Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have dominated the portable electronic and electrochemical energy markets since their commercialisation,whose high cost and lithium scarcity have prompted the development of other alkali-ion...Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have dominated the portable electronic and electrochemical energy markets since their commercialisation,whose high cost and lithium scarcity have prompted the development of other alkali-ion batteries(AIBs)including sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)and potassium-ion batteries(PIBs).Owing to larger ion sizes of Na^(+)and K^(+)compared with Li^(+),nanocomposites with excellent crystallinity orientation and well-developed porosity show unprecedented potential for advanced lithium/sodium/potassium storage.With enticing open rigid framework structures,Prussian blue analogues(PBAs)remain promising self-sacrificial templates for the preparation of various nanocomposites,whose appeal originates from the well-retained porous structures and exceptional electrochemical activities after thermal decomposition.This review focuses on the recent progress of PBA-derived nanocomposites from their fabrication,lithium/sodium/potassium storage mechanism,and applications in AIBs(LIBs,SIBs,and PIBs).To distinguish various PBA derivatives,the working mechanism and applications of PBA-templated metal oxides,metal chalcogenides,metal phosphides,and other nanocomposites are systematically evaluated,facilitating the establishment of a structure–activity correlation for these materials.Based on the fruitful achievements of PBA-derived nanocomposites,perspectives for their future development are envisioned,aiming to narrow down the gap between laboratory study and industrial reality.展开更多
Through employing zeolitic imidazolate framework-67(ZIF-67)templates,the straightforward hydrother-mal and electrodeposition methods were applied to synthesize FeOOH@CoMoO_(4)heterostructure attached to the sur-face o...Through employing zeolitic imidazolate framework-67(ZIF-67)templates,the straightforward hydrother-mal and electrodeposition methods were applied to synthesize FeOOH@CoMoO_(4)heterostructure attached to the sur-face of nickel foam(NF).The specific structure of the as-prepared FeOOH@CoMoO_(4)/NF-400s provided pronounced porosity and extensive surface area,enhancing rapid electron transport and exposing abundant active sites to improve catalytic reactions.Furthermore,the introduction of FeOOH,which induces electron transfer from FeOOH to CoMoO_(4),confirms their strong electronic interaction,thereby leading to an accelerated surface catalytic reaction.Consequently,the constructed FeOOH@CoMoO_(4)/NF-400s heterostructure demonstrated exceptional oxygen evolu-tion reaction(OER)activity,requiring an overpotential of 199 mV to deliver the current density of 10 mA·cm^(-2),cou-pled with the superior Tafel slope value of 49.56 mV·dec^(-1)and outstanding stability over 20 h under the current densities of both 10 and 100 mA·cm^(-2).展开更多
Transition metal phosphides(TMPs)have been regarded as alternative hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER)catalysts owing to their comparable activity to those of noble metal-based catalysts...Transition metal phosphides(TMPs)have been regarded as alternative hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER)catalysts owing to their comparable activity to those of noble metal-based catalysts.TMPs have been produced in various morphologies,including hollow and porous nanostructures,which are features deemed desirable for electrocatalytic materials.Templated synthesis routes are often responsible for such morphologies.This paper reviews the latest advances and existing challenges in the synthesis of TMP-based OER and HER catalysts through templated methods.A comprehensive review of the structure-property-performance of TMP-based HER and OER catalysts prepared using different templates is presented.The discussion proceeds according to application,first by HER and further divided among the types of templates used-from hard templates,sacrificial templates,and soft templates to the emerging dynamic hydrogen bubble template.OER catalysts are then reviewed and grouped according to their morphology.Finally,prospective research directions for the synthesis of hollow and porous TMP-based catalysts,such as improvements on both activity and stability of TMPs,design of environmentally benign templates and processes,and analysis of the reaction mechanism through advanced material characterization techniques and theoretical calculations,are suggested.展开更多
Covalent organic frameworks(COFs), as highly tunable porous crystalline materials, have promising applications in potassium-ion batteries(PIBs) due to their abundant charge carrier transport channels and excellent str...Covalent organic frameworks(COFs), as highly tunable porous crystalline materials, have promising applications in potassium-ion batteries(PIBs) due to their abundant charge carrier transport channels and excellent structural stability. However, the excessive stacking of interlayer electron clouds makes it difficult to expose internal active sites. Strategies to design functional COFs with controllable morphology and copious active sites are promising but still challenging. Herein, by utilizing the condensation between1,3,5-triformylbenzene(TFB) and p-phenylenediamine(PPD) and using amino-modified SiO_(2) nanospheres as templates, we synthesize core-shell NH_(2)-SiO_(2)@TP-COF. Through NaOH etching of NH_(2)-SiO_(2)@TP-COF, we obtain imine-based TP-COF hollow nanospheres, which shows excellent potassium storage performance when applied to the anode for PIBs. Ex-situ analysis and density functional theory calculations reveal that C=N groups and benzenes are active sites for K^(+) storage.展开更多
