cervical cancer is the only cancer that can be eliminated worldwide.Tracking the latest burden of cervical cancer is critical toward the targets set by World Health Organization(WHO)to eliminate cervical cancer as a major public health problem.Methods All data were extracted from the Global Cancer Observatory(GLOBOCAN)2022.Age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR)and mortality rates(ASMR)of cervical cancer were compared and linked to Human Development Index(HDI)between populations.The estimated annual percentage changes(EAPCs)were used to characterize the temporal trend in ASIR/ASMR,and demographic estimates were projected up to 2050.Results Globally,an estimated 662,044 cases(ASIR:14.12/100,000)and 348,709 deaths(ASMR:7.08/100,000)from cervical cancer occurred in 2022,corresponding to the fourth cause of cancer morbidity and mortality in women worldwide.Specifically,42%of cases and 39%of deaths occurred in China(23%and 16%)and India(19%and 23%).Both ASIR and ASMR of cervical cancer decreased with HDI,and similar decreasing links were observed for both early-onset(0–39 years)and late-onset(≥40 years)cervical cancer.Both ASIR and ASMR of overall cervical cancer showed decreasing trends during 2003–2012(EAPC:0.04%and-1.03%);however,upward trends were observed for early-onset cervical cancer(EAPC:1.16%and 0.57%).If national rates in 2022 remain stable,the estimated cases and deaths from cervical cancer are projected to increase by 56.8%and 80.7%up to 2050.Moreover,the projected increase of early-onset cervical cancer is mainly observed in transitioning countries,while decreased burden is expected in transitioned countries.Conclusions Cervical cancer remains a common cause of cancer death in many countries,especially in transitioning countries.Unless scaling-up preventive interventions,human papillomavirus(HPV)vaccination and cervical cancer screening,as well as systematic cooperation within government,civil societies,and private enterprises,the global burden of cervical cancer would be expected to increase in the future.展开更多
Background Given the relatively unfavorable prognosis and significant geographic differences in lung cancer burden,it is critical to update the global landscape of lung cancer to inform local strategies.Methods Based ...Background Given the relatively unfavorable prognosis and significant geographic differences in lung cancer burden,it is critical to update the global landscape of lung cancer to inform local strategies.Methods Based on the GLOBOCAN 2022,the age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR)and mortality rate(ASMR)were compared and linked to the Human Development Index(HDI)across different populations.The temporal trends in ASIR/ASMR were characterized as estimated annual percentage change(EAPC),and demographic projections were performed up to 2050.Results Globally,an estimated 2,480,675 cases and 1,817,469 deaths from lung cancer occurred in 2022.Both ASIR and ASMR of lung cancer varied widely by world region,with ASIR ranging from 2.06 to 39.38 per 100,000 and ASMR from 1.95 to 31.70 per 100,000.China alone accounted for>40%of cases and deaths worldwide.Both ASIR and ARMR of lung cancer increased with HDI(R2:0.54 and 0.47,all P values<0.001),regardless of gender.Based on available data,both ASIR during 2001–2010 and ASMR during 2001–2015 showed decreasing trends in males(EAPC:1.50%and−2.22%)but increasing trends in females(EAPC:1.08%and 0.07%).Similar trends in ASIR and ASMR were observed among the elder population(≥50 years);however,downward trends were observed in the younger population(<50 years).Alongside the aging and growth of the population,estimated cases and deaths from overall lung cancer would increase by 86.2%and 95.2%up to 2050 as compared with estimates in 2022,respectively.Notably,increased early-onset lung cancer was only observed in transitioning countries,while decreased early-onset lung cancer was observed in transitioned countries.Conclusion Lung cancer maintained as the leading cancer burden worldwide.Unless timely preventive interventions in tobacco mitigation,early screening,and precise treatment,the global lung cancer burden is expected to increase in the future,especially for transitioning countries.展开更多
Objective: Liver cancer is one of the most common cancers and major cause of cancer deaths in China,which accounts for over 50% of new cases and deaths worldwide.The systematic liver cancer statistics including of pro...Objective: Liver cancer is one of the most common cancers and major cause of cancer deaths in China,which accounts for over 50% of new cases and deaths worldwide.The systematic liver cancer statistics including of projection through 2030 could provide valuable information for prevention and control strategies in China,and experience for other countries.Methods: The burden of liver cancer in China in 2014 was estimated using 339 cancer registries’ data selected from Chinese National Cancer Center(NCC).Incident cases of 22 cancer registries were applied for temporal trends from 2000 to 2014.The burden of liver cancer through 2030 was projected using age-period-cohort model.Results: About 364,800 new cases of liver cancer(268,900 males and 95,900 females) occurred in China,and about 318,800 liver cancer deaths(233,500 males and 85,300 females) in 2014.Western regions of China had the highest incidence and mortality rates.Incidence and mortality rates decreased by about 2.3% and 2.6% per year during the period of 2000-2014,respectively,and would decrease by more than 44% between 2014 and 2030 in China.The young generation,particularly for those aged under 40 years,showed a faster down trend.Conclusions: Based on the analysis,incidence and mortality rates of liver cancer are expected to decrease through 2030,but the burden of liver cancer is still serious in China,especially in rural and western areas.Most cases of liver cancer in China can be prevented through vaccination and more prevention efforts should be focused on high risk groups.展开更多
Objective:Breast cancer was the most common cancer and the fifth cause of cancer deaths among women in China in 2015.The evaluation of the long-term incidence and mortality trends and the prediction of the future burd...Objective:Breast cancer was the most common cancer and the fifth cause of cancer deaths among women in China in 2015.The evaluation of the long-term incidence and mortality trends and the prediction of the future burden of breast cancer could provide valuable information for developing prevention and control strategies.Methods:The burden of breast cancer in China in 2015 was estimated by using qualified data from 368 cancer registries from the National Central Cancer Registry.Incident cases and deaths in 22 cancer registries were used to assess the time trends from 2000 to 2015.A Bayesian age-period-cohort model was used to project the burden of breast cancer to 2030.Results:Approximately 303,600 new cases of breast cancer(205,100 from urban areas and 98,500 from rural areas)and 70,400 breast cancer deaths(45,100 from urban areas and 24,500 from rural areas)occurred in China in 2015.Urban regions of China had the highest incidence and mortality rates.The most common histological subtype of breast cancer was invasive ductal carcinoma,followed by invasive lobular carcinoma.The age-standardized incidence and mortality rates increased by 3.3%and 1.0%per year during 2000–2015,and were projected to increase by more than 11%until 2030.Changes in risk and demographic factors between 2015 and 2030 in cases are predicted to increase by approximately 13.3%and 22.9%,whereas deaths are predicted to increase by 13.1%and 40.9%,respectively.Conclusions:The incidence and mortality of breast cancer continue to increase in China.There are no signs that this trend will stop by 2030,particularly in rural areas.Effective breast cancer prevention strategies are therefore urgently needed in China.展开更多
In recent years,the situation of the Hyphantria cunea(Drury)(Lepidoptera:Erebidae),infestation in China has been serious and has a tendency to continue to spread.A comprehensive analysis was carried out to examine the...In recent years,the situation of the Hyphantria cunea(Drury)(Lepidoptera:Erebidae),infestation in China has been serious and has a tendency to continue to spread.A comprehensive analysis was carried out to examine the spa-tial distribution trends and influencing factors of H.cunea.This analysis involved integrating administrative division and boundary data,distribution data of H.cunea,and envi-ronmental variables for 2021.GeoDetector and gravity analysis techniques were employed for data processing and interpretation.The results show that H.cunea exhibited high aggregation patterns in 2021 and 2022 concentrated mainly in eastern China.During these years,the focal point of the infestation was in Shandong Province with a spread towards the northeast.Conditions such as high vegetation density in eastern China provided favorable situations for growth and development of H.cunea.In China,the spatial distribution of the moth is primarily influenced by two critical factors:precipitation during the driest month and elevation.These play a pivotal role in determining the spread of the species.Based on these results,suggestions are provided for a mul-tifaceted approach to prevention and control of H.cunea infestation.展开更多
