This study aims to contribute to the growing literature on issues of tax incentives for small and medium-sized enterprises （SMEs）. Through comprehensive exploration of data, the study investigates factors leading to...This study aims to contribute to the growing literature on issues of tax incentives for small and medium-sized enterprises （SMEs）. Through comprehensive exploration of data, the study investigates factors leading to successful and unsuccessful utilization of tax incentives among SMEs. Financial ratios were calculated based on the information retrieved from the companies＇ annual financial statement. Apparently, these financial ratios are evidence of how successful the companies are in utilizing the tax incentives. In this study, 129 small companies and 71 medium-sized companies were selected as samples for the period of 2003-2007. The result indicates that financial structure such as retained earnings, tax burden, cash flow, and inventory level determined the ability of companies to utilize tax incentives; hence leading to higher earnings generated from the business operation. The age of the companies affects the utilization of tax incentives and this denotes that older companies are more capable of generating higher earnings. Hence, a thorough analysis of the data allows us not only to determine the success of the company in utilizing tax incentives but also to identify the determinants that impact their performance.展开更多
This paper examines the effects of China's accelerated depreciation policy(ADP)on the maturity mismatch between investment and financing.Using panel data for China's A-share nonfinancial listed companies from ...This paper examines the effects of China's accelerated depreciation policy(ADP)on the maturity mismatch between investment and financing.Using panel data for China's A-share nonfinancial listed companies from 2010 to 2019 and a staggered difference-in-differences approach,we found the following.First,ADP significantly aggravated the degree of corporate maturity mismatch,and this result was robust across multiple checks.Second,due to an insufficient long-term loan supply,firms had to finance the fixed investments induced by ADP with short-term debts,leading to maturity mismatches.Third,the positive policy effects were mainly significant for firms with high policy exposure,high-risk preferences,a high degree of information asymmetry,and firms with weak long-term financing capacity.Finally,maturity mismatch exacerbated corporate financial risks.Our research findings indicate that passive maturity mismatch is prevalent among Chinese companies and emphasize the need to address financial repression in order to mitigate the potential financial risks that may arise from tax incentives.展开更多
Malaysia has a set of"blessed advantages"over other members of ASEAN in terms of fiscal incentives,environmental perspectives and established infrastructures.MNEs are welcome to invest in Malaysia as they co...Malaysia has a set of"blessed advantages"over other members of ASEAN in terms of fiscal incentives,environmental perspectives and established infrastructures.MNEs are welcome to invest in Malaysia as they could generate substantial income at the expense of significant tax benefits,compared with local companies.The proceeds of business can be diversified into venture capitals and private equities,earning sustainable investment returns and large capital gains upon realisation.Despite tax forgone,Malaysia continues furthering tax incentives to attract FDI.展开更多
Under the dual drivers of global climate governance and carbon neutrality goals,agricultural carbon emission reduction has become a pivotal component of regional green transformation.This study focuses on Guangdong,a ...Under the dual drivers of global climate governance and carbon neutrality goals,agricultural carbon emission reduction has become a pivotal component of regional green transformation.This study focuses on Guangdong,a major province,employing the LMDI decomposition mode to systematically analyze the driving mechanis of agricultural carbon emissions.It reveals that the low ecological compensation standard,industrial path dependence,and high-carbon energy lock-in consti-tute core constraints.The research finds that the absence of ecological compensation standards and the structural imbalance of traditional subsidy policies induce diminishing marginal benefits in carbon reduction due to structural imbalances,while persistent funding shortages in low-carbon technology R&D further weaken emission reduction efficacy,exacerbating compatibility contradictions between emission policies and production practices.Through the comparison of domestic and foreign experiences,it is found that under the global wave of low-carbon transformation in agriculture,the ecological compensation optimization layer should establish a calculation system for the carbon sink value of cultivated land and differentiated compensation standards;the fiscal and taxation policy coordination layer should implement a tiered carbon tax on agricultural inputs and carbon sink pledge financing incentives.Constructing a fiscal expenditure and fiscal and taxation coordination mechanism that suits regional characteristics is the key path to resolving the contradiction between the technical economy and ecological sustainability of emission reduction.展开更多