Two new nonmetal borates, [（C2H10N2）]2[B14O20（OH）6] 1 and [C8H22N4][B5O6（OH）4]2 2, have been synthesized under mild conditions and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, FTIR, elemental analysis and ...Two new nonmetal borates, [（C2H10N2）]2[B14O20（OH）6] 1 and [C8H22N4][B5O6（OH）4]2 2, have been synthesized under mild conditions and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, FTIR, elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. Crystal data for compound 1： triclinic, space group P^-1, a = 8.4979（17）, b = 8.8498（18）, c = 10.065（2）A^°, α = 95.01（3）, β = 96.99（3）, γ = 116.82（3）°, V= 661.8（3）A^°^3, Z= 1, Mr = 697.63, Dc = 1.751 g/cm^3,μ = 0.163 mm^-1, F（000） = 356, the final R = 0.0372 and wR = 0.0968 （I 〉 2σ（I））; and those for compound 2： monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 9.1867（18）, b= 14.118（3）, c = 10.334（2）A^°, β = 91.48（3）°, V = 1339.8（5）A^°^3, Z = 2, Mr = 610.46, Dc = 1.513 g/cm^3,μ = 0.135 mm^-1, F（000） = 632, the final R = 0.0350 and wR = 0.0912 （I 〉 2σ（I））. For both 1 and 2, the anionic units are interlinked via O-H…O hydrogen bonds to form a 3D supramolecular network, while the protonated cations are located in the free space of the inorganic borate framework and interact with the anions by electrostatic attraction and extensive N-H…O hydrogen bonds.展开更多
Enhanced piezoelectric response was usually achieved in(Bi_(0.5) Na_(0.5))TiO_(3)(BNT)-based ceramics with sacrifice of depolarization temperature T_(d),seriously limiting their usage range in electromechanical applic...Enhanced piezoelectric response was usually achieved in(Bi_(0.5) Na_(0.5))TiO_(3)(BNT)-based ceramics with sacrifice of depolarization temperature T_(d),seriously limiting their usage range in electromechanical applications.In this work,we propose to explore piezoelectric anisotropy and domain engineering in compositionµstructure-controlled textured ceramics to resolve this issue.[001]c-textured 0.94(Bi_(0.5) Na_(0.5))TiO_(3)–0.06BaTiO_(3)(0.94BNT-0.06BT)ceramics with Lotgering factor F_(001)-91% were fabricated through homoepitaxial templated grain growth(TGG)via using 0.94BNT-0.06BT microplatelet templates.The textured samples exhibited more ordered domains with facilitated domain switching behavior,being consistent with saturated high polarization achieved at lower electric fields.Increasing F_(001) to above 60%enables rapid enhancement of piezoelectric response.Notably,compared to non-textured counterpart,the maximally textured ceramics exhibited-236%enhanced piezoelectric coefficient(d_(33)-302 pC/N)and-280% enhanced piezoelectric voltage coefficient(g_(33)-49.8×10^(−3)Vm/N),together with slightly increased depolarization temperature(T_(d)-106℃).Moreover,those values are approaching or even higher than the single-crystal values.This work not only provides important guidelines for design and synthesis of novel textured ceramics with improved comprehensive electrical properties,but also can expand application fields of BNT-based ceramics.展开更多
Mesoporous zinc oxide nanostructures are successfully synthesized via the sol-gel route by using a rice husk as the template for ethanol sensing at room temperature. The structure and morphology of the nanostructures ...Mesoporous zinc oxide nanostructures are successfully synthesized via the sol-gel route by using a rice husk as the template for ethanol sensing at room temperature. The structure and morphology of the nanostructures are characterized by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption analyses. The mechanism for the growth of zinc oxide nanostructures over the biotemplate is proposed. SEM and TEM observations also reveal the formation of spherical zinc oxide nanoparticles over the interwoven fibrous network. Multiple sized pores having pore diameter ranging from 10- 4Ohm is also evidenced from the pore size distribution plot. The larger surface area and porous nature of the material lead to high sensitivity （40.93% for 300 ppm of ethanol）, quick response （42s） and recovery （40 s） towards ethanol at 30014. The porous nature of the interwoven fibre-like network affords mass transportation of ethanol vapor, which results in faster surface accessibility, and hence it acts as a potential candidate for ethanol sensing at room temperature.展开更多
Two organically templated uranium phosphites, （C4H12N）（UO2）（HPO3）（NO3） （Mr = 486.16） 1 and （C16H36N）2（UO2）2（H2PO3）2（HPO3）（NO3）2 （Mr= 1390.95） 2, were prepared by evaporation from aqueous solution...Two organically templated uranium phosphites, （C4H12N）（UO2）（HPO3）（NO3） （Mr = 486.16） 1 and （C16H36N）2（UO2）2（H2PO3）2（HPO3）（NO3）2 （Mr= 1390.95） 2, were prepared by evaporation from aqueous solution of uranyl nitrate, phosphite acid and their respective organic ammonium hydroxids. Their structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and further characterized by infrared and fluorescence spectroscopy. In 1, pentagonal [UO7] bipyramids share comers with three [HPO3]2- tetrahedra and one edge with a [NO3]- anion to form [（UO2）- （HPO3）（NO3）]^- ladder-like chains parallel to the b axis. The structure of 2 is also based upon one-dimensional anionic [（UO2）2（H2PO3）2（HPO3）（NO3）2]2-chains of comer-sharing penta- gonal [UOT] bipyramids with [H2PO3]- and [HPO3] tetrahedra, which is still unknown in structural chemistry of uranium so far. Crystal data for 1： monoclinic, space group C2/m, a = 21.808（7）, b = 6.9605（15）, c = 8.357（2） A, β = 98.327（15）°, V= 1255.2（6） A^3, Z = 4, Dc = 2.573 g/cm^3, F（000） = 888, μ = 13.086 mm^-1 the final R = 0.0418 and wR = 0.0906 （I 〉 2σ（I））; and those for 2： monoclinic, space group C2/c, a = 36.4549（8）, b = 14.5296（11）, c = 20.8253（11） A, β = 101.7440（8）°, V= 10799.7（10） A3, Z = 8, Dc= 1.711 g/cm^3, F（000） = 5424,μ = 6.144 mm^-1, the final R= 0.0368 and wR= 0.0865 （I〉 2σ（I））.展开更多