Background:Updated systematic statistics on lung cancer are the underpinning cornerstones for formulating prevention and control strategies for the disease.The incidence and mortality data of lung cancer in China in 2...Background:Updated systematic statistics on lung cancer are the underpinning cornerstones for formulating prevention and control strategies for the disease.The incidence and mortality data of lung cancer in China in 2016 were estimated,and also used to analyze the temporal trends of lung cancer from 2000 up to 2016 in this study.Methods:The burden of lung cancer in China in 2016 was estimated using data from 487 cancer registries,which were abstracted from the database of the National Cancer Center of China(NCC).The temporal trends were estimated with the data of 2000 to 2016 from 22 cancer registries.Results:About 828,100 new lung cancer cases and 657,000 lung cancer deaths were estimated in China in 2016.The crude incidence and mortality rates in the eastern region were the highest nationwide.The incidence and mortality of lung cancer increased with age,and most of the new cases occurred in the age group of over 60 years.The age-standardized incidence increased by about 0.8%per year during 2000 to 2016,especially in woman,whose annual increase rate reached 2.1%.The age-standardized mortality rate decreased by about 0.6%per year,with a decrease of 1.3%per year in urban areas and an increase of 2.3%per year in rural areas.The numbers of new cases and deaths increased by 162.6%and 123.6%,respectively,during 2000 to 2016,which can be explained mainly by the change of the age structure.Conclusions:The burden of lung cancer is serious in China,and increased especially rapidly for women in rural areas.The disease is expected to threaten the lives of more people in the future due to factors such as aging and population growth.Lung cancer prevention and control strategies and resources should be leveraged toward women and rural areas in the future.展开更多
Background: Infertility affected 10% to 25% of couples globally, and about half of the infertility cases were reported in sub-Saharan Africa. Infertility poses significant social, cultural, and health challenges, part...Background: Infertility affected 10% to 25% of couples globally, and about half of the infertility cases were reported in sub-Saharan Africa. Infertility poses significant social, cultural, and health challenges, particularly for women who often face stigmatization. However, comprehensive and nationally representative data, including prevalence, temporal trends, and risk factors, are lacking, prompting a study in Burkina Faso to address the need for informed policies and programs in infertility care and management. Objectives: This study aims to better understand the spatiotemporal trend of infertility prevalence in Burkina Faso. Methodology: This is a retrospective population-based study of women infertility from healthcare facilities in Burkina Faso, during January 2011 to December 2020. We calculated the prevalence rates of infertility and two disparity measures, and examined the spatiotemporal trend of infertility. Results: Over the 10-year period (2011 to 2020), 143,421 infertility cases were recorded in Burkina Faso healthcare facilities, resulting of a mean prevalence rate of 3.61‰ among childbearing age women and 17.87‰ among women who consulted healthcare facilities for reproductive issues (except contraception). The findings revealed a significant increase of infertility, with the prevalence rate varied from 2.75‰ in 2011 to 4.62‰ in 2020 among childbearing age women and from 13.38‰ in 2011 to 26.28‰ in 2020 among women who consulted healthcare facilities for reproductive issues, corresponding to an estimate annual percentage change of 8.31% and 9.80% respectively. There were significant temporal and geographic variations in the prevalence of infertility. While relative geographic disparity decreased, absolute geographic disparity showed an increasing trend over time. Conclusion: The study highlights an increasing trend of infertility prevalence and significant geographic variation in Burkina Faso, underscoring the urgent necessity for etiologic research on risk factors, psychosocial implications, and economic consequences to inform effective interventions and mitigate the socioeconomic impact of infertility.展开更多
This study analyzed the spatial distribution and temporal trends of precipitation and its extremes over Nigeria from 1979-2013 using climate indices, in order to assess climatic extremes in the country. Daily precipit...This study analyzed the spatial distribution and temporal trends of precipitation and its extremes over Nigeria from 1979-2013 using climate indices, in order to assess climatic extremes in the country. Daily precipitation data used in this study were obtained from Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NIMET), Lagos. The study used climate indices developed by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection (ETCCDI) for assessing extreme precipitation. Sen’s slope estimator and Mann-Kendall trend test were employed in data analysis. Results revealed that precipitation and its extremes varied spatially across Nigeria. Significant negative trends were observed in most of the precipitation indices for the period under study. Furthermore, significant downward trends were observed in the CWD (Consecutive Wet Day) while the CDD (Consecutive Dry Day) showed significant upward trends in all the regions. These spatial and temporal changes indicate that Nigeria’s climate is trending towards a warmer and drier condition, which could be attributed to global warming-induced climate change;which altered historical rainfall patterns thereby leading to extreme events. The findings of this study have provided useful information in understanding the extreme events that are assumed by the general populace to be normal recurrent events in Nigeria. The results of the analysis of yearly and decadal changes in precipitation totals and extreme values for the last 35 years (1979-2013) suggest the likelihood of severe impacts on water resources, agriculture, and water-sensitive economic activities展开更多
Introduction:Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)and adenocarcinoma(EAC)are the two primary subtypes of esophageal cancer.Historically,ESCC incidence has exceeded EAC,particularly in East Asia,Southern Africa,and ...Introduction:Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)and adenocarcinoma(EAC)are the two primary subtypes of esophageal cancer.Historically,ESCC incidence has exceeded EAC,particularly in East Asia,Southern Africa,and parts of South America.However,in recent decades,EAC incidence has risen markedly in high-income countries due to lifestyle changes.Using the latest Cancer Incidence in Five Continents(CI5)data,we aimed to analyze global temporal trends and sex differences in the burden of ESCC and EAC.Methods:We extracted ESCC and EAC incidence data from 25 countries in CI5 Volumes VIII-XII(1993–2017)for trend analysis.Age-standardized incidence rates(ASIRs)and ESCC-to-EAC ASIR ratios were calculated using Segi’s World Standard Population,and annual percentage changes were estimated using Joinpoint regression.Additionally,we evaluated male-to-female ASIR ratios using data from 53 countries in CI5 Volume XII(2013–2017).Results:Between 1993–2017,ESCC ASIRs declined in 19 countries but increased in Japan,the Czech Republic,Latvia,Denmark,and Lithuania.Conversely,EAC ASIRs increased in 17 countries,with the Republic of Korea being the only country reporting a decline.ESCC-to-EAC ASIR ratios narrowed in most countries,with EAC surpassing ESCC among males in 10 countries,including the United States,and among females only in the Philippines.From 2013–2017,males exhibited consistently higher ASIRs than females for both subtypes,with more pronounced sex differences observed for EAC.Conclusions:This study highlights the changing epidemiology of ESCC and EAC globally and provides important scientific evidence for tailoring prevention and control strategies based on regional and histological-specific trends.展开更多
What is already known about this topic?Cardiovascular disease(CVD)represents a major cause of mortality and disability in China’s population.Ambient particulate matter pollution(APMP)has been established as a signifi...What is already known about this topic?Cardiovascular disease(CVD)represents a major cause of mortality and disability in China’s population.Ambient particulate matter pollution(APMP)has been established as a significant risk factor contributing to CVD development.What is added by this report?Analysis of data from 1990 to 2021 reveals a substantial increase in APMP-attributable CVD mortality across China.While recent trends show decreased mortality risk associated with APMP-attributable CVD,birth cohort analysis demonstrates continued risk elevation in males but declining risk in females born after 1971.What are the implications for public health practice?Enhanced surveillance and regulation of APMP,coupled with targeted health promotion strategies,are crucial,particularly for elderly populations and males who show increased vulnerability.展开更多
To the Editor:Refractive disorder(RD)is an initiative undertaken so as to eliminate avoidable blindness by 2020(VISION 2020:the Right to Sight).[1]It is one of the most common causes of visual impairments worldwide.Un...To the Editor:Refractive disorder(RD)is an initiative undertaken so as to eliminate avoidable blindness by 2020(VISION 2020:the Right to Sight).[1]It is one of the most common causes of visual impairments worldwide.Uncorrectable RD is the main cause of visual impairment in children and adolescents.[2]Thus,RD,especially myopia,has a high impact on economic costs and adds to the burden of visually disabling age-related complications in adulthood.[3]In China,RDs are also a public health issue.Current epidemic studies provide the characteristics of refractive errors among Chinese children and adolescents,[4,5]while national-level data on the epidemic characteristics of RDs and the disease burden are still unknown.This study assessed the burden of refractive errors in all the provinces across China among Chinese children and adolescents younger than 20 years over the past three decades.展开更多