This study conducted an in-depth analysis of the current tax preferential policies for small-scale individual businesses and compared them with similar policies both domestically and internationally,aiming to reveal t...This study conducted an in-depth analysis of the current tax preferential policies for small-scale individual businesses and compared them with similar policies both domestically and internationally,aiming to reveal the advantages and disadvantages of the current system.After examining the impact of these tax preferential policies on the economic status of individual business owners and the broader social economy,this article proposes a set of innovative tax preferential strategies based on theoretical foundations.By developing these innovative strategies and clarifying their implementation paths,the aim is to promote the sustainable and healthy development of small-scale individual businesses,thereby fostering comprehensive socio-economic progress.The conclusion of this study not only summarizes policy recommendations with practical significance but also provides theoretical support for the optimization and innovation of future related systems.展开更多
There is no shortage of tax rules that address energy and natural resources in some manner.There are taxes on most types of fuel,tax credits for energy saving devices,and various tax incentives to encourage specified ...There is no shortage of tax rules that address energy and natural resources in some manner.There are taxes on most types of fuel,tax credits for energy saving devices,and various tax incentives to encourage specified activities such as use of LED lighting or energy efficient heaters.In addition,numerous proposals are offered annually by lawmakers at the federal,state and local levels that also address conservation,energy and innovation in conservation and energy-efficiencies.How do we know if existing rules and proposals are appropriate for a tax system?Principles of good tax policy can be applied to them to identify strengths,weaknesses and how to improve the rules and proposals.This article explains the principles of good tax policy,provides an example of their application and makes several sugges-tions of how this type of analysis can be incorporated into any classroom learning on green building topics.This exercise is not only for students with tax knowledge,but also engineers,scientists,architects,environmentalists,as well as everyone in our roles of citizen and voter.展开更多
This paper posits that five key principles serve as supports for a favorable tax environment:(1)tax policies and systems,including policies that give tax incentives;(2)tax certainty and the rule of law;(3)digitalizati...This paper posits that five key principles serve as supports for a favorable tax environment:(1)tax policies and systems,including policies that give tax incentives;(2)tax certainty and the rule of law;(3)digitalization and other efforts that improve tax administration;(4)tax simplification,including simplification of compliance;and(5)steps to eliminate corruption from the system.Rates alone do not set the foundation for a favorable tax environment for investment.Using the digital services sector-a growing priority for economies and tax authorities-as a case study,the paper illustrates how these principles interconnect and underscores the role of tax policy in sectoral growth.It also provides practical suggestions for tax administrations in promoting a favorable tax environment for companies in this area,including measures to promote tax certainty and efficiency in tax administration.展开更多
The middle corridor,called the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route,is considered to be the shortest trade route between China and Europe.The corridor runs from China through Central Asia,crossing the Caspian S...The middle corridor,called the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route,is considered to be the shortest trade route between China and Europe.The corridor runs from China through Central Asia,crossing the Caspian Sea and then through Azerbaijan,Georgia and Turkey into Europe.Although the route has been considered relatively expensive,owing to problems with road and rail connections,the countries along the route intend to attract investment to upgrade their infrastructure and strengthen their transport connections.Countries along the corridor must make sure their tax systems are designed to collect the tax revenue needed to fund their development,without discouraging foreign investment.Tax incentives for investment should be cost effective,attracting investment without unduly reducing tax revenue.Incentives must also be designed to be effective under the global minimum tax,and this may mean considering indirect tax incentives or non-tax incentives.Tax treaty networks should be expanded further,to ensure that potential investors can claim treaty benefits.Tax and trade cooperation should be optimised between countries in the central corridor.展开更多
BEPS 2.0 is set to have a profound effect on the Belt and Road jurisdic-tions’ tax certainty environment. In the initial stage, a heightening of tax uncertainty can be envisioned, though in the longer term there is r...BEPS 2.0 is set to have a profound effect on the Belt and Road jurisdic-tions’ tax certainty environment. In the initial stage, a heightening of tax uncertainty can be envisioned, though in the longer term there is reason to be optimistic that a new and more certain BRI tax environment will emerge, in which the BRITACOM can play a crucial role.展开更多
This article sets out the evolution journey of trade and investment since globalization,the relationship between foreign direct investment and gross do-mestic product growth,revisits the utilization of tax incentives ...This article sets out the evolution journey of trade and investment since globalization,the relationship between foreign direct investment and gross do-mestic product growth,revisits the utilization of tax incentives in the past,explores the tax incentives for the post-pandemic recovery period in 2023,and provides some thoughts on how the BRITACOM platform may support high-quality growth.展开更多