A novel macrolactonization method was developed using a chiral β-lactam as the template. This novel method features that the macrocyclization is simultaneously achieved while a TBS protected hydroxy group is deprotec...A novel macrolactonization method was developed using a chiral β-lactam as the template. This novel method features that the macrocyclization is simultaneously achieved while a TBS protected hydroxy group is deprotected.展开更多
A microporous organically-templated tungsten heteropolyacid, (C2N2H10)2 [H2P2W18O62]?8H2O, with a new type was hydrothermally synthesized by using ethylenediamine as the structure-directing agent. Its structure was ...A microporous organically-templated tungsten heteropolyacid, (C2N2H10)2 [H2P2W18O62]?8H2O, with a new type was hydrothermally synthesized by using ethylenediamine as the structure-directing agent. Its structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Crystal data: monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 14.633(4), b = 19.432(5), c = 26.776(5) ?, β = 117.849(11)o, V = 6732(3) ?3, Z = 4, Mr = 4615.48, Dc = 4.554 g/cm3, μ(MoKα) = 30.781 mm-1, F(000) = 7976, the final R = 0.0678 and wR = 0.1359. The crystal of the title compound is constructed by Dawson anions and organic dications forming a novel “hollow” channel system.展开更多
Ultrathin polydopamine microcapsules with hierarchical structure and porosity were prepared for the immobilization of multienzymes using metal-organic framework(MOF) as the template.The multienzyme/MOF composite was f...Ultrathin polydopamine microcapsules with hierarchical structure and porosity were prepared for the immobilization of multienzymes using metal-organic framework(MOF) as the template.The multienzyme/MOF composite was first prepared using a "one-pot" co-precipitation approach via the coordination and self-assembly of zinc ions and 2-methylimidazole in the presence of enzymes.The obtained nanoparticles were then coated with polydopamine thin layer through the self-polymerization of dopamine under alkaline condition.The polydopamine microcapsules with an ultrathin shell thickness of ~48 nm were finally generated by removing the MOF template at acidic condition.Three enzymes were encapsulated in PDA microcapsules including carbonic anhydrase(CA),formate dehydrogenase(FateDH),and glutamate dehydrogenase(GDH).FateDH that catalyzed the main reaction of CO_(2) reduction to formic acid retained 94.7% activity of equivalent free FateDH.Compared with free multienzymes,the immobilized ones embedded in PDA microcapsules exhibited 4.5-times higher of formate production and high catalytic efficiency with a co-factor-based formate yield of 342%.展开更多
Mesoporous poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride)/silica hybrid materials have been prepared. The synthesis was achieved by the HCl-catalyzed sol-gel reactions of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and styrene-maleic anhydrid...Mesoporous poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride)/silica hybrid materials have been prepared. The synthesis was achieved by the HCl-catalyzed sol-gel reactions of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer in the presence of 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) as a coupling agent and citric acid as a nonsurfactant template or pore-forming agent, followed by ethanol extraction. Characterization results from nitrogen sorption isotherms and powder X-ray diffraction indicate that polymer-modified mesoporous materials with large specific surface areas (e.g. 900 m(2)/g) and pore volumes (e.g. 0.6 cm(3)/g) could be prepared. As the citric acid concentration is increased, the specific surface areas, pore volumes and pore diameters of the hybrid materials increase.展开更多
The anodic porous alumina membranes with a definite pore diameter and aspect ratio were used as templates tosynthesize polymer pillared layer structures. The pillared polymer was produced in the template membrane pore...The anodic porous alumina membranes with a definite pore diameter and aspect ratio were used as templates tosynthesize polymer pillared layer structures. The pillared polymer was produced in the template membrane pores, and thelayer on the template surfaces. Rigid cured epoxy resin, polystyrene and soft hydrogel were chosen to confirm themethodology. The pillars were in the form of either tubes or fibers, which were controlled by the alumina membrane pore surface wettability. The structural features were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy results.展开更多
In this work, we developed a templated self-assembly approach to fabricate self-supporting Au/TiO2 binary nanoparticles-nanotubes （NPNTs） for the first time. The stable Au/TiO2 nanoparticles colloids were pre-synthe...In this work, we developed a templated self-assembly approach to fabricate self-supporting Au/TiO2 binary nanoparticles-nanotubes （NPNTs） for the first time. The stable Au/TiO2 nanoparticles colloids were pre-synthesized and then deposited onto an AAO template, following by a mild calcination process. Au/TiO2 binary NPNTs can be achieved after removing the AAO template by NaOH solution. In addition, Au/TiO2 NPNTs with different thicknesses and size distributions could be achieved by tailoring the process parameters, such as the molar ratio of AuNPs to TiO2NPs, deposition modes and calcinations conditions. Therefore, these findings made controllable formation of Au/TiO2 NPNTs attractive for promising fabrication methodologies of metal/metal oxides NPNTs.展开更多