Extreme precipitation events pose significant challenges to water resources,ag-riculture,infrastructure,public health,ecosystems,energy production,fishing,timber production,and other rain-dependent socioeconomic secto...Extreme precipitation events pose significant challenges to water resources,ag-riculture,infrastructure,public health,ecosystems,energy production,fishing,timber production,and other rain-dependent socioeconomic sectors across Eastern Africa,threatening the environment and regional livelihoods.This study analyzes spatial and temporal trends of extreme precipitation in Eastern Africa from January 1981 to 2023,using high-resolution CHIRPS data.Key ex-treme precipitation indices,including R10mm,R75p,and SDII,were calculated to assess variations in the frequency,intensity,and contribution of extreme rainfall events.The temporal analysis reveals a statistically significant increas-ing trend in January precipitation(0.844 mm/year,p=0.0191),confirmed by Sen’s Slope(0.74 mm/year).R10mm increased by 0.036 days/year(p=0.0079),with Sen’s Slope estimating 0.04 days/year.R75p showed a rise of 0.025 days/year(p=0.0113),with Sen’s Slope at 0.02 days/year.SDII exhibited the most significant trend,increasing by 0.056 mm/day per year(p=0.0002),with Sen’s Slope at 0.06 mm/day per year.These results indicate a rise in extreme precipitation in Eastern Africa,increasing the risk of flooding and other cli-mate-related hazards.Spatial analysis shows distinct regional variations,with Southern Tanzania,Mozambique,Malawi,Zambia,Zimbabwe,and Madagas-car exhibiting statistically significant increasing trends in January precipitation and extreme precipitation indices.These regions are becoming more vulnera-ble to flooding and other climate-related hazards.Moreover,correlation anal-ysis identifies significant links between global SST anomalies and extreme pre-cipitation trends,demonstrating the influence of large-scale climate drivers.The study indicates the growing intensity and frequency of extreme precipita-tion in parts of Eastern Africa,significantly influenced by the South Pacific Convergence Zone(SPCZ).This necessitates a deeper understanding of SPCZ dynamics and their impacts on precipitation patterns to enhance climate pre-diction and develop adaptive strategies for mitigating extreme weather events.Such efforts will contribute to safeguarding water resources,agriculture,infra-structure,public health,energy production,fisheries,transportation,and live-lihoods across the region.展开更多
Objective:To analyze the temporal trends of maternal mortality ratio(MMR)due to obstetric hemorrhage and its specific causes in Chinese mainland from 2000 to 2019,to identify whether the rate of change has accelerated...Objective:To analyze the temporal trends of maternal mortality ratio(MMR)due to obstetric hemorrhage and its specific causes in Chinese mainland from 2000 to 2019,to identify whether the rate of change has accelerated or slowed down during this period,and to find the prior cause of obstetric hemorrhage that needs to be intervened in the future.Methods:Individual information on maternal deaths and total number of live births from 336 surveillance sites across 31 provinces in Chinese mainland was collected from the National Maternal and Child Health Surveillance System between 2000 and 2019.Maternal death was defined according to the World Health Organization’s criterion.The final underlying cause of death was confirmed by the national review and was coded according to International Classification of Diseases-10.Linear trends for changes in characteristics of maternal deaths were assessed using linear or logistic models with the year treated as a continuous variable.The MMR and 95%confidence intervals(CI)for regions or causes were estimated by Poisson’s distribution.Joinpoint regression was used to assess the accurate temporal patterns.Results:The national MMR due to obstetric hemorrhage was 18.4 per 100,000 live births(95%CI:15.0–22.2)in 2000.It peaked in 2001(22.1 per 100,000 live births,95%CI:18.3–26.4)and was lowest in 2019(1.6 per 100,000 live births,95%CI:1.0–2.3).For specific regions,the MMR due to obstetric hemorrhage in rural areas and western regions both experienced a slight rise,followed by a rapid decline,and then a slow decline.For specific causes,no change point was found in joinpoint analysis of the national MMR caused by placenta previa,postpartum uterine atony,and retained placenta(the annual percent change was12.0%,10.5%,and21.0%,respectively).The MMR caused by postpartum hemorrhages(PPH)significantly declined by 8.0%(95%CI:1.9–13.6)per year from 2000 to 2007.The annual percent change of MMR caused by PPH accelerated further to25.0%between 2007 and 2011,and then decreased to7.8%between 2011 and 2019.The proportion of maternal deaths due to antepartum hemorrhages increased from 7.6%(8/105)in 2000 to 14.3%(4/28)in 2019.The changes in the proportion of causes were different for maternal deaths due to PPH.The proportion of postpartum uterine atony increased from 39.0%(41/105)in 2000 to 60.7%(17/28)in 2019,and the proportion of uterine rupture also increased from 12.3%(13/105)in 2000 to 14.3%(4/28)in 2019.However,the proportion of retained placenta decreased from 37.1%(39/105)in 2000 to 7.1%(2/28)in 2019.Conclusion:Over the last 20 years,the intervention practice in China has proved that targeted interventions are beneficial in reducing the MMR due to obstetric hemorrhage.However,the MMR has reached a plateau and is likely to increase for some specific causes such as uterine rupture.China needs to develop more effective interventions to reduce maternal deaths due to obstetric hemorrhage,especially for postpartum uterine atony and uterine rupture.展开更多
Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS)are found ubiquitously in wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)due to their multiple sources in industry and consumer products.In Australia,limited spatial data are available on PF...Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS)are found ubiquitously in wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)due to their multiple sources in industry and consumer products.In Australia,limited spatial data are available on PFAS levels inWWTPs influent,while no temporal data have been reported.The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and temporal trend of PFAS in the influent of two large WWTPs in Australia(WWTP A and B)over a four-year period.Daily influent samples were collected over one week at different seasons from 2014 to 2017.Eleven perfluoroalkyl acids(PFAA)(i.e.seven perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids(PFCAs)and four perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids(PFSA))were detected with mean S11PFAA concentrations of 57±3.3e94±17 ng/L at WWTP A,and 31±6.1e142±73 ng/L at WWTP B.The highest mean concentrations were observed for perfluorohexanoate(PFHxA)(20±2 ng/L)in WWTP A,and perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS)(17±13 ng/L)in WWTP B.The precursor 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate was detected over five sampling periods from Aug 2016 to Oct 2017,with mean concentrations of 37±18e138±51 ng/L for WWTP A and 8.8±4.5e29±5.1 ng/L for WWTP B.Higher concentration of 6:2 FTS(1.8e11 folds)than those of PFOA and PFOS in WWTP A indicate a likely substitution of C8 PFAA by fluorotelomer-based PFAS in this catchment.Temporal trends(annual and seasonal)in per-capita mass load were observed for some PFAA,increasing for PFPeA,PFHxA,PFHpA,PFNA,and PFHxS,while decreasing for PFBS and PFOS in either WWTPs.Notably,elevated levels of PFOS in October 2017 were observed at both WWTPs with the highest per capita mass load of up to 67 mg/day/inhabitant.For some PFAS release trends,longer sampling periods would be required to achieve acceptable statistical power.展开更多
Although a number of studies have examined the etiology of lung cancer in Xuanwei County, China, other types of cancer in this county have not been reported systematically. This study aimed to investigate the temporal...Although a number of studies have examined the etiology of lung cancer in Xuanwei County, China, other types of cancer in this county have not been reported systematically. This study aimed to investigate the temporal trend of eight major cancers in Xuanwei County using data from three mortality surveys （1973-1975, 1990-1992, and 2004-2005）. The Chinese population in 1990 was used as a standard population to calculate age- standardized mortality rates. Cancers of lung, liver, breast, brain, esophagus, leukemia, rectum, and stomach were identified as the leading cancers in this county in terms of mortality rate. During the three time periods, lung cancer remained as the most common type of cancer. The mortality rates for all other types of cancer were lower than those of the national average, but an increasing trend was observed for all the cancers, particularly from 1990-1992 to 2004-2005. The temporal trend could be party explained by changes in risk factors, but it also may be due to the improvement in cancer diagnosis and screening. Further epidemiological studies are warranted to systematically examine the underlying reasons for the temporal trend of the major cancers in Xuanwei County.展开更多
