Conferences and publications on Smart Cities and self-styled ecological buildings such as“Vertical Forests”,“Biophilic”building complexes and other similar are multiplying.But then,in reality,we continue to design...Conferences and publications on Smart Cities and self-styled ecological buildings such as“Vertical Forests”,“Biophilic”building complexes and other similar are multiplying.But then,in reality,we continue to design as we have always done for the last ninety years:with the consolidated rules and formal solutions of international post-modern composition,in its various forms.The only attentions are(and not always)to super-insulate the envelopes,arrange photovoltaic panels on the roofs,make the systems smart and cover the facades and roofs with appropriate green washing.Even in the awareness that human settlements and cities are extremely complex phenomena,mostly determined by economic and social factors,rather than by conscious typological-settlement choices,perhaps the time has come to acknowledge that the traditional paradigms of design must be changed.First of all,the types of settlements must be renewed,because it is through their optimization that the greatest savings in terms of energy and sustainability can be achieved.The research presented here is the application of a ten-year study that involved the development of net Zero Energy Mass Custom Housing(ZEMCH)in specific context in southern Italy.The Innovation and Transparency of Tenders Environmental Compatibility(ITACA)Assessment Protocol,derived from the Green Building Challenge’s GBTool,was used as a design guide,which is normally used for the assessment and judgment of sustainability at the building scale and not of the urban design.The result is a settlement model in which network of pedestrian,cycle and public transport is fully integrated with adjacent urban areas;effective landscaping connects public and private green and kitchen-gardens/orchards everywhere;buildings are made with new semi-underground typologies;net ZEMCHs are made with local,recyclable materials with low impact or positive energy balance;wastewater and rainwater are collected,in-loco phyto-purified and reused;renewable energies(sun,earth,wind)satisfy remaining necessities,with a minimum of plant interventions.展开更多
Background:Children and adolescents can be distinguished by different typologies(clusters) of physical activity and sedentary behavior.How physical activity and sedentary behaviors change over time within different ty...Background:Children and adolescents can be distinguished by different typologies(clusters) of physical activity and sedentary behavior.How physical activity and sedentary behaviors change over time within different typologies is not known.This study examined longitudinal changes in physical activity and sedentary time among children and adolescents with different baseline typologies of activity-related behavior.Methods:In this longitudinal study(3 annual time points) of children(n=600,age=9.2±0.4 years(mean±SD),50.3% girls) and adolescents(n=1037,age=13.6±1.7 years,48.4% girls),participants were recruited in Spain in 2011-2012.Latent class analyses identified typologies based on self-reported screen,educational,social and relaxing sedentary behaviors,active travel,muscle strengthening activity,and sport at baseline.Within each typology,linear mixed growth models explored longitudinal changes in accelerometer-derived moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and sedentary time,as well as time by class interactions.Results:Three typologies were identified among children( "social screenies",12.8%;"exercisers",61.5%;and "non-sporty active commuters",25.7%) and among adolescents "active screenies",43.5%;"active academics",35.0%;and "non-sporty active commuters",21.5%) at baseline.Sedentary time increased within each typology among children and adolescents,with no significant differences between typologies.No changes in physical activity were found in any typology among children.In adolescents,physical activity declined within all typologies,with "non-sporty active commuters" declining significantly more than "active screenies" over 3 years.Conclusion:These results support the need for interveation to promote physical activity and prevent increases in sedentary time during childhood and adolescence.Adolescents characterized as "non-sporty active commuters" may require specific interventions to maintain their physical activity over time.展开更多
Aim of this paper is to detect determinants and to suggest a typology bullying. Four network samples of 218 students in total (male = 92, female = 126) at the Physical Education and Sport Sciences Dept. and the Veteri...Aim of this paper is to detect determinants and to suggest a typology bullying. Four network samples of 218 students in total (male = 92, female = 126) at the Physical Education and Sport Sciences Dept. and the Veterinary Dept. of the University of Thessaly have been collected in 2017. Standardized questionnaire composed of network and non-network part was answered. Social network analysis and cross-sectional statistics (Spearman test and Principal Component Analysis) were implemented. Basic results: Female gender and traveling abroad for sport, the desire of distinction in science and the social selectiveness tend to protect against bullying. High semester, tallness, high educational influence of family and cyber-bullying increase the susceptibility to victimization. These who have experienced bullying as children still tend to experience exclusion. Libeling may even be a reason for not attending lectures. High grade seems not only to protect but also to discourage someone from practicing bullying. Science ambitions seem to be related with elitist ideology, unlike professional ambitions which seem to be related with humanism or sociability. Social selectiveness based on politeness and friendliness also retains the practicing of bullying. Five types of bullying targets have been depicted: “full victim”, “apprenticed”, “libeled scapegoat”, “ridiculed scapegoat” and “gladiator”. Three types of practicing bullying are formulated: “stimulating victimizer”, “provocateur” and “egoist inspirator”.展开更多