In our efforts to construct new metal-organic frameworks （MOFs） by template-directing method, a new cadmium oxalate, [Co（NH3）612[Cds（C204）ll（H20）4].8H20 （denoted HNU-1 ）, has been synthesized under hydrother...In our efforts to construct new metal-organic frameworks （MOFs） by template-directing method, a new cadmium oxalate, [Co（NH3）612[Cds（C204）ll（H20）4].8H20 （denoted HNU-1 ）, has been synthesized under hydrothermal condition in the presence of C0（NH3）6C13, The crystal structure of HNU-1 was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction （monoclinic, C2/c）, a = 11.126（2）A, b = 17.361 （4）,A, c = 16.119（3）A, fi = 102.40（3）, V = 3040.8（10） A and Z = 8. The open framework of HNU-1 contains 12-ring channels and exhibits a 5-connected sqp topological network with dinuclear Cd（ll） clusters acting as nodes. The Co（NH3）63＋ cations and unusual hydrogen-bonded （H20）4 clusters are found in the 12-ring channels with an alternative arrangement. It is believed that the （H20）4 clusters play a co-templating role in the crystallization of HNU-1.展开更多
A new method to fabricate metal/conducting polymer composite nanowires is presented by taking silver/polypyrrole composite nanowires as an example. A silver （D-coordinated organogel as template was prepared firstly, ...A new method to fabricate metal/conducting polymer composite nanowires is presented by taking silver/polypyrrole composite nanowires as an example. A silver （D-coordinated organogel as template was prepared firstly, and redox-polymerization of pyrrole took place on the gel fiber, giving product of silver/polypyrrole nanowires. The silver/polypyrrole nanowires were characterized by multiple techniques. This strategy could be carried out in one-step procedure at room temperature, and it proves the utility of coordinated organogels in template synthesis of polymer nanostructures.展开更多
Monodisperse Mn3O4 nanoparticles were prepared solvothermally starting from manganese acetate by using polyether amide block copolymers(Pebax2533) as a template in isopropanol. The diameter of the nanoparticles in the...Monodisperse Mn3O4 nanoparticles were prepared solvothermally starting from manganese acetate by using polyether amide block copolymers(Pebax2533) as a template in isopropanol. The diameter of the nanoparticles in the range of 8.7 nm^31.5 nm was decreased with increase of Pebax2533 concentration.The electrochemical properties and application in supercapacitor of Mn3O4 nanoparticles were further studied.The results showed that smaller nanoparticles had a larger capacitance. The higher capacitance of 217.5 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g was obtained on 8.7 nm Mn3O4 nanoparticles. The specific capacitance retention of 82% was maintained after 500 times of continuous charge-discharge cycles.展开更多
A new one-dimensional aluminum fluorophosphate, AlP2O5（OH）3F·0.5[H2dien] （dien=diethylenetriamine）, was solvothermally synthesized by using organic amine as the structure directing agent, and its structure wa...A new one-dimensional aluminum fluorophosphate, AlP2O5（OH）3F·0.5[H2dien] （dien=diethylenetriamine）, was solvothermally synthesized by using organic amine as the structure directing agent, and its structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The complex inorganic architecture consists of trans-corner-sharing AlO4F2 octahedra chain decorated by phosphate tetrahedra along both sides of the -F-Al-F-Al-F- backbone displaying a series of Al2P three-membered rings, which will represent a new fundamental structural type in metal phosphates. The results of CHN elemental analysis, EDS, and TGA are also presented. Crystal data： C4H18Al2F2N3O16P4, monoclinic, space group P21/c with a=6.9107（14）, b=15.749（3）, c=8.9741（18） , β=109.829（2）o, V=918.8（3） 3, Z=2, Mr=580.05, Dc=2.097 g/cm3, μ=0.618 mm-1, S=1.022, F（000）=590, the final R=0.0510 and wR=0.1284 for 1607 observed reflections （I 〉 2σ（I））.展开更多
A novel route for the synthesis of alumina nanospheres was reported by a surfactant-governed approach in the presence of lauric acid.The products were characterized using X-ray diffraction （XRD）,scanning electron mi...A novel route for the synthesis of alumina nanospheres was reported by a surfactant-governed approach in the presence of lauric acid.The products were characterized using X-ray diffraction （XRD）,scanning electron microscope （SEM） and N2 adsorption-desorption techniques.The results show that the produced alumina nanospheres possess uniform nanosphere sizes ranging from 80 120 nm,and high surface area of 550 m2/g.It suggests that the synthesized alumina nanospheres are formed through self-assembly of surfactant/alumina species complex in 1-propanol system.展开更多
Noodle-like mesoporous silica with a diameter of about 180 nm and a length of ca. 10 靘 was prepared through sol-gel process by using poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS)/ cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) comple...Noodle-like mesoporous silica with a diameter of about 180 nm and a length of ca. 10 靘 was prepared through sol-gel process by using poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS)/ cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) complex as template. Parallel oriented regular mesopores with a diameter of around 24 nm are distributed along the wall of the particles, while the 搘orm-like?disordered mesopores can be found in the fringe part. This approach provides a new series of templates and a novel route to prepare inorganic mesoporous materials with special morphology.展开更多
基金financial support from the Special Funds for the Cultivation of Guangdong College Students’Scientific and Technological Innovation(“Climbing Program”Special Funds,pdjh2023b0145)the Scientific Research Innovation Project of Graduate School of South China Normal University(2024KYLX047)financial support from the Australian Research Council,Centre for Materials Science,Queensland University of Technology.