Objectives:The Brazilian Unified Health System(SistemaÚnico de Saúde−SUS)is the universal public healthcare system of Brazil that maintains a nationwide database of its patients.Our primary objective was to ...Objectives:The Brazilian Unified Health System(SistemaÚnico de Saúde−SUS)is the universal public healthcare system of Brazil that maintains a nationwide database of its patients.Our primary objective was to analyze regional and temporal trends,while our secondary goal was to establish correlations between states’health economy status and their prostate cancer(PCa)epidemiology.Methods:We analyzed Brazil’s nationwide data on prostate cancer(PCa)incidence,mortality,and care gathered between 2013 and 2021 by the Information Technology Department of SUS(DATA-SUS),updated monthly using the International Classification of Diseases(ICD-10)code.Results:In the period,273,933 new cases of PCa and 135,336 PCa deaths were reported in men aged 50 years or over in Brazil.The median annual PCa-specific incidence rate(PCSIR)ranged from 14.7 in the Southeast to 6.9 in the North region and the median annual PCa-specific mortality rate(PCSMR)ranged from 7.7 in the Northeast to 6.0 in the South region(per 10,000 men>50).The median annual mortality to incidence ratio(MIR)was highest in the North(0.88)and lowest in the Southeast region(0.44).There were significant regional differences in PCa treatment rates(per new cases);the Midwest region had the highest median annual surgery rate(0.63)while the North region had the highest median annual systemic therapy rate(0.75)and the lowest radiation therapy rate(0.06).Temporal analysis of the data showed significant change in annual rate trends after the year 2018 for PCSIR(coefficient[β]=+3.66,p<0.001),any treatment(β=−0.06,p=0.016),surgery([SR]β=+0.05,p=0.017)radiation therapy([RTR]β=−0.06,p=0.005)and systemic therapy([STR]β=−0.10,p=0.002).After the 2020 pandemic,annual PCSIR decreased(β=−2.15,p=0.002)but annual PCSMR,MIR,and treatment rates remained stable.Correlation studies showed that the PCSIR was strongly negatively correlated with STR(p<0.001)and positively correlated with RTR(p=0.004).MIR was positively correlated with STR(p<0.001)and negatively correlated with the number of robotic surgical systems per million population(p=0.003).Conclusion:Our data shows that PCa care is dependent on the region and is likely influenced by access to treatment options.Furthermore,changes after the year 2018 underscore the influence of international guidelines on Brazilian clinicians’decision-making especially concerning population screening which in turn affected incidence and treatment rates.Limitation of our study includes limited patientrelated information and data on private practices as well as an unknown impact of traveling patients.展开更多
Objective:China is one of the countries with the heaviest burden of gastric cancer(GC)in the world.Understanding the epidemiological trends and patterns of GC in China can contribute to formulating effective preventio...Objective:China is one of the countries with the heaviest burden of gastric cancer(GC)in the world.Understanding the epidemiological trends and patterns of GC in China can contribute to formulating effective prevention strategies.Methods:The data on incidence,mortality,and disability-adjusted life-years(DALYs)of GC in China from1990 to 2019 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study(2019).The estimated annual percentage change(EAPC)was calculated to evaluate the temporal trends of disease burden of GC,and the package Nordpred in the R program was used to perform an age-period-cohort analysis to predict the numbers and rates of incidence and mortality in the next 25 years.Results:The number of incident cases of GC increased from 317.34 thousand in 1990 to 612.82 thousand in2019,while the age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR)of GC decreased from 37.56 per 100,000 in 1990 to 30.64 per 100,000 in 2019,with an EAPC of-0.41[95%confidence interval(95%CI):-0.77,-0.06].Pronounced temporal trends in mortality and DALYs of GC were observed.In the next 25 years,the numbers of new GC cases and deaths are expected to increase to 738.79 thousand and 454.80 thousand,respectively,while the rates of incidence and deaths should steadily decrease.The deaths and DALYs attributable to smoking were different for males and females.Conclusions:In China,despite the fact that the rates of GC have decreased during the past three decades,the numbers of new GC cases and deaths increased,and will continue to increase in the next 25 years.Additional strategies are needed to reduce the burden of GC,such as screening and early detection,novel treatments,and the prevention of risk factors.展开更多
Nine metals, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, As, Cr, Zn, Fe, and Mn in sediment and pore water from 57 sampling sites in Chaohu Lake （Anhui Province, China） were analyzed for spatial distribution, temporal trends and diffuse flux i...Nine metals, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, As, Cr, Zn, Fe, and Mn in sediment and pore water from 57 sampling sites in Chaohu Lake （Anhui Province, China） were analyzed for spatial distribution, temporal trends and diffuse flux in 2010. Metals in the surface sediment were generally the highest in the western lake center and Nanfei-Dianbu River estuary, with another higher area of As, Fe, and Mn occurring in the Qiyang River estuary. Metal contamination assessment using the New York sediment screening criteria showed that the sediment was severely contaminated in 44% of the area with Mn, 20% with Zn, 16% with Fe, 14% with As, and 6% with Cr and Ni. An increasing trend of toxic metals （Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, As, Cr, Zn） and Mn with depth was shown in the western lake. Compared with metal content data from the sediment survey conducted in 1980s, the metal content of surface sediment in 2010 was 2.0 times that in the 1980s for Cr, Cu, Zn, and As in the western lake, and less than 1.5 times higher for most of the metals in the eastern lake. Among the metals, only Mn and As had a widespread positive diffuse flux from the pore water to overlying water across the whole lake. The estimated flux in the whole lake was on average 3.36 mg/（m2.day） for Mn and 0.08 mg/（m2.day） for As, which indicated a daily increase of 0.93 μg/L for Mn and 0.02 μg/L for As in surface water. The increasing concentration of metals in the sediment and the flux of metals from pore water to overlying water by diffusion and other physical processes should not be ignored for drinking-water sources.展开更多
Climate change will have important implications in water shore regions,such as Huang-Huai-Hai（3H） plain,where expected warmer and drier conditions might augment crop water demand.Sensitivity analysis is important in...Climate change will have important implications in water shore regions,such as Huang-Huai-Hai（3H） plain,where expected warmer and drier conditions might augment crop water demand.Sensitivity analysis is important in understanding the relative importance of climatic variables to the variation in reference evapotranspiration（ET 0）.In this study,the 51-yr ET 0 during winter wheat and summer maize growing season were calculated from a data set of daily climate variables in 40 meteorological stations.Sensitivity maps for key climate variables were estimated according to Kriging method and the spatial pattern of sensitivity coefficients for these key variables was plotted.In addition,the slopes of the linear regression lines for sensitivity coefficients were obtained.Results showed that ET 0 during winter wheat growing season accounted for the largest proportion of annual ET 0,due to its long phenological days,while ET 0 was detected to decrease significantly with the magnitude of 0.5 mm yr-1in summer maize growing season.Solar radiation is considered to be the most sensitive and primarily controlling variable for negative trend in ET 0 for summer maize season,and higher sensitive coefficient value of ET 0 to solar radiation and temperature were detected in east part and southwest part of 3H plain respectively.Relative humidity was demonstrated as the most sensitive factor for ET 0 in winter wheat growing season and declining relativity humidity also primarily controlled a negative trend in ET 0,furthermore the sensitivity coefficient to relative humidity increased from west to southeast.The eight sensitivity centrals were all found located in Shandong Province.These ET 0 along with its sensitivity maps under winter wheat-summer maize rotation system can be applied to predict the agricultural water demand and will assist water resources planning and management for this region.展开更多
The aim of this paper is to offer a statistically sound method to make a precise account of the speed of land degradation and regeneration processes.Most common analyses of land degradation focus instead on the extent...The aim of this paper is to offer a statistically sound method to make a precise account of the speed of land degradation and regeneration processes.Most common analyses of land degradation focus instead on the extent of degraded areas,rather than on the intensity of degradation processes.The study was implemented for the Potential Extent of Desertification in China(PEDC),composed by arid,semi-arid,and dry sub-humid regions and refers to the period 2002 to 2012.The metrics were standard partial regression coefficients from stepwise regressions,fitted using Net Primary Productivity as the dependent variable,and year number and aridity as predictors.The results indicate that:①the extension of degrading lands(292896 km 2 or 9.12%of PEDC)overcomes the area that is recovering(194560 km 2 or 6.06%of PEDC);and②the intensity of degrading trends is lower than that of increasing trends in three land cover types(grassland,desert,and crops)and in two aridity levels(semi-arid and dry sub-humid).Such an outcome might pinpoint restoration policies by the Chinese government,and document a possible case of hysteresis.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(grant number:2021YFC2500400)National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant numbers:82172894,82073028,82204121)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(grant number:2023M742617).