Since President Xi Jinping announced the Chinese central government’s decision to transform Hainan into a highly open free trade port(FTP),the region has experienced unprecedented growth and development.In order to s...Since President Xi Jinping announced the Chinese central government’s decision to transform Hainan into a highly open free trade port(FTP),the region has experienced unprecedented growth and development.In order to support this progress,a comprehensive policy framework has been introduced and successfully implemented,with tax policy playing a crucial role in its success.Under the principles of zero tariffs,low tax rates,simplified taxation processes,effective tax law enforcement,and phased implementation,Hainan FTP’s tax system has embarked on a new voyage,providing businesses with the strongest support ever introduced in China.The most fundamental changes pertain to income tax incentives for both individuals and businesses,and additional supportive measures in VAT have also been implemented to facilitate a strong free-trade economy.Meanwhile,it is hopeful that structural changes in the Hainan FTP tax system will also be in place after 2025.展开更多
As the pandemic begins to ease in some places,the support made available to individuals and businesses should be gradually phased out and replaced by spending to encourage economic growth and employment.While business...As the pandemic begins to ease in some places,the support made available to individuals and businesses should be gradually phased out and replaced by spending to encourage economic growth and employment.While businesses and individuals are recovering from the problems caused by the pandemic,revenue from corporate and individual income taxes may be reduced.Additional tax revenues can however be gained from improved taxation of the digital economy and the opportunities to identify undisclosed income sources arising from agreements for the exchange of tax information.Jurisdictions must modernise tax administration to improve taxpayer compliance and reduce the size of the informal and shadow economies.Modernisation and digitalisation of tax administration can significantly improve tax collection.Using the dialogue process under BRITACOM,the BRI jurisdictions can benefit from the experience of other developing jurisdictions and receive technical support to improve tax administration and collection.Tax incentives could be used to encourage businesses to invest in the digital and green energy sectors.These incentives should be specifically framed and targeted to achieve the maximum effect and monitored to ensure that they continue to achieve the required goals.展开更多
Governments around the world have taken urgent measures including both fiscal and monetary policies,to address the severe economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.Initially measures were taken to support businesses a...Governments around the world have taken urgent measures including both fiscal and monetary policies,to address the severe economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.Initially measures were taken to support businesses and individuals during the pandemic,to support unemployed people and reduce insolvencies resulting from the crisis;however,as the health situation around the world begins to improve,countries affected by the pandemic should take measures to stimulate growth and employment.This article argues that countries should act to promote investment and economic growth,in support of green energy and future technologies.Policy measures could include tax and non-tax incentives.Stimulus measures should be carefully targeted to achieve the intended result and their effects should be monitored through the collection of relevant statistics.The BRITACOM can be a platform to establish standards and exchange experiences.展开更多
China is at a critical moment in the reform of water resource tax. The existing legislation in the pilot areas of water resource tax has clearly defined the legislative purpose of promoting water resource conservation...China is at a critical moment in the reform of water resource tax. The existing legislation in the pilot areas of water resource tax has clearly defined the legislative purpose of promoting water resource conservation, protection, and rational utilization, and has basically formed a binarytaxation object composed of surface water and groundwater. Based on the internal connection between taxpayers and taxation objects, units and individuals that use surface water and groundwater are specifically designed as water resource tax taxpayers. Corresponding special tax measures have also been established. However, from the perspective of legislative purposes and tax principles, there are still some limitations in the existing system. The incentive and constraint mechanisms for water resource taxes need to be improved;the purpose of water resource tax revenue is not clear;the allocation of water resource tax revenue is difficult to achieve a match between powers and expenditure responsibilities;and there is still a balance between the survival needs and tax regulation of water resource taxes. Therefore, modifications should be made in terms of taxpayers, tax rates, tax incentives, taxation departments, tax attribution, and taxation processes.展开更多
After two consecutive quarters of decreasing GDP,Indonesia expe-rienced a recession for the first time in 22 years.The Indonesian government has responded since the COVID-19 pandemic and started with new measures to r...After two consecutive quarters of decreasing GDP,Indonesia expe-rienced a recession for the first time in 22 years.The Indonesian government has responded since the COVID-19 pandemic and started with new measures to reduce the pandemic’s potential for further harm.In 2021,efforts to revive and speed up economic growth continued.Indonesia’s economic recovery has been boosted by the country’s tax policy,particularly concerning the tax incentives to mitigate the harm from the COVID-19 outbreak.展开更多