文摘Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have dominated the portable electronic and electrochemical energy markets since their commercialisation,whose high cost and lithium scarcity have prompted the development of other alkali-ion batteries(AIBs)including sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)and potassium-ion batteries(PIBs).Owing to larger ion sizes of Na^(+)and K^(+)compared with Li^(+),nanocomposites with excellent crystallinity orientation and well-developed porosity show unprecedented potential for advanced lithium/sodium/potassium storage.With enticing open rigid framework structures,Prussian blue analogues(PBAs)remain promising self-sacrificial templates for the preparation of various nanocomposites,whose appeal originates from the well-retained porous structures and exceptional electrochemical activities after thermal decomposition.This review focuses on the recent progress of PBA-derived nanocomposites from their fabrication,lithium/sodium/potassium storage mechanism,and applications in AIBs(LIBs,SIBs,and PIBs).To distinguish various PBA derivatives,the working mechanism and applications of PBA-templated metal oxides,metal chalcogenides,metal phosphides,and other nanocomposites are systematically evaluated,facilitating the establishment of a structure–activity correlation for these materials.Based on the fruitful achievements of PBA-derived nanocomposites,perspectives for their future development are envisioned,aiming to narrow down the gap between laboratory study and industrial reality.
文摘Through employing zeolitic imidazolate framework-67(ZIF-67)templates,the straightforward hydrother-mal and electrodeposition methods were applied to synthesize FeOOH@CoMoO_(4)heterostructure attached to the sur-face of nickel foam(NF).The specific structure of the as-prepared FeOOH@CoMoO_(4)/NF-400s provided pronounced porosity and extensive surface area,enhancing rapid electron transport and exposing abundant active sites to improve catalytic reactions.Furthermore,the introduction of FeOOH,which induces electron transfer from FeOOH to CoMoO_(4),confirms their strong electronic interaction,thereby leading to an accelerated surface catalytic reaction.Consequently,the constructed FeOOH@CoMoO_(4)/NF-400s heterostructure demonstrated exceptional oxygen evolu-tion reaction(OER)activity,requiring an overpotential of 199 mV to deliver the current density of 10 mA·cm^(-2),cou-pled with the superior Tafel slope value of 49.56 mV·dec^(-1)and outstanding stability over 20 h under the current densities of both 10 and 100 mA·cm^(-2).