文摘Background Cervical cancer is the only cancer that can be eliminated worldwide.Tracking the latest burden of cervical cancer is critical toward the targets set by World Health Organization(WHO)to eliminate cervical cancer as a major public health problem.Methods All data were extracted from the Global Cancer Observatory(GLOBOCAN)2022.Age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR)and mortality rates(ASMR)of cervical cancer were compared and linked to Human Development Index(HDI)between populations.The estimated annual percentage changes(EAPCs)were used to characterize the temporal trend in ASIR/ASMR,and demographic estimates were projected up to 2050.Results Globally,an estimated 662,044 cases(ASIR:14.12/100,000)and 348,709 deaths(ASMR:7.08/100,000)from cervical cancer occurred in 2022,corresponding to the fourth cause of cancer morbidity and mortality in women worldwide.Specifically,42%of cases and 39%of deaths occurred in China(23%and 16%)and India(19%and 23%).Both ASIR and ASMR of cervical cancer decreased with HDI,and similar decreasing links were observed for both early-onset(0–39 years)and late-onset(≥40 years)cervical cancer.Both ASIR and ASMR of overall cervical cancer showed decreasing trends during 2003–2012(EAPC:0.04%and-1.03%);however,upward trends were observed for early-onset cervical cancer(EAPC:1.16%and 0.57%).If national rates in 2022 remain stable,the estimated cases and deaths from cervical cancer are projected to increase by 56.8%and 80.7%up to 2050.Moreover,the projected increase of early-onset cervical cancer is mainly observed in transitioning countries,while decreased burden is expected in transitioned countries.Conclusions Cervical cancer remains a common cause of cancer death in many countries,especially in transitioning countries.Unless scaling-up preventive interventions,human papillomavirus(HPV)vaccination and cervical cancer screening,as well as systematic cooperation within government,civil societies,and private enterprises,the global burden of cervical cancer would be expected to increase in the future.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant number:2021YFC2500400)Tianjin Health Committee Foundation(grant number:TJWJ2021MS008)+2 种基金Tianjin Key Medical Discipline(Specialty)Construction Project(grant number:TYXZDXK-009A)Science and Technology Program of the Joint Fund of Scientific Research for the Public Hospitals of Inner Mongolia Academy of Medical Sciences(grant number:2023GLLH0132)Scientific Research Fund for the Demonstration Project of Public Hospital Reform and Quality Development(Gastrointestinal Tumour)that is approved by Peking University Cancer Hospital(Inner Mongolia Campus)(grant number:2023SGGZ068)。
文摘Background Given the relatively unfavorable prognosis and significant geographic differences in lung cancer burden,it is critical to update the global landscape of lung cancer to inform local strategies.Methods Based on the GLOBOCAN 2022,the age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR)and mortality rate(ASMR)were compared and linked to the Human Development Index(HDI)across different populations.The temporal trends in ASIR/ASMR were characterized as estimated annual percentage change(EAPC),and demographic projections were performed up to 2050.Results Globally,an estimated 2,480,675 cases and 1,817,469 deaths from lung cancer occurred in 2022.Both ASIR and ASMR of lung cancer varied widely by world region,with ASIR ranging from 2.06 to 39.38 per 100,000 and ASMR from 1.95 to 31.70 per 100,000.China alone accounted for>40%of cases and deaths worldwide.Both ASIR and ARMR of lung cancer increased with HDI(R2:0.54 and 0.47,all P values<0.001),regardless of gender.Based on available data,both ASIR during 2001–2010 and ASMR during 2001–2015 showed decreasing trends in males(EAPC:1.50%and−2.22%)but increasing trends in females(EAPC:1.08%and 0.07%).Similar trends in ASIR and ASMR were observed among the elder population(≥50 years);however,downward trends were observed in the younger population(<50 years).Alongside the aging and growth of the population,estimated cases and deaths from overall lung cancer would increase by 86.2%and 95.2%up to 2050 as compared with estimates in 2022,respectively.Notably,increased early-onset lung cancer was only observed in transitioning countries,while decreased early-onset lung cancer was observed in transitioned countries.Conclusion Lung cancer maintained as the leading cancer burden worldwide.Unless timely preventive interventions in tobacco mitigation,early screening,and precise treatment,the global lung cancer burden is expected to increase in the future,especially for transitioning countries.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81602931)Ministry of Science and Technology(No.2014FY121100)State Key Projects Specialized on Infectious Diseases(No.2012ZX10002008)
文摘Objective: Liver cancer is one of the most common cancers and major cause of cancer deaths in China,which accounts for over 50% of new cases and deaths worldwide.The systematic liver cancer statistics including of projection through 2030 could provide valuable information for prevention and control strategies in China,and experience for other countries.Methods: The burden of liver cancer in China in 2014 was estimated using 339 cancer registries’ data selected from Chinese National Cancer Center(NCC).Incident cases of 22 cancer registries were applied for temporal trends from 2000 to 2014.The burden of liver cancer through 2030 was projected using age-period-cohort model.Results: About 364,800 new cases of liver cancer(268,900 males and 95,900 females) occurred in China,and about 318,800 liver cancer deaths(233,500 males and 85,300 females) in 2014.Western regions of China had the highest incidence and mortality rates.Incidence and mortality rates decreased by about 2.3% and 2.6% per year during the period of 2000-2014,respectively,and would decrease by more than 44% between 2014 and 2030 in China.The young generation,particularly for those aged under 40 years,showed a faster down trend.Conclusions: Based on the analysis,incidence and mortality rates of liver cancer are expected to decrease through 2030,but the burden of liver cancer is still serious in China,especially in rural and western areas.Most cases of liver cancer in China can be prevented through vaccination and more prevention efforts should be focused on high risk groups.
基金supported by grants from the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(CIFMS,Grant No.2018-I2M-3-003)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFC1315305)。
文摘Objective:Breast cancer was the most common cancer and the fifth cause of cancer deaths among women in China in 2015.The evaluation of the long-term incidence and mortality trends and the prediction of the future burden of breast cancer could provide valuable information for developing prevention and control strategies.Methods:The burden of breast cancer in China in 2015 was estimated by using qualified data from 368 cancer registries from the National Central Cancer Registry.Incident cases and deaths in 22 cancer registries were used to assess the time trends from 2000 to 2015.A Bayesian age-period-cohort model was used to project the burden of breast cancer to 2030.Results:Approximately 303,600 new cases of breast cancer(205,100 from urban areas and 98,500 from rural areas)and 70,400 breast cancer deaths(45,100 from urban areas and 24,500 from rural areas)occurred in China in 2015.Urban regions of China had the highest incidence and mortality rates.The most common histological subtype of breast cancer was invasive ductal carcinoma,followed by invasive lobular carcinoma.The age-standardized incidence and mortality rates increased by 3.3%and 1.0%per year during 2000–2015,and were projected to increase by more than 11%until 2030.Changes in risk and demographic factors between 2015 and 2030 in cases are predicted to increase by approximately 13.3%and 22.9%,whereas deaths are predicted to increase by 13.1%and 40.9%,respectively.Conclusions:The incidence and mortality of breast cancer continue to increase in China.There are no signs that this trend will stop by 2030,particularly in rural areas.Effective breast cancer prevention strategies are therefore urgently needed in China.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1400300)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2572022DP04).