The role of taxation in promoting economic recovery has attracted great-er attention in recent years,with economic dislocation following the Global Financial Crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic.While taxation is only one...The role of taxation in promoting economic recovery has attracted great-er attention in recent years,with economic dislocation following the Global Financial Crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic.While taxation is only one of the factors impacting economic recovery,both economic literature and practical experience show that tax policy can contribute to enhanced growth and therefore greater economic activity.Tax instruments used as a means for promoting economic recovery include tax holidays,preferential tax rates,investment allowances,tax credits and special economic zones.However,there are a range of constraints over tax incentive design imposed by bodies such as the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting,the Forum on Harmful Tax Practices of the OECD and the Code of Conduct on Business Taxation of the European Union.Given the above,this paper sets out practical issues to inform governments seeking to promote economic activity through taxation.展开更多
The super-deduction of research and development(R&D)expenses is at the core of the policy to stimulate enterprise innovation in China.This paper identifies whether firms are supported by the super-deduction polici...The super-deduction of research and development(R&D)expenses is at the core of the policy to stimulate enterprise innovation in China.This paper identifies whether firms are supported by the super-deduction policies for R&D expenses and uses the diferencein-diferences method to investigate the impact of the policies on R&D investment.The results show that changes in policy in 2013 significantly increased the R&D investment of firms engaging in key state-supported technologies.Policy changes in 2016 significantly increased the R&D investment of firms engaging in non-key-state-supported technologies.Enterprises not only invested all their tax incentives in R&D activities but also increased their investment in self-raised funds.The super-deduction policy had different impacts on different industries,firms with different boards,and firms with diferent ownership.The policy significantly affected the manufacturing and construction industries,the Small and Medium Enterprise Board,and non-state-owned enterprises.Through a mechanism analysis,we found that the policy significantly reduced the user cost of R&D and increased the net cash flow of enterprises,which could raise a firm's R&D investment.It is necessary to increase policy support,expand the scope of super-deductible expenses,and increase the super-deduction rate based on industry classification according to the sensitivity of different industries to the policy.展开更多
The OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework(IF)on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting(BEPS)has substantially finalized the model rules and much of the guidance for the so-called“Pillar 2”global minimum tax,while work continues on...The OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework(IF)on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting(BEPS)has substantially finalized the model rules and much of the guidance for the so-called“Pillar 2”global minimum tax,while work continues on the so-called“Pillar 1”new taxing rights for market jurisdictions.As many BRI jurisdictions are among the 141 IF members,there is value in starting to consider the long-term implications of the new global tax system,and the extent to which the Belt and Road Initiative Tax Administration Cooperation Mechanism(BRITACOM),through the four core work areas of the Nur-Sultan Action Plan(2022-2024),can contribute to ensuring that BRI jurisdictions manage the transition for maximum benefit.展开更多
This article focuses on measures envisaged and adopted by the Italian Revenue Agency during the COVID-19 pandemic to prevent the spread of virus and to support businesses and individuals in mitigating the worst econom...This article focuses on measures envisaged and adopted by the Italian Revenue Agency during the COVID-19 pandemic to prevent the spread of virus and to support businesses and individuals in mitigating the worst economic impact of the cri-sis.In particular,measures such as suspension of tax payments and processing,grants allocation,tax credits and increased use of digital services have been adopted to re-cover and relaunch the financial system.As a member state of the European Union,Italy has also submitted its recovery and resilience plan that is committed to boosting a sustainable growth while fostering the digital and green transition.展开更多
文摘This study aims to contribute to the growing literature on issues of tax incentives for small and medium-sized enterprises （SMEs）. Through comprehensive exploration of data, the study investigates factors leading to successful and unsuccessful utilization of tax incentives among SMEs. Financial ratios were calculated based on the information retrieved from the companies＇ annual financial statement. Apparently, these financial ratios are evidence of how successful the companies are in utilizing the tax incentives. In this study, 129 small companies and 71 medium-sized companies were selected as samples for the period of 2003-2007. The result indicates that financial structure such as retained earnings, tax burden, cash flow, and inventory level determined the ability of companies to utilize tax incentives; hence leading to higher earnings generated from the business operation. The age of the companies affects the utilization of tax incentives and this denotes that older companies are more capable of generating higher earnings. Hence, a thorough analysis of the data allows us not only to determine the success of the company in utilizing tax incentives but also to identify the determinants that impact their performance.