基金the support from the CIPHER Project(IIID 2018-008)funded by the Commission on Higher Education-Philippine California Advanced Research Institutes(CHED-PCARI)。
文摘Transition metal phosphides(TMPs)have been regarded as alternative hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER)catalysts owing to their comparable activity to those of noble metal-based catalysts.TMPs have been produced in various morphologies,including hollow and porous nanostructures,which are features deemed desirable for electrocatalytic materials.Templated synthesis routes are often responsible for such morphologies.This paper reviews the latest advances and existing challenges in the synthesis of TMP-based OER and HER catalysts through templated methods.A comprehensive review of the structure-property-performance of TMP-based HER and OER catalysts prepared using different templates is presented.The discussion proceeds according to application,first by HER and further divided among the types of templates used-from hard templates,sacrificial templates,and soft templates to the emerging dynamic hydrogen bubble template.OER catalysts are then reviewed and grouped according to their morphology.Finally,prospective research directions for the synthesis of hollow and porous TMP-based catalysts,such as improvements on both activity and stability of TMPs,design of environmentally benign templates and processes,and analysis of the reaction mechanism through advanced material characterization techniques and theoretical calculations,are suggested.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 22179063)。
文摘Covalent organic frameworks(COFs), as highly tunable porous crystalline materials, have promising applications in potassium-ion batteries(PIBs) due to their abundant charge carrier transport channels and excellent structural stability. However, the excessive stacking of interlayer electron clouds makes it difficult to expose internal active sites. Strategies to design functional COFs with controllable morphology and copious active sites are promising but still challenging. Herein, by utilizing the condensation between1,3,5-triformylbenzene(TFB) and p-phenylenediamine(PPD) and using amino-modified SiO_(2) nanospheres as templates, we synthesize core-shell NH_(2)-SiO_(2)@TP-COF. Through NaOH etching of NH_(2)-SiO_(2)@TP-COF, we obtain imine-based TP-COF hollow nanospheres, which shows excellent potassium storage performance when applied to the anode for PIBs. Ex-situ analysis and density functional theory calculations reveal that C=N groups and benzenes are active sites for K^(+) storage.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo City (2007A610022) K. C. Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University
文摘Two new nonmetal borates, [（C2H10N2）]2[B14O20（OH）6] 1 and [C8H22N4][B5O6（OH）4]2 2, have been synthesized under mild conditions and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, FTIR, elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. Crystal data for compound 1： triclinic, space group P^-1, a = 8.4979（17）, b = 8.8498（18）, c = 10.065（2）A^°, α = 95.01（3）, β = 96.99（3）, γ = 116.82（3）°, V= 661.8（3）A^°^3, Z= 1, Mr = 697.63, Dc = 1.751 g/cm^3,μ = 0.163 mm^-1, F（000） = 356, the final R = 0.0372 and wR = 0.0968 （I 〉 2σ（I））; and those for compound 2： monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 9.1867（18）, b= 14.118（3）, c = 10.334（2）A^°, β = 91.48（3）°, V = 1339.8（5）A^°^3, Z = 2, Mr = 610.46, Dc = 1.513 g/cm^3,μ = 0.135 mm^-1, F（000） = 632, the final R = 0.0350 and wR = 0.0912 （I 〉 2σ（I））. For both 1 and 2, the anionic units are interlinked via O-H…O hydrogen bonds to form a 3D supramolecular network, while the protonated cations are located in the free space of the inorganic borate framework and interact with the anions by electrostatic attraction and extensive N-H…O hydrogen bonds.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52072092 and 51922083)the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(No.YQ2019E026)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.HIT.OCEF.2021018).
文摘Enhanced piezoelectric response was usually achieved in(Bi_(0.5) Na_(0.5))TiO_(3)(BNT)-based ceramics with sacrifice of depolarization temperature T_(d),seriously limiting their usage range in electromechanical applications.In this work,we propose to explore piezoelectric anisotropy and domain engineering in compositionµstructure-controlled textured ceramics to resolve this issue.[001]c-textured 0.94(Bi_(0.5) Na_(0.5))TiO_(3)–0.06BaTiO_(3)(0.94BNT-0.06BT)ceramics with Lotgering factor F_(001)-91% were fabricated through homoepitaxial templated grain growth(TGG)via using 0.94BNT-0.06BT microplatelet templates.The textured samples exhibited more ordered domains with facilitated domain switching behavior,being consistent with saturated high polarization achieved at lower electric fields.Increasing F_(001) to above 60%enables rapid enhancement of piezoelectric response.Notably,compared to non-textured counterpart,the maximally textured ceramics exhibited-236%enhanced piezoelectric coefficient(d_(33)-302 pC/N)and-280% enhanced piezoelectric voltage coefficient(g_(33)-49.8×10^(−3)Vm/N),together with slightly increased depolarization temperature(T_(d)-106℃).Moreover,those values are approaching or even higher than the single-crystal values.This work not only provides important guidelines for design and synthesis of novel textured ceramics with improved comprehensive electrical properties,but also can expand application fields of BNT-based ceramics.
文摘Mesoporous zinc oxide nanostructures are successfully synthesized via the sol-gel route by using a rice husk as the template for ethanol sensing at room temperature. The structure and morphology of the nanostructures are characterized by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption analyses. The mechanism for the growth of zinc oxide nanostructures over the biotemplate is proposed. SEM and TEM observations also reveal the formation of spherical zinc oxide nanoparticles over the interwoven fibrous network. Multiple sized pores having pore diameter ranging from 10- 4Ohm is also evidenced from the pore size distribution plot. The larger surface area and porous nature of the material lead to high sensitivity （40.93% for 300 ppm of ethanol）, quick response （42s） and recovery （40 s） towards ethanol at 30014. The porous nature of the interwoven fibre-like network affords mass transportation of ethanol vapor, which results in faster surface accessibility, and hence it acts as a potential candidate for ethanol sensing at room temperature.