In the past decade,there has been an increasing recognition of the role of computational design optimization in early-stage performance-based architectural design exploration.However,it remains challenging for designe...In the past decade,there has been an increasing recognition of the role of computational design optimization in early-stage performance-based architectural design exploration.However,it remains challenging for designers to apply such optimization-based design explorations in practice.To address this issue,this paper introduces a design tool,called EvoMass,and an associated design method that facilitates design exploration for building massing typologies in performance-based design tasks.EvoMass is capable of offering architects design options reflecting performance-related building massing typologies for the design task,without necessitating advanced computational design skills.More importantly,it can provide architects with insights into the underlying performance implications,thereby enhancing early-stage performance-based design exploration.EvoMass and its associated design method overcome the limitation in the conventional typology-first-optimization-second design procedure adopted by most existing tools,and it promotes a typology-oriented design exploration method of using computational optimization in performance-based architectural design.To demonstrate the efficacy of EvoMass,case studies derived from architectural design studio tasks,incorporating daylighting,solar exposure,and subjective design intents,and the result of a user survey are presented,which highlights how EvoMass and the performance-based design optimization and exploration can enable architects to achieve a more performance-aware design.展开更多
There are many traditional villages with well-preserved architectural types and images in the Jingmai Mountain,Yunnan Province.Through field investigations in traditional villages in the research area,this study appli...There are many traditional villages with well-preserved architectural types and images in the Jingmai Mountain,Yunnan Province.Through field investigations in traditional villages in the research area,this study applied the architectural typology,analyzed Nuogang Village of the Dai Nationality and Wengji Village of the Bulang Nationality from 3 perspectives of“point,line and surface”,explored the characteristics of village,architecture and landscape,and extracted the“prototypes”,tried to figure out the problems of the villages and then propose corresponding protection strategies,so as to support the preservation,renovation,improvement and utilization of traditional villages.展开更多
Urban memory is the soul and vitality of the city, which is created and maintained by people’s memory of the living environment. However, urban planning and architecture increasingly lose attention to urban memory, r...Urban memory is the soul and vitality of the city, which is created and maintained by people’s memory of the living environment. However, urban planning and architecture increasingly lose attention to urban memory, resulting in the loss of uniqueness of urban appearance, and then affect people’s sense of identity of the city. Therefore, using the theory of typology for reference, a new design tool - urban memory typology is proposed, which focuses on and introduces historical elements into urban design, and maintains urban memory through the protection of cultural heritage. This method involves clarifying the intrinsic relationship between existing buildings and urban space through typology theory, identifying carriers of urban memory, and, on this basis, proposing strategies and technologies for urban renewal. This study verifies the validity of urban memory typology through case analysis, such as the conservation planning of Qingdao Old city. The results show that using the typology theory can protect the city memory, maintain the stability of the city form, and enhance the local identity of the residents, which is a new method of urban planning and design in line with the concept of humanistic care and sustainable development. This research work provides new theoretical guidance and practical strategies for the protection of urban memory and urban planning and design.展开更多
Based on Katharina Reiss’s text typology theory from the German Functionalist School,this paper systematically explores the strategic differences and practical methods in the mutual translation between Chinese and Ja...Based on Katharina Reiss’s text typology theory from the German Functionalist School,this paper systematically explores the strategic differences and practical methods in the mutual translation between Chinese and Japanese for operative,informative,expressive,and informative+expressive text types.By comparatively analyzing the linguistic functions,communicative features,and cultural cognitive differences of these four text types,the study proposes targeted translation strategies:Operative texts require tone adjustment,localized adaptation,and pragmatic compensation to maximize appeal;informative texts emphasize sentence structure restructuring and terminology standardization to ensure information transfer efficiency;expressive texts focus on formal imitation and rhetorical reproduction to preserve the original aesthetic value;for informative+expressive texts,flexible handling of idioms,proverbs,and stylistic forms is necessary to achieve an optimal balance between informational accuracy and aesthetic form.The study validates the applicability of functionalist theory in Chinese-Japanese translation through empirical case studies,while also revealing the prevalence of mixed text functions and the consequent demand for translator strategic flexibility.These findings not only expand the explanatory dimension of Reiss’s theory,but also provide an operational methodological framework for cross-cultural translation practice,holding practical significance for promoting in-depth communication between China and Japan.展开更多