基金supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China for financial support (Nos.101302-N11502 and 72002175)the China Scholarship Council (No.202206320139)。
文摘This paper examines the effects of China's accelerated depreciation policy(ADP)on the maturity mismatch between investment and financing.Using panel data for China's A-share nonfinancial listed companies from 2010 to 2019 and a staggered difference-in-differences approach,we found the following.First,ADP significantly aggravated the degree of corporate maturity mismatch,and this result was robust across multiple checks.Second,due to an insufficient long-term loan supply,firms had to finance the fixed investments induced by ADP with short-term debts,leading to maturity mismatches.Third,the positive policy effects were mainly significant for firms with high policy exposure,high-risk preferences,a high degree of information asymmetry,and firms with weak long-term financing capacity.Finally,maturity mismatch exacerbated corporate financial risks.Our research findings indicate that passive maturity mismatch is prevalent among Chinese companies and emphasize the need to address financial repression in order to mitigate the potential financial risks that may arise from tax incentives.
文摘Malaysia has a set of"blessed advantages"over other members of ASEAN in terms of fiscal incentives,environmental perspectives and established infrastructures.MNEs are welcome to invest in Malaysia as they could generate substantial income at the expense of significant tax benefits,compared with local companies.The proceeds of business can be diversified into venture capitals and private equities,earning sustainable investment returns and large capital gains upon realisation.Despite tax forgone,Malaysia continues furthering tax incentives to attract FDI.
基金Financial support from Guangdong Science and Technology(20230505)Guangdong Provincial Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project(GD20SQ25)Guangdong Provincial Special Fund for Science and Technology Innovation Strategy in 2024(Cultivation of College Students’Science and Technology Innovation)(pdjh2024a391)during preparation of this manuscript.
文摘Under the dual drivers of global climate governance and carbon neutrality goals,agricultural carbon emission reduction has become a pivotal component of regional green transformation.This study focuses on Guangdong,a major province,employing the LMDI decomposition mode to systematically analyze the driving mechanis of agricultural carbon emissions.It reveals that the low ecological compensation standard,industrial path dependence,and high-carbon energy lock-in consti-tute core constraints.The research finds that the absence of ecological compensation standards and the structural imbalance of traditional subsidy policies induce diminishing marginal benefits in carbon reduction due to structural imbalances,while persistent funding shortages in low-carbon technology R&D further weaken emission reduction efficacy,exacerbating compatibility contradictions between emission policies and production practices.Through the comparison of domestic and foreign experiences,it is found that under the global wave of low-carbon transformation in agriculture,the ecological compensation optimization layer should establish a calculation system for the carbon sink value of cultivated land and differentiated compensation standards;the fiscal and taxation policy coordination layer should implement a tiered carbon tax on agricultural inputs and carbon sink pledge financing incentives.Constructing a fiscal expenditure and fiscal and taxation coordination mechanism that suits regional characteristics is the key path to resolving the contradiction between the technical economy and ecological sustainability of emission reduction.
文摘This study conducted an in-depth analysis of the current tax preferential policies for small-scale individual businesses and compared them with similar policies both domestically and internationally,aiming to reveal the advantages and disadvantages of the current system.After examining the impact of these tax preferential policies on the economic status of individual business owners and the broader social economy,this article proposes a set of innovative tax preferential strategies based on theoretical foundations.By developing these innovative strategies and clarifying their implementation paths,the aim is to promote the sustainable and healthy development of small-scale individual businesses,thereby fostering comprehensive socio-economic progress.The conclusion of this study not only summarizes policy recommendations with practical significance but also provides theoretical support for the optimization and innovation of future related systems.
文摘There is no shortage of tax rules that address energy and natural resources in some manner.There are taxes on most types of fuel,tax credits for energy saving devices,and various tax incentives to encourage specified activities such as use of LED lighting or energy efficient heaters.In addition,numerous proposals are offered annually by lawmakers at the federal,state and local levels that also address conservation,energy and innovation in conservation and energy-efficiencies.How do we know if existing rules and proposals are appropriate for a tax system?Principles of good tax policy can be applied to them to identify strengths,weaknesses and how to improve the rules and proposals.This article explains the principles of good tax policy,provides an example of their application and makes several sugges-tions of how this type of analysis can be incorporated into any classroom learning on green building topics.This exercise is not only for students with tax knowledge,but also engineers,scientists,architects,environmentalists,as well as everyone in our roles of citizen and voter.