文摘Two organically templated uranium phosphites, （C4H12N）（UO2）（HPO3）（NO3） （Mr = 486.16） 1 and （C16H36N）2（UO2）2（H2PO3）2（HPO3）（NO3）2 （Mr= 1390.95） 2, were prepared by evaporation from aqueous solution of uranyl nitrate, phosphite acid and their respective organic ammonium hydroxids. Their structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and further characterized by infrared and fluorescence spectroscopy. In 1, pentagonal [UO7] bipyramids share comers with three [HPO3]2- tetrahedra and one edge with a [NO3]- anion to form [（UO2）- （HPO3）（NO3）]^- ladder-like chains parallel to the b axis. The structure of 2 is also based upon one-dimensional anionic [（UO2）2（H2PO3）2（HPO3）（NO3）2]2-chains of comer-sharing penta- gonal [UOT] bipyramids with [H2PO3]- and [HPO3] tetrahedra, which is still unknown in structural chemistry of uranium so far. Crystal data for 1： monoclinic, space group C2/m, a = 21.808（7）, b = 6.9605（15）, c = 8.357（2） A, β = 98.327（15）°, V= 1255.2（6） A^3, Z = 4, Dc = 2.573 g/cm^3, F（000） = 888, μ = 13.086 mm^-1 the final R = 0.0418 and wR = 0.0906 （I 〉 2σ（I））; and those for 2： monoclinic, space group C2/c, a = 36.4549（8）, b = 14.5296（11）, c = 20.8253（11） A, β = 101.7440（8）°, V= 10799.7（10） A3, Z = 8, Dc= 1.711 g/cm^3, F（000） = 5424,μ = 6.144 mm^-1, the final R= 0.0368 and wR= 0.0865 （I〉 2σ（I））.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant No: 20372056)a Research Fund from the Royal Society of Chemistry. UK.
文摘A novel macrolactonization method was developed using a chiral β-lactam as the template. This novel method features that the macrocyclization is simultaneously achieved while a TBS protected hydroxy group is deprotected.
基金This work was supported by the Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (Inorganic Chemistry No. 20025101)+1 种基金 Key Project from NNSFC (No.50332050) State "863" Project (No. 2002AA324070) and Fund of Shanghai Optical Science and Technology (No. 022261015)
文摘A microporous organically-templated tungsten heteropolyacid, (C2N2H10)2 [H2P2W18O62]?8H2O, with a new type was hydrothermally synthesized by using ethylenediamine as the structure-directing agent. Its structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Crystal data: monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 14.633(4), b = 19.432(5), c = 26.776(5) ?, β = 117.849(11)o, V = 6732(3) ?3, Z = 4, Mr = 4615.48, Dc = 4.554 g/cm3, μ(MoKα) = 30.781 mm-1, F(000) = 7976, the final R = 0.0678 and wR = 0.1359. The crystal of the title compound is constructed by Dawson anions and organic dications forming a novel “hollow” channel system.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31961133004, 21861132017)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFA0902200)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (PT1917, buctrc201)。
文摘Ultrathin polydopamine microcapsules with hierarchical structure and porosity were prepared for the immobilization of multienzymes using metal-organic framework(MOF) as the template.The multienzyme/MOF composite was first prepared using a "one-pot" co-precipitation approach via the coordination and self-assembly of zinc ions and 2-methylimidazole in the presence of enzymes.The obtained nanoparticles were then coated with polydopamine thin layer through the self-polymerization of dopamine under alkaline condition.The polydopamine microcapsules with an ultrathin shell thickness of ~48 nm were finally generated by removing the MOF template at acidic condition.Three enzymes were encapsulated in PDA microcapsules including carbonic anhydrase(CA),formate dehydrogenase(FateDH),and glutamate dehydrogenase(GDH).FateDH that catalyzed the main reaction of CO_(2) reduction to formic acid retained 94.7% activity of equivalent free FateDH.Compared with free multienzymes,the immobilized ones embedded in PDA microcapsules exhibited 4.5-times higher of formate production and high catalytic efficiency with a co-factor-based formate yield of 342%.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 29874002) and the Outstanding Young Scientist Award from National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 29825504)
文摘Mesoporous poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride)/silica hybrid materials have been prepared. The synthesis was achieved by the HCl-catalyzed sol-gel reactions of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer in the presence of 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) as a coupling agent and citric acid as a nonsurfactant template or pore-forming agent, followed by ethanol extraction. Characterization results from nitrogen sorption isotherms and powder X-ray diffraction indicate that polymer-modified mesoporous materials with large specific surface areas (e.g. 900 m(2)/g) and pore volumes (e.g. 0.6 cm(3)/g) could be prepared. As the citric acid concentration is increased, the specific surface areas, pore volumes and pore diameters of the hybrid materials increase.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20023003 and 20128004).
文摘The anodic porous alumina membranes with a definite pore diameter and aspect ratio were used as templates tosynthesize polymer pillared layer structures. The pillared polymer was produced in the template membrane pores, and thelayer on the template surfaces. Rigid cured epoxy resin, polystyrene and soft hydrogel were chosen to confirm themethodology. The pillars were in the form of either tubes or fibers, which were controlled by the alumina membrane pore surface wettability. The structural features were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy results.
