Technosphere insulin(TI), Afrezza, is a powder form of short-acting regular insulin taken by oral inhalation with meals. Action of TI peaks after approximately 40-60 min and lasts for 2-3 h. TI is slightly less effect...Technosphere insulin(TI), Afrezza, is a powder form of short-acting regular insulin taken by oral inhalation with meals. Action of TI peaks after approximately 40-60 min and lasts for 2-3 h. TI is slightly less effective than subcutaneous insulin aspart, with mean hemoglobin A1c(Hb A1c) reduction of 0.21% and 0.4%, respectively. When compared with technosphere inhaled placebo, the decrease in HbA 1c levels was 0.8% and 0.4% with TI and placebo, respectively. Compared with insulin aspart, TI is associated with lower risk of late postprandial hypoglycemia and weight gain. Apart from hypoglycemia, cough is the most common adverse effect of TI reported by 24%-33% of patients vs 2% with insulin aspart. TI is contraindicated in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. While TI is an attractive option of prandial insulin, its use is limited by frequent occurrence of cough, need for periodic monitoring of pulmonary function, and lack of long-term safety data. Candidates for use of TI are patients having frequent hypoglycemia while using short-acting subcutaneous insulin, particularly late postprandial hypoglycemia, patients with needle phobia, and those who cannot tolerate subcutaneous insulin due to skin reactions.展开更多
Since technology transformed itself into something uncanny what determines human civilization from modern times,nature has already transformed into a pure technological creation.The time of contemporary art correspond...Since technology transformed itself into something uncanny what determines human civilization from modern times,nature has already transformed into a pure technological creation.The time of contemporary art corresponds to everything that quantum mechanics has set up based on the new understanding of the universe.From artworks of John Cage,Samuel Beckett,and Maurice Blanchot to performative-conceptual artworks of Stelarc and Ken Rinaldo,we are permanently witnessing the inability to return to the“aesthetics of stability”of the world.The whole circuit within cybernetic self-development,self-turn around,and self-organization of technosphere is reduced to three key theoretical concepts and paradigms of contemporary research in the field of A-intelligence,A-emotion,and A-intuition.Those are(1)contingency;(2)singularity;and(3)emergent chaos.Unlike technique that belongs to the mechanical perception of nature as a machine of organic world reproduction,a technology that in the modern era enters the field of semi-automatic and automatic mode of machine operation,in the age of technosphere,we are faced with the transfer to telepresence spaces(Marvin Minsky)and tele-existence(Susumu Tachi).Information transfer and manage remote systems by means of code become the condition of possibility of interaction in the technical world.If the question of ontology has been focused on the object and its idea of autonomy,then it is obvious that it could not be“the one”facility with which it dealt concerning the metaphysics of subjectivity from Descartes to psychoanalysis.It is an object or thing that thinks in a completely distinctive way,unlike human thought.For that reason,instead of the“embodiment”,it carries out the function of“embeddement”.展开更多
Type 2 diabetes continues to place a major burden on the health care system of the United States and worldwide. Type 2 diabetes involves two major defects: decreased insulin production from the pancreas and increased ...Type 2 diabetes continues to place a major burden on the health care system of the United States and worldwide. Type 2 diabetes involves two major defects: decreased insulin production from the pancreas and increased insulin resistance. Many patients with type 2 diabetes have decreased insulin production which requires exogenous insulin therapy in order to manage their disease. Despite this need, there is often a reluctance to initiate insulin therapy from both providers and patients. One reason for this reluctance may be a fear of needles or of administering injections. Delivering insulin through the lungs has been studied for decades, with the first inhaled insulin product coming to market in 2006. This product’s launch was considered unsuccessful, and the product was discontinued by the manufacturer the following year. A new inhaled insulin, Technosphere? insulin, was approved for use in type 1 and type 2 diabetes in 2014. This product was shown superior to placebo and non-inferior to a premixed bi-phasic subcutaneous insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes, and may offer an alternative to patients who are averse to giving subcutaneous injections.展开更多
文摘Technosphere insulin(TI), Afrezza, is a powder form of short-acting regular insulin taken by oral inhalation with meals. Action of TI peaks after approximately 40-60 min and lasts for 2-3 h. TI is slightly less effective than subcutaneous insulin aspart, with mean hemoglobin A1c(Hb A1c) reduction of 0.21% and 0.4%, respectively. When compared with technosphere inhaled placebo, the decrease in HbA 1c levels was 0.8% and 0.4% with TI and placebo, respectively. Compared with insulin aspart, TI is associated with lower risk of late postprandial hypoglycemia and weight gain. Apart from hypoglycemia, cough is the most common adverse effect of TI reported by 24%-33% of patients vs 2% with insulin aspart. TI is contraindicated in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. While TI is an attractive option of prandial insulin, its use is limited by frequent occurrence of cough, need for periodic monitoring of pulmonary function, and lack of long-term safety data. Candidates for use of TI are patients having frequent hypoglycemia while using short-acting subcutaneous insulin, particularly late postprandial hypoglycemia, patients with needle phobia, and those who cannot tolerate subcutaneous insulin due to skin reactions.
文摘Since technology transformed itself into something uncanny what determines human civilization from modern times,nature has already transformed into a pure technological creation.The time of contemporary art corresponds to everything that quantum mechanics has set up based on the new understanding of the universe.From artworks of John Cage,Samuel Beckett,and Maurice Blanchot to performative-conceptual artworks of Stelarc and Ken Rinaldo,we are permanently witnessing the inability to return to the“aesthetics of stability”of the world.The whole circuit within cybernetic self-development,self-turn around,and self-organization of technosphere is reduced to three key theoretical concepts and paradigms of contemporary research in the field of A-intelligence,A-emotion,and A-intuition.Those are(1)contingency;(2)singularity;and(3)emergent chaos.Unlike technique that belongs to the mechanical perception of nature as a machine of organic world reproduction,a technology that in the modern era enters the field of semi-automatic and automatic mode of machine operation,in the age of technosphere,we are faced with the transfer to telepresence spaces(Marvin Minsky)and tele-existence(Susumu Tachi).Information transfer and manage remote systems by means of code become the condition of possibility of interaction in the technical world.If the question of ontology has been focused on the object and its idea of autonomy,then it is obvious that it could not be“the one”facility with which it dealt concerning the metaphysics of subjectivity from Descartes to psychoanalysis.It is an object or thing that thinks in a completely distinctive way,unlike human thought.For that reason,instead of the“embodiment”,it carries out the function of“embeddement”.
文摘Type 2 diabetes continues to place a major burden on the health care system of the United States and worldwide. Type 2 diabetes involves two major defects: decreased insulin production from the pancreas and increased insulin resistance. Many patients with type 2 diabetes have decreased insulin production which requires exogenous insulin therapy in order to manage their disease. Despite this need, there is often a reluctance to initiate insulin therapy from both providers and patients. One reason for this reluctance may be a fear of needles or of administering injections. Delivering insulin through the lungs has been studied for decades, with the first inhaled insulin product coming to market in 2006. This product’s launch was considered unsuccessful, and the product was discontinued by the manufacturer the following year. A new inhaled insulin, Technosphere? insulin, was approved for use in type 1 and type 2 diabetes in 2014. This product was shown superior to placebo and non-inferior to a premixed bi-phasic subcutaneous insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes, and may offer an alternative to patients who are averse to giving subcutaneous injections.