Sustainability communication arises in the face of complex socio-environmental crises that manifest on different scales and in different ecosystems. Museums and science centres, as cultural institutions, are key to bu...Sustainability communication arises in the face of complex socio-environmental crises that manifest on different scales and in different ecosystems. Museums and science centres, as cultural institutions, are key to building social representations and generating discourses and experiences in their visitors to facilitate engagement in the search for future alternatives. This empirical research, conducted at the Universum Science Museum of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, seeks to contribute to the advancement of the academic field of sustainability communication by analysing the main elements and exhibition practices related to sustainability in the exhibition Producing by Conserving: Biodiversity and Sustainable Communities. We investigated how sustainability is expressed in the museum, utilizing the proposed perspective of analysis based on four typologies of science exhibitions. We employed qualitative analysis to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the exhibition. We identified central aspects and limitations in communication concerning sustainability that could nurture communication practices in demonstrations and other exhibitions with related themes. The implications of this study extend beyond the specific context of the university museum. They can be useful for communication practices in universities and other cultural institutions seeking to develop a culture of sustainability and envision transformation of future societies.展开更多
Skin color is considered an important beauty standard for women in China.The typical tool for skin color measurement,individual typology angle(ITA),was developed based on Caucasian skin features.The ITA effectively me...Skin color is considered an important beauty standard for women in China.The typical tool for skin color measurement,individual typology angle(ITA),was developed based on Caucasian skin features.The ITA effectively measures the brightness of facial skin,which is traditionally associated with beauty in Caucasian women.However,in Chinese women,whiteness is not the only determinant of skin esthetics,and other elements such as“yellowness”and“redness”are also important considerations.Thus,the hue angle system was developed based on the skin features of Chinese women,whose skin is typically on the“yellow-red”spectrum.Studies examining the skin color of Chinese women based on both the ITA and hue angle should be carried out.The skin colors of 4500 women aged 18–45 years across five different regions of China were measured using both the ITA and hue angle systems.The relationship of the“red pigment and melanin content”with the“brightness and redness of skin color”was also examined.Further,the different skin types of women across different regions were identified.Measurements based on the ITA system reveal a saddle-shaped distribution of skin brightness among Chinese women across five different regions,with skin brightness being high in the eastwest regions and low in the north-south regions.The ITA and hab values are not consistent in individual women,and thus,both need to be considered when evaluating skin color.Additionally,no correlation between the skin’s red pigment and melanin content and the skin’s ITA and hab values is identified.This study provides skin color data based on both the ITA and hue angle systems.The findings show that skin ITA/hab values cannot simply be explained by the red pigment/melanin content of the skin.Given the distribution of skin types across different regions of China,whitening ingredients causing little to no irritation should be used to formulate whitening cosmetics.展开更多
Research Background: Sickle cell trait has no treatment or cure and predominantly affects people who are Black, but can affect anyone of any race or ethnicity. While commonly incorrectly considered benign by providers...Research Background: Sickle cell trait has no treatment or cure and predominantly affects people who are Black, but can affect anyone of any race or ethnicity. While commonly incorrectly considered benign by providers and the public, people with a sickle cell trait experience life-threatening outcomes that are exacerbated by extreme conditions. There is a severe lack of awareness and understanding of sickle cell trait and the associated health complications among sickle cell trait carriers and healthcare providers. Purpose/Aim: Interventions that aim to improve awareness of sickle cell trait differ in approaches and are not well documented in the literature. This typology aims to highlight current efforts to inform targeted interventions that raise awareness through consistent messaging, educate people and providers on sickle cell trait and the related health complications, and support the design and implementation of comprehensive sickle cell trait awareness initiatives. Methods: We conducted a scoping review of United States-based sickle cell trait interventions and performed a content analysis to identify the categories and characteristics of these efforts. We then organized the results into a typology according to established protocols. Results: Among 164 interventions, twenty-five (15%) met the typology inclusion criteria described above and were grouped into categories: Seven of twenty-five interventions were Educational Interventions (28%), three of twenty-five interventions (12%) were Combined Screening and Educational-Based Interventions, eight of twenty-five interventions (32%) were Policy and Guideline-Based Intervention, and six of twenty-five interventions (24%) were Sickle Cell Trait Organization-Led Interventions. Conclusions: There is a lack of consistency in messaging across interventions whether delivered by credible healthcare institutions or national organizations, which can result in lack of education and awareness and confusion around sickle cell trait. Categorizing interventions through a typology allows clarity and informs consistency in messaging, which should be at the forefront of future sickle cell trait efforts.展开更多