文摘In recent years,the situation of the Hyphantria cunea(Drury)(Lepidoptera:Erebidae),infestation in China has been serious and has a tendency to continue to spread.A comprehensive analysis was carried out to examine the spa-tial distribution trends and influencing factors of H.cunea.This analysis involved integrating administrative division and boundary data,distribution data of H.cunea,and envi-ronmental variables for 2021.GeoDetector and gravity analysis techniques were employed for data processing and interpretation.The results show that H.cunea exhibited high aggregation patterns in 2021 and 2022 concentrated mainly in eastern China.During these years,the focal point of the infestation was in Shandong Province with a spread towards the northeast.Conditions such as high vegetation density in eastern China provided favorable situations for growth and development of H.cunea.In China,the spatial distribution of the moth is primarily influenced by two critical factors:precipitation during the driest month and elevation.These play a pivotal role in determining the spread of the species.Based on these results,suggestions are provided for a mul-tifaceted approach to prevention and control of H.cunea infestation.
基金supported by CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(grant number 2021-I2M-1-011)the Non-profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(grant number 2019PT320027).
文摘Background:Updated systematic statistics on lung cancer are the underpinning cornerstones for formulating prevention and control strategies for the disease.The incidence and mortality data of lung cancer in China in 2016 were estimated,and also used to analyze the temporal trends of lung cancer from 2000 up to 2016 in this study.Methods:The burden of lung cancer in China in 2016 was estimated using data from 487 cancer registries,which were abstracted from the database of the National Cancer Center of China(NCC).The temporal trends were estimated with the data of 2000 to 2016 from 22 cancer registries.Results:About 828,100 new lung cancer cases and 657,000 lung cancer deaths were estimated in China in 2016.The crude incidence and mortality rates in the eastern region were the highest nationwide.The incidence and mortality of lung cancer increased with age,and most of the new cases occurred in the age group of over 60 years.The age-standardized incidence increased by about 0.8%per year during 2000 to 2016,especially in woman,whose annual increase rate reached 2.1%.The age-standardized mortality rate decreased by about 0.6%per year,with a decrease of 1.3%per year in urban areas and an increase of 2.3%per year in rural areas.The numbers of new cases and deaths increased by 162.6%and 123.6%,respectively,during 2000 to 2016,which can be explained mainly by the change of the age structure.Conclusions:The burden of lung cancer is serious in China,and increased especially rapidly for women in rural areas.The disease is expected to threaten the lives of more people in the future due to factors such as aging and population growth.Lung cancer prevention and control strategies and resources should be leveraged toward women and rural areas in the future.
文摘Background: Infertility affected 10% to 25% of couples globally, and about half of the infertility cases were reported in sub-Saharan Africa. Infertility poses significant social, cultural, and health challenges, particularly for women who often face stigmatization. However, comprehensive and nationally representative data, including prevalence, temporal trends, and risk factors, are lacking, prompting a study in Burkina Faso to address the need for informed policies and programs in infertility care and management. Objectives: This study aims to better understand the spatiotemporal trend of infertility prevalence in Burkina Faso. Methodology: This is a retrospective population-based study of women infertility from healthcare facilities in Burkina Faso, during January 2011 to December 2020. We calculated the prevalence rates of infertility and two disparity measures, and examined the spatiotemporal trend of infertility. Results: Over the 10-year period (2011 to 2020), 143,421 infertility cases were recorded in Burkina Faso healthcare facilities, resulting of a mean prevalence rate of 3.61‰ among childbearing age women and 17.87‰ among women who consulted healthcare facilities for reproductive issues (except contraception). The findings revealed a significant increase of infertility, with the prevalence rate varied from 2.75‰ in 2011 to 4.62‰ in 2020 among childbearing age women and from 13.38‰ in 2011 to 26.28‰ in 2020 among women who consulted healthcare facilities for reproductive issues, corresponding to an estimate annual percentage change of 8.31% and 9.80% respectively. There were significant temporal and geographic variations in the prevalence of infertility. While relative geographic disparity decreased, absolute geographic disparity showed an increasing trend over time. Conclusion: The study highlights an increasing trend of infertility prevalence and significant geographic variation in Burkina Faso, underscoring the urgent necessity for etiologic research on risk factors, psychosocial implications, and economic consequences to inform effective interventions and mitigate the socioeconomic impact of infertility.
文摘This study analyzed the spatial distribution and temporal trends of precipitation and its extremes over Nigeria from 1979-2013 using climate indices, in order to assess climatic extremes in the country. Daily precipitation data used in this study were obtained from Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NIMET), Lagos. The study used climate indices developed by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection (ETCCDI) for assessing extreme precipitation. Sen’s slope estimator and Mann-Kendall trend test were employed in data analysis. Results revealed that precipitation and its extremes varied spatially across Nigeria. Significant negative trends were observed in most of the precipitation indices for the period under study. Furthermore, significant downward trends were observed in the CWD (Consecutive Wet Day) while the CDD (Consecutive Dry Day) showed significant upward trends in all the regions. These spatial and temporal changes indicate that Nigeria’s climate is trending towards a warmer and drier condition, which could be attributed to global warming-induced climate change;which altered historical rainfall patterns thereby leading to extreme events. The findings of this study have provided useful information in understanding the extreme events that are assumed by the general populace to be normal recurrent events in Nigeria. The results of the analysis of yearly and decadal changes in precipitation totals and extreme values for the last 35 years (1979-2013) suggest the likelihood of severe impacts on water resources, agriculture, and water-sensitive economic activities
基金Supported by the Capital’s Funds for Health Improvement and Research[2024-2G-40213]Talent Incentive Program of Cancer Hospital,CAMS[Hope Star],the Beijing Nova Program[Z201100006820069]+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China[82273704]the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences[2021-I2M-1-023].
文摘Introduction:Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)and adenocarcinoma(EAC)are the two primary subtypes of esophageal cancer.Historically,ESCC incidence has exceeded EAC,particularly in East Asia,Southern Africa,and parts of South America.However,in recent decades,EAC incidence has risen markedly in high-income countries due to lifestyle changes.Using the latest Cancer Incidence in Five Continents(CI5)data,we aimed to analyze global temporal trends and sex differences in the burden of ESCC and EAC.Methods:We extracted ESCC and EAC incidence data from 25 countries in CI5 Volumes VIII-XII(1993–2017)for trend analysis.Age-standardized incidence rates(ASIRs)and ESCC-to-EAC ASIR ratios were calculated using Segi’s World Standard Population,and annual percentage changes were estimated using Joinpoint regression.Additionally,we evaluated male-to-female ASIR ratios using data from 53 countries in CI5 Volume XII(2013–2017).Results:Between 1993–2017,ESCC ASIRs declined in 19 countries but increased in Japan,the Czech Republic,Latvia,Denmark,and Lithuania.Conversely,EAC ASIRs increased in 17 countries,with the Republic of Korea being the only country reporting a decline.ESCC-to-EAC ASIR ratios narrowed in most countries,with EAC surpassing ESCC among males in 10 countries,including the United States,and among females only in the Philippines.From 2013–2017,males exhibited consistently higher ASIRs than females for both subtypes,with more pronounced sex differences observed for EAC.Conclusions:This study highlights the changing epidemiology of ESCC and EAC globally and provides important scientific evidence for tailoring prevention and control strategies based on regional and histological-specific trends.
文摘What is already known about this topic?Cardiovascular disease(CVD)represents a major cause of mortality and disability in China’s population.Ambient particulate matter pollution(APMP)has been established as a significant risk factor contributing to CVD development.What is added by this report?Analysis of data from 1990 to 2021 reveals a substantial increase in APMP-attributable CVD mortality across China.While recent trends show decreased mortality risk associated with APMP-attributable CVD,birth cohort analysis demonstrates continued risk elevation in males but declining risk in females born after 1971.What are the implications for public health practice?Enhanced surveillance and regulation of APMP,coupled with targeted health promotion strategies,are crucial,particularly for elderly populations and males who show increased vulnerability.
基金supported by grants from the Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital Supporting Fund for Talent Program(No.KY0120220263)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2021MD703910).
文摘To the Editor:Refractive disorder(RD)is an initiative undertaken so as to eliminate avoidable blindness by 2020(VISION 2020:the Right to Sight).[1]It is one of the most common causes of visual impairments worldwide.Uncorrectable RD is the main cause of visual impairment in children and adolescents.[2]Thus,RD,especially myopia,has a high impact on economic costs and adds to the burden of visually disabling age-related complications in adulthood.[3]In China,RDs are also a public health issue.Current epidemic studies provide the characteristics of refractive errors among Chinese children and adolescents,[4,5]while national-level data on the epidemic characteristics of RDs and the disease burden are still unknown.This study assessed the burden of refractive errors in all the provinces across China among Chinese children and adolescents younger than 20 years over the past three decades.