文摘This paper posits that five key principles serve as supports for a favorable tax environment:(1)tax policies and systems,including policies that give tax incentives;(2)tax certainty and the rule of law;(3)digitalization and other efforts that improve tax administration;(4)tax simplification,including simplification of compliance;and(5)steps to eliminate corruption from the system.Rates alone do not set the foundation for a favorable tax environment for investment.Using the digital services sector-a growing priority for economies and tax authorities-as a case study,the paper illustrates how these principles interconnect and underscores the role of tax policy in sectoral growth.It also provides practical suggestions for tax administrations in promoting a favorable tax environment for companies in this area,including measures to promote tax certainty and efficiency in tax administration.
文摘The middle corridor,called the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route,is considered to be the shortest trade route between China and Europe.The corridor runs from China through Central Asia,crossing the Caspian Sea and then through Azerbaijan,Georgia and Turkey into Europe.Although the route has been considered relatively expensive,owing to problems with road and rail connections,the countries along the route intend to attract investment to upgrade their infrastructure and strengthen their transport connections.Countries along the corridor must make sure their tax systems are designed to collect the tax revenue needed to fund their development,without discouraging foreign investment.Tax incentives for investment should be cost effective,attracting investment without unduly reducing tax revenue.Incentives must also be designed to be effective under the global minimum tax,and this may mean considering indirect tax incentives or non-tax incentives.Tax treaty networks should be expanded further,to ensure that potential investors can claim treaty benefits.Tax and trade cooperation should be optimised between countries in the central corridor.
文摘BEPS 2.0 is set to have a profound effect on the Belt and Road jurisdic-tions’ tax certainty environment. In the initial stage, a heightening of tax uncertainty can be envisioned, though in the longer term there is reason to be optimistic that a new and more certain BRI tax environment will emerge, in which the BRITACOM can play a crucial role.
文摘This article sets out the evolution journey of trade and investment since globalization,the relationship between foreign direct investment and gross do-mestic product growth,revisits the utilization of tax incentives in the past,explores the tax incentives for the post-pandemic recovery period in 2023,and provides some thoughts on how the BRITACOM platform may support high-quality growth.
文摘Since President Xi Jinping announced the Chinese central government’s decision to transform Hainan into a highly open free trade port(FTP),the region has experienced unprecedented growth and development.In order to support this progress,a comprehensive policy framework has been introduced and successfully implemented,with tax policy playing a crucial role in its success.Under the principles of zero tariffs,low tax rates,simplified taxation processes,effective tax law enforcement,and phased implementation,Hainan FTP’s tax system has embarked on a new voyage,providing businesses with the strongest support ever introduced in China.The most fundamental changes pertain to income tax incentives for both individuals and businesses,and additional supportive measures in VAT have also been implemented to facilitate a strong free-trade economy.Meanwhile,it is hopeful that structural changes in the Hainan FTP tax system will also be in place after 2025.
文摘As the pandemic begins to ease in some places,the support made available to individuals and businesses should be gradually phased out and replaced by spending to encourage economic growth and employment.While businesses and individuals are recovering from the problems caused by the pandemic,revenue from corporate and individual income taxes may be reduced.Additional tax revenues can however be gained from improved taxation of the digital economy and the opportunities to identify undisclosed income sources arising from agreements for the exchange of tax information.Jurisdictions must modernise tax administration to improve taxpayer compliance and reduce the size of the informal and shadow economies.Modernisation and digitalisation of tax administration can significantly improve tax collection.Using the dialogue process under BRITACOM,the BRI jurisdictions can benefit from the experience of other developing jurisdictions and receive technical support to improve tax administration and collection.Tax incentives could be used to encourage businesses to invest in the digital and green energy sectors.These incentives should be specifically framed and targeted to achieve the maximum effect and monitored to ensure that they continue to achieve the required goals.
文摘Governments around the world have taken urgent measures including both fiscal and monetary policies,to address the severe economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.Initially measures were taken to support businesses and individuals during the pandemic,to support unemployed people and reduce insolvencies resulting from the crisis;however,as the health situation around the world begins to improve,countries affected by the pandemic should take measures to stimulate growth and employment.This article argues that countries should act to promote investment and economic growth,in support of green energy and future technologies.Policy measures could include tax and non-tax incentives.Stimulus measures should be carefully targeted to achieve the intended result and their effects should be monitored through the collection of relevant statistics.The BRITACOM can be a platform to establish standards and exchange experiences.