基金supports provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 51104194)Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China(No. 20110191120014)+1 种基金No.43 Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese ScholarsState Education Ministry and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos. CDJZR13130035,CDJZR12248801 and CDJZR12135501.Chongqing University,China)
文摘In this work, we developed a templated self-assembly approach to fabricate self-supporting Au/TiO2 binary nanoparticles-nanotubes （NPNTs） for the first time. The stable Au/TiO2 nanoparticles colloids were pre-synthesized and then deposited onto an AAO template, following by a mild calcination process. Au/TiO2 binary NPNTs can be achieved after removing the AAO template by NaOH solution. In addition, Au/TiO2 NPNTs with different thicknesses and size distributions could be achieved by tailoring the process parameters, such as the molar ratio of AuNPs to TiO2NPs, deposition modes and calcinations conditions. Therefore, these findings made controllable formation of Au/TiO2 NPNTs attractive for promising fabrication methodologies of metal/metal oxides NPNTs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21101047)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (No. NCET-11-0929)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province (No. 211010)the Priming Scientifc Research Foundation of Hainan University (No. kyqd1051)
文摘In our efforts to construct new metal-organic frameworks （MOFs） by template-directing method, a new cadmium oxalate, [Co（NH3）612[Cds（C204）ll（H20）4].8H20 （denoted HNU-1 ）, has been synthesized under hydrothermal condition in the presence of C0（NH3）6C13, The crystal structure of HNU-1 was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction （monoclinic, C2/c）, a = 11.126（2）A, b = 17.361 （4）,A, c = 16.119（3）A, fi = 102.40（3）, V = 3040.8（10） A and Z = 8. The open framework of HNU-1 contains 12-ring channels and exhibits a 5-connected sqp topological network with dinuclear Cd（ll） clusters acting as nodes. The Co（NH3）63＋ cations and unusual hydrogen-bonded （H20）4 clusters are found in the 12-ring channels with an alternative arrangement. It is believed that the （H20）4 clusters play a co-templating role in the crystallization of HNU-1.
基金The financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.20574041 and 20874055)Hi-tech Research and Development Program(863 plan)of China(No.SQ2009AA06XK1482459)
文摘A new method to fabricate metal/conducting polymer composite nanowires is presented by taking silver/polypyrrole composite nanowires as an example. A silver （D-coordinated organogel as template was prepared firstly, and redox-polymerization of pyrrole took place on the gel fiber, giving product of silver/polypyrrole nanowires. The silver/polypyrrole nanowires were characterized by multiple techniques. This strategy could be carried out in one-step procedure at room temperature, and it proves the utility of coordinated organogels in template synthesis of polymer nanostructures.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.21373034)the Specially Hired Professorship-funding of Jiangsu province (No.scz1211400001)+1 种基金the start-up funds from Changzhou University Jiangsu province,Jiangsu key laboratory of advanced catalytic material and technology,Key laboratory of fine petrochemical engineeringPAPD of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
文摘Monodisperse Mn3O4 nanoparticles were prepared solvothermally starting from manganese acetate by using polyether amide block copolymers(Pebax2533) as a template in isopropanol. The diameter of the nanoparticles in the range of 8.7 nm^31.5 nm was decreased with increase of Pebax2533 concentration.The electrochemical properties and application in supercapacitor of Mn3O4 nanoparticles were further studied.The results showed that smaller nanoparticles had a larger capacitance. The higher capacitance of 217.5 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g was obtained on 8.7 nm Mn3O4 nanoparticles. The specific capacitance retention of 82% was maintained after 500 times of continuous charge-discharge cycles.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 20971064 and 21071074)the Foundation of Education Committee of Henan Province (No. 092102210315)
文摘A new one-dimensional aluminum fluorophosphate, AlP2O5（OH）3F·0.5[H2dien] （dien=diethylenetriamine）, was solvothermally synthesized by using organic amine as the structure directing agent, and its structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The complex inorganic architecture consists of trans-corner-sharing AlO4F2 octahedra chain decorated by phosphate tetrahedra along both sides of the -F-Al-F-Al-F- backbone displaying a series of Al2P three-membered rings, which will represent a new fundamental structural type in metal phosphates. The results of CHN elemental analysis, EDS, and TGA are also presented. Crystal data： C4H18Al2F2N3O16P4, monoclinic, space group P21/c with a=6.9107（14）, b=15.749（3）, c=8.9741（18） , β=109.829（2）o, V=918.8（3） 3, Z=2, Mr=580.05, Dc=2.097 g/cm3, μ=0.618 mm-1, S=1.022, F（000）=590, the final R=0.0510 and wR=0.1284 for 1607 observed reflections （I 〉 2σ（I））.
基金supported by the State Key Basic Research Program of China(2006CB202505)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(20806093)
文摘A novel route for the synthesis of alumina nanospheres was reported by a surfactant-governed approach in the presence of lauric acid.The products were characterized using X-ray diffraction （XRD）,scanning electron microscope （SEM） and N2 adsorption-desorption techniques.The results show that the produced alumina nanospheres possess uniform nanosphere sizes ranging from 80 120 nm,and high surface area of 550 m2/g.It suggests that the synthesized alumina nanospheres are formed through self-assembly of surfactant/alumina species complex in 1-propanol system.
文摘Noodle-like mesoporous silica with a diameter of about 180 nm and a length of ca. 10 靘 was prepared through sol-gel process by using poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS)/ cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) complex as template. Parallel oriented regular mesopores with a diameter of around 24 nm are distributed along the wall of the particles, while the 搘orm-like?disordered mesopores can be found in the fringe part. This approach provides a new series of templates and a novel route to prepare inorganic mesoporous materials with special morphology.