文摘Extreme precipitation events pose significant challenges to water resources,ag-riculture,infrastructure,public health,ecosystems,energy production,fishing,timber production,and other rain-dependent socioeconomic sectors across Eastern Africa,threatening the environment and regional livelihoods.This study analyzes spatial and temporal trends of extreme precipitation in Eastern Africa from January 1981 to 2023,using high-resolution CHIRPS data.Key ex-treme precipitation indices,including R10mm,R75p,and SDII,were calculated to assess variations in the frequency,intensity,and contribution of extreme rainfall events.The temporal analysis reveals a statistically significant increas-ing trend in January precipitation(0.844 mm/year,p=0.0191),confirmed by Sen’s Slope(0.74 mm/year).R10mm increased by 0.036 days/year(p=0.0079),with Sen’s Slope estimating 0.04 days/year.R75p showed a rise of 0.025 days/year(p=0.0113),with Sen’s Slope at 0.02 days/year.SDII exhibited the most significant trend,increasing by 0.056 mm/day per year(p=0.0002),with Sen’s Slope at 0.06 mm/day per year.These results indicate a rise in extreme precipitation in Eastern Africa,increasing the risk of flooding and other cli-mate-related hazards.Spatial analysis shows distinct regional variations,with Southern Tanzania,Mozambique,Malawi,Zambia,Zimbabwe,and Madagas-car exhibiting statistically significant increasing trends in January precipitation and extreme precipitation indices.These regions are becoming more vulnera-ble to flooding and other climate-related hazards.Moreover,correlation anal-ysis identifies significant links between global SST anomalies and extreme pre-cipitation trends,demonstrating the influence of large-scale climate drivers.The study indicates the growing intensity and frequency of extreme precipita-tion in parts of Eastern Africa,significantly influenced by the South Pacific Convergence Zone(SPCZ).This necessitates a deeper understanding of SPCZ dynamics and their impacts on precipitation patterns to enhance climate pre-diction and develop adaptive strategies for mitigating extreme weather events.Such efforts will contribute to safeguarding water resources,agriculture,infra-structure,public health,energy production,fisheries,transportation,and live-lihoods across the region.
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Projects,Science&Technology Department of Sichuan Province(grant no.2022YFS0042).
文摘Objective:To analyze the temporal trends of maternal mortality ratio(MMR)due to obstetric hemorrhage and its specific causes in Chinese mainland from 2000 to 2019,to identify whether the rate of change has accelerated or slowed down during this period,and to find the prior cause of obstetric hemorrhage that needs to be intervened in the future.Methods:Individual information on maternal deaths and total number of live births from 336 surveillance sites across 31 provinces in Chinese mainland was collected from the National Maternal and Child Health Surveillance System between 2000 and 2019.Maternal death was defined according to the World Health Organization’s criterion.The final underlying cause of death was confirmed by the national review and was coded according to International Classification of Diseases-10.Linear trends for changes in characteristics of maternal deaths were assessed using linear or logistic models with the year treated as a continuous variable.The MMR and 95%confidence intervals(CI)for regions or causes were estimated by Poisson’s distribution.Joinpoint regression was used to assess the accurate temporal patterns.Results:The national MMR due to obstetric hemorrhage was 18.4 per 100,000 live births(95%CI:15.0–22.2)in 2000.It peaked in 2001(22.1 per 100,000 live births,95%CI:18.3–26.4)and was lowest in 2019(1.6 per 100,000 live births,95%CI:1.0–2.3).For specific regions,the MMR due to obstetric hemorrhage in rural areas and western regions both experienced a slight rise,followed by a rapid decline,and then a slow decline.For specific causes,no change point was found in joinpoint analysis of the national MMR caused by placenta previa,postpartum uterine atony,and retained placenta(the annual percent change was12.0%,10.5%,and21.0%,respectively).The MMR caused by postpartum hemorrhages(PPH)significantly declined by 8.0%(95%CI:1.9–13.6)per year from 2000 to 2007.The annual percent change of MMR caused by PPH accelerated further to25.0%between 2007 and 2011,and then decreased to7.8%between 2011 and 2019.The proportion of maternal deaths due to antepartum hemorrhages increased from 7.6%(8/105)in 2000 to 14.3%(4/28)in 2019.The changes in the proportion of causes were different for maternal deaths due to PPH.The proportion of postpartum uterine atony increased from 39.0%(41/105)in 2000 to 60.7%(17/28)in 2019,and the proportion of uterine rupture also increased from 12.3%(13/105)in 2000 to 14.3%(4/28)in 2019.However,the proportion of retained placenta decreased from 37.1%(39/105)in 2000 to 7.1%(2/28)in 2019.Conclusion:Over the last 20 years,the intervention practice in China has proved that targeted interventions are beneficial in reducing the MMR due to obstetric hemorrhage.However,the MMR has reached a plateau and is likely to increase for some specific causes such as uterine rupture.China needs to develop more effective interventions to reduce maternal deaths due to obstetric hemorrhage,especially for postpartum uterine atony and uterine rupture.
基金The authors would like to thank Sharon Grant,Jake O'Brien,Ben Tscharke and Rachel Mackie for organizing sample collection and providing data.Hue T.Nguyen is also grateful to Christine M.Baduel for LC/MS-MS analytical training.Hue T.Nguyen is supported by an Australian Award Scholarship granted by Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.Jochen F.Mueller is funded by a UQ Fellowship.
文摘Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS)are found ubiquitously in wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)due to their multiple sources in industry and consumer products.In Australia,limited spatial data are available on PFAS levels inWWTPs influent,while no temporal data have been reported.The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and temporal trend of PFAS in the influent of two large WWTPs in Australia(WWTP A and B)over a four-year period.Daily influent samples were collected over one week at different seasons from 2014 to 2017.Eleven perfluoroalkyl acids(PFAA)(i.e.seven perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids(PFCAs)and four perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids(PFSA))were detected with mean S11PFAA concentrations of 57±3.3e94±17 ng/L at WWTP A,and 31±6.1e142±73 ng/L at WWTP B.The highest mean concentrations were observed for perfluorohexanoate(PFHxA)(20±2 ng/L)in WWTP A,and perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS)(17±13 ng/L)in WWTP B.The precursor 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate was detected over five sampling periods from Aug 2016 to Oct 2017,with mean concentrations of 37±18e138±51 ng/L for WWTP A and 8.8±4.5e29±5.1 ng/L for WWTP B.Higher concentration of 6:2 FTS(1.8e11 folds)than those of PFOA and PFOS in WWTP A indicate a likely substitution of C8 PFAA by fluorotelomer-based PFAS in this catchment.Temporal trends(annual and seasonal)in per-capita mass load were observed for some PFAA,increasing for PFPeA,PFHxA,PFHpA,PFNA,and PFHxS,while decreasing for PFBS and PFOS in either WWTPs.Notably,elevated levels of PFOS in October 2017 were observed at both WWTPs with the highest per capita mass load of up to 67 mg/day/inhabitant.For some PFAS release trends,longer sampling periods would be required to achieve acceptable statistical power.
文摘Although a number of studies have examined the etiology of lung cancer in Xuanwei County, China, other types of cancer in this county have not been reported systematically. This study aimed to investigate the temporal trend of eight major cancers in Xuanwei County using data from three mortality surveys （1973-1975, 1990-1992, and 2004-2005）. The Chinese population in 1990 was used as a standard population to calculate age- standardized mortality rates. Cancers of lung, liver, breast, brain, esophagus, leukemia, rectum, and stomach were identified as the leading cancers in this county in terms of mortality rate. During the three time periods, lung cancer remained as the most common type of cancer. The mortality rates for all other types of cancer were lower than those of the national average, but an increasing trend was observed for all the cancers, particularly from 1990-1992 to 2004-2005. The temporal trend could be party explained by changes in risk factors, but it also may be due to the improvement in cancer diagnosis and screening. Further epidemiological studies are warranted to systematically examine the underlying reasons for the temporal trend of the major cancers in Xuanwei County.