文摘China is at a critical moment in the reform of water resource tax. The existing legislation in the pilot areas of water resource tax has clearly defined the legislative purpose of promoting water resource conservation, protection, and rational utilization, and has basically formed a binarytaxation object composed of surface water and groundwater. Based on the internal connection between taxpayers and taxation objects, units and individuals that use surface water and groundwater are specifically designed as water resource tax taxpayers. Corresponding special tax measures have also been established. However, from the perspective of legislative purposes and tax principles, there are still some limitations in the existing system. The incentive and constraint mechanisms for water resource taxes need to be improved;the purpose of water resource tax revenue is not clear;the allocation of water resource tax revenue is difficult to achieve a match between powers and expenditure responsibilities;and there is still a balance between the survival needs and tax regulation of water resource taxes. Therefore, modifications should be made in terms of taxpayers, tax rates, tax incentives, taxation departments, tax attribution, and taxation processes.
文摘After two consecutive quarters of decreasing GDP,Indonesia expe-rienced a recession for the first time in 22 years.The Indonesian government has responded since the COVID-19 pandemic and started with new measures to reduce the pandemic’s potential for further harm.In 2021,efforts to revive and speed up economic growth continued.Indonesia’s economic recovery has been boosted by the country’s tax policy,particularly concerning the tax incentives to mitigate the harm from the COVID-19 outbreak.
文摘The role of taxation in promoting economic recovery has attracted great-er attention in recent years,with economic dislocation following the Global Financial Crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic.While taxation is only one of the factors impacting economic recovery,both economic literature and practical experience show that tax policy can contribute to enhanced growth and therefore greater economic activity.Tax instruments used as a means for promoting economic recovery include tax holidays,preferential tax rates,investment allowances,tax credits and special economic zones.However,there are a range of constraints over tax incentive design imposed by bodies such as the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting,the Forum on Harmful Tax Practices of the OECD and the Code of Conduct on Business Taxation of the European Union.Given the above,this paper sets out practical issues to inform governments seeking to promote economic activity through taxation.
文摘The super-deduction of research and development(R&D)expenses is at the core of the policy to stimulate enterprise innovation in China.This paper identifies whether firms are supported by the super-deduction policies for R&D expenses and uses the diferencein-diferences method to investigate the impact of the policies on R&D investment.The results show that changes in policy in 2013 significantly increased the R&D investment of firms engaging in key state-supported technologies.Policy changes in 2016 significantly increased the R&D investment of firms engaging in non-key-state-supported technologies.Enterprises not only invested all their tax incentives in R&D activities but also increased their investment in self-raised funds.The super-deduction policy had different impacts on different industries,firms with different boards,and firms with diferent ownership.The policy significantly affected the manufacturing and construction industries,the Small and Medium Enterprise Board,and non-state-owned enterprises.Through a mechanism analysis,we found that the policy significantly reduced the user cost of R&D and increased the net cash flow of enterprises,which could raise a firm's R&D investment.It is necessary to increase policy support,expand the scope of super-deductible expenses,and increase the super-deduction rate based on industry classification according to the sensitivity of different industries to the policy.
文摘The OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework(IF)on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting(BEPS)has substantially finalized the model rules and much of the guidance for the so-called“Pillar 2”global minimum tax,while work continues on the so-called“Pillar 1”new taxing rights for market jurisdictions.As many BRI jurisdictions are among the 141 IF members,there is value in starting to consider the long-term implications of the new global tax system,and the extent to which the Belt and Road Initiative Tax Administration Cooperation Mechanism(BRITACOM),through the four core work areas of the Nur-Sultan Action Plan(2022-2024),can contribute to ensuring that BRI jurisdictions manage the transition for maximum benefit.
文摘This article focuses on measures envisaged and adopted by the Italian Revenue Agency during the COVID-19 pandemic to prevent the spread of virus and to support businesses and individuals in mitigating the worst economic impact of the cri-sis.In particular,measures such as suspension of tax payments and processing,grants allocation,tax credits and increased use of digital services have been adopted to re-cover and relaunch the financial system.As a member state of the European Union,Italy has also submitted its recovery and resilience plan that is committed to boosting a sustainable growth while fostering the digital and green transition.