文摘Objectives:The Brazilian Unified Health System(SistemaÚnico de Saúde−SUS)is the universal public healthcare system of Brazil that maintains a nationwide database of its patients.Our primary objective was to analyze regional and temporal trends,while our secondary goal was to establish correlations between states’health economy status and their prostate cancer(PCa)epidemiology.Methods:We analyzed Brazil’s nationwide data on prostate cancer(PCa)incidence,mortality,and care gathered between 2013 and 2021 by the Information Technology Department of SUS(DATA-SUS),updated monthly using the International Classification of Diseases(ICD-10)code.Results:In the period,273,933 new cases of PCa and 135,336 PCa deaths were reported in men aged 50 years or over in Brazil.The median annual PCa-specific incidence rate(PCSIR)ranged from 14.7 in the Southeast to 6.9 in the North region and the median annual PCa-specific mortality rate(PCSMR)ranged from 7.7 in the Northeast to 6.0 in the South region(per 10,000 men>50).The median annual mortality to incidence ratio(MIR)was highest in the North(0.88)and lowest in the Southeast region(0.44).There were significant regional differences in PCa treatment rates(per new cases);the Midwest region had the highest median annual surgery rate(0.63)while the North region had the highest median annual systemic therapy rate(0.75)and the lowest radiation therapy rate(0.06).Temporal analysis of the data showed significant change in annual rate trends after the year 2018 for PCSIR(coefficient[β]=+3.66,p<0.001),any treatment(β=−0.06,p=0.016),surgery([SR]β=+0.05,p=0.017)radiation therapy([RTR]β=−0.06,p=0.005)and systemic therapy([STR]β=−0.10,p=0.002).After the 2020 pandemic,annual PCSIR decreased(β=−2.15,p=0.002)but annual PCSMR,MIR,and treatment rates remained stable.Correlation studies showed that the PCSIR was strongly negatively correlated with STR(p<0.001)and positively correlated with RTR(p=0.004).MIR was positively correlated with STR(p<0.001)and negatively correlated with the number of robotic surgical systems per million population(p=0.003).Conclusion:Our data shows that PCa care is dependent on the region and is likely influenced by access to treatment options.Furthermore,changes after the year 2018 underscore the influence of international guidelines on Brazilian clinicians’decision-making especially concerning population screening which in turn affected incidence and treatment rates.Limitation of our study includes limited patientrelated information and data on private practices as well as an unknown impact of traveling patients.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFC0907003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81973116 and 81573229)the Joint Research Funds for Shandong University and Karolinska Institute(No.SDU-KI-2020-03)。
文摘Objective:China is one of the countries with the heaviest burden of gastric cancer(GC)in the world.Understanding the epidemiological trends and patterns of GC in China can contribute to formulating effective prevention strategies.Methods:The data on incidence,mortality,and disability-adjusted life-years(DALYs)of GC in China from1990 to 2019 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study(2019).The estimated annual percentage change(EAPC)was calculated to evaluate the temporal trends of disease burden of GC,and the package Nordpred in the R program was used to perform an age-period-cohort analysis to predict the numbers and rates of incidence and mortality in the next 25 years.Results:The number of incident cases of GC increased from 317.34 thousand in 1990 to 612.82 thousand in2019,while the age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR)of GC decreased from 37.56 per 100,000 in 1990 to 30.64 per 100,000 in 2019,with an EAPC of-0.41[95%confidence interval(95%CI):-0.77,-0.06].Pronounced temporal trends in mortality and DALYs of GC were observed.In the next 25 years,the numbers of new GC cases and deaths are expected to increase to 738.79 thousand and 454.80 thousand,respectively,while the rates of incidence and deaths should steadily decrease.The deaths and DALYs attributable to smoking were different for males and females.Conclusions:In China,despite the fact that the rates of GC have decreased during the past three decades,the numbers of new GC cases and deaths increased,and will continue to increase in the next 25 years.Additional strategies are needed to reduce the burden of GC,such as screening and early detection,novel treatments,and the prevention of risk factors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20907067)the Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment (No. 2012ZX07203-006)
文摘Nine metals, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, As, Cr, Zn, Fe, and Mn in sediment and pore water from 57 sampling sites in Chaohu Lake （Anhui Province, China） were analyzed for spatial distribution, temporal trends and diffuse flux in 2010. Metals in the surface sediment were generally the highest in the western lake center and Nanfei-Dianbu River estuary, with another higher area of As, Fe, and Mn occurring in the Qiyang River estuary. Metal contamination assessment using the New York sediment screening criteria showed that the sediment was severely contaminated in 44% of the area with Mn, 20% with Zn, 16% with Fe, 14% with As, and 6% with Cr and Ni. An increasing trend of toxic metals （Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, As, Cr, Zn） and Mn with depth was shown in the western lake. Compared with metal content data from the sediment survey conducted in 1980s, the metal content of surface sediment in 2010 was 2.0 times that in the 1980s for Cr, Cu, Zn, and As in the western lake, and less than 1.5 times higher for most of the metals in the eastern lake. Among the metals, only Mn and As had a widespread positive diffuse flux from the pore water to overlying water across the whole lake. The estimated flux in the whole lake was on average 3.36 mg/（m2.day） for Mn and 0.08 mg/（m2.day） for As, which indicated a daily increase of 0.93 μg/L for Mn and 0.02 μg/L for As in surface water. The increasing concentration of metals in the sediment and the flux of metals from pore water to overlying water by diffusion and other physical processes should not be ignored for drinking-water sources.
基金supported by the Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-Year Plan period(2012BAD09B01)the National 973 Program of China(2012CB955904)the Project of Food Security and Climate Change in the Asia-Pacific Region:Evaluating Mismatch between Crop Development and Water Availability and Project of National Non-profit Institute Fund,China-Australia(BSRF201206)
文摘Climate change will have important implications in water shore regions,such as Huang-Huai-Hai（3H） plain,where expected warmer and drier conditions might augment crop water demand.Sensitivity analysis is important in understanding the relative importance of climatic variables to the variation in reference evapotranspiration（ET 0）.In this study,the 51-yr ET 0 during winter wheat and summer maize growing season were calculated from a data set of daily climate variables in 40 meteorological stations.Sensitivity maps for key climate variables were estimated according to Kriging method and the spatial pattern of sensitivity coefficients for these key variables was plotted.In addition,the slopes of the linear regression lines for sensitivity coefficients were obtained.Results showed that ET 0 during winter wheat growing season accounted for the largest proportion of annual ET 0,due to its long phenological days,while ET 0 was detected to decrease significantly with the magnitude of 0.5 mm yr-1in summer maize growing season.Solar radiation is considered to be the most sensitive and primarily controlling variable for negative trend in ET 0 for summer maize season,and higher sensitive coefficient value of ET 0 to solar radiation and temperature were detected in east part and southwest part of 3H plain respectively.Relative humidity was demonstrated as the most sensitive factor for ET 0 in winter wheat growing season and declining relativity humidity also primarily controlled a negative trend in ET 0,furthermore the sensitivity coefficient to relative humidity increased from west to southeast.The eight sensitivity centrals were all found located in Shandong Province.These ET 0 along with its sensitivity maps under winter wheat-summer maize rotation system can be applied to predict the agricultural water demand and will assist water resources planning and management for this region.
基金European Space Agency(No.4000123342/18/I-NB)Science and Technology Service Network Initiative of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.KFJ-STSZDTP-010-02)。
文摘The aim of this paper is to offer a statistically sound method to make a precise account of the speed of land degradation and regeneration processes.Most common analyses of land degradation focus instead on the extent of degraded areas,rather than on the intensity of degradation processes.The study was implemented for the Potential Extent of Desertification in China(PEDC),composed by arid,semi-arid,and dry sub-humid regions and refers to the period 2002 to 2012.The metrics were standard partial regression coefficients from stepwise regressions,fitted using Net Primary Productivity as the dependent variable,and year number and aridity as predictors.The results indicate that:①the extension of degrading lands(292896 km 2 or 9.12%of PEDC)overcomes the area that is recovering(194560 km 2 or 6.06%of PEDC);and②the intensity of degrading trends is lower than that of increasing trends in three land cover types(grassland,desert,and crops)and in two aridity levels(semi-arid and dry sub-humid).Such an outcome might pinpoint restoration policies by the Chinese government,and document a possible case of hysteresis.