Measuring the tanning skin can provide a scientific method to evaluate the efficacy of cosmetics exfoliator.Dihydroxyacetone(DHA,5.0%(w/w))was used to stain the inner forearms cuticle of subjects.The skin surface L*an...Measuring the tanning skin can provide a scientific method to evaluate the efficacy of cosmetics exfoliator.Dihydroxyacetone(DHA,5.0%(w/w))was used to stain the inner forearms cuticle of subjects.The skin surface L*and b*were determined,then ITA and its recovery rate were calculated to evaluate the exfoliating efficacy of cosmetics.The results showed that no significant(P≥0.05)differences were observed for L*,b*and ITA on different skin surface of unstained subjects.After staining with DHA,no adverse reaction was found in the stained areas,and the changes of L*,b*and ITA on different skin surface were consistent(P≥0.05).Two different cosmetics were used continuously to exfoliate the skin in different areas.After treatment for 7 days,the corresponding areas of skin L*,b*and ITA had significant(P<0.05)improvement in comparison with negative control area.But there were differences in the evaluation results of the exfoliation efficacy using these three parameters.The recovery rate of ITA of two samples improved significantly(P<0.05)than the negative control area.The work indicated that using 5.0%DHA for skin browning and measuring the skin surface color change by ITA recovery rate can accurately and sensitively assess the skin cuticle renewal rate difference.This method can be used as one of the effective way to evaluate the efficacy of cosmetics exfoliation.展开更多
The aim of this study was to carry out a dynamic simulation of the energy and environmental performance of a built space system, with a view to assessing its energy and environmental class. The use of a simulation and...The aim of this study was to carry out a dynamic simulation of the energy and environmental performance of a built space system, with a view to assessing its energy and environmental class. The use of a simulation and modeling tool, supported by various methodological references, formed the basis of our approach. Adopting a systemic perspective, we described the structural and functional aspects of the systems making up built spaces, as well as the associated energy flows. Our approach was also based on a typology, taking into account typical days, structural and functional configurations at different scales and angles of observation. The analysis tool we developed in Java was applied to the built space system of the Patte d’Oie university campus in Ouagadougou. Annual electricity consumption was measured at 124387.34 kWh, closely aligned with the average annual electricity bill (125224.31 kWh), with a maximum relative deviation of 1%, followed by a carbon emission balance of 58337.66 kg eq CO<sub>2</sub> per year. This validation confirmed the effectiveness of our tool. In addition, following the analysis of electricity consumption using our tool, the university campus was classified in energy class B and environmental class C. These results will be based on the emission factors of the energy mix of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) territory, with particular emphasis on Burkina Faso.展开更多
Agroforestry systems strongly characterize the Cameroonian agrarian landscape. Agroforests are among those structuring the ecotones of Mbam and Inoubou in the Central Cameroon region. Numerous works on agroecosystems ...Agroforestry systems strongly characterize the Cameroonian agrarian landscape. Agroforests are among those structuring the ecotones of Mbam and Inoubou in the Central Cameroon region. Numerous works on agroecosystems of Central and South Cameroon, few have come out contribution of the structure of these traditional systems in the dynamics of the vegetation of these forest-savannah ecotones. The present contribution has the overall objective of demonstrating the structural efficiency of agroforests the dynamics of ecotone vegetation, but also in the conservation of biodiversity. To do this, a participatory analysis was carried out with 56 farmers distributed in the five villages of Makénéné. Botanical inventories supplemented socio-economic household surveys. The data collected was subjected to various analyzes (univariate test, analysis of variance, multivariate test, PCA, CAH). The results reveal that 55.2% of agroforests are less than 15 years old and those with an area greater than 1500 m<sup>2</sup> predominate (33%). They are mainly young with generally small surface areas. The horizontal structure reveals that the largest diameter classes are those of [20 - 30 cm[ and [10 - 20 cm[ with a very low rate of basal area. Agroforests with trees over 10 m high are dominant in five villages of Makénéné. Two types of structural profiles characterize the agroforestry flora of the area, namely intensive pluristratified home gardens on savannah and intensive pluristratified agroforests under forest-savannah transition vegetation. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Ascending Hierarchical Clustering (HAC) show three Agroforest Clusters each. The PCA distribution reveals that woody biomass (Y) is strongly correlated with tree diameter (DBH) and significantly with height (Cluster 2). The age (AAG) (Cluster 1) of these agroforests, on the other hand, remains independent of the density (DST) of these trees (Cluster 3). The agroforests in the Nyokon, Carrière and Mocksud villages are the most effective in terms of conserving woody diversity while the agroforests of the Kinding ndé and Nyokon villages are more efficient in the reforestation processes. These results could be considered as effective and quantifiable tools for the certification of numerous cash crops such as cocoa and coffee, which will make it possible to valorize this local knowledge in terms of scientific and in the development of various programs and writing of technical notes.展开更多
Inland fishing predominates in the Kedougou region, which has no coastline. This type of fishing does not yet meet the local population’s demand for fish products. In response to this concern, a Community Agricultura...Inland fishing predominates in the Kedougou region, which has no coastline. This type of fishing does not yet meet the local population’s demand for fish products. In response to this concern, a Community Agricultural Estate housing an integrated fish farm was set up in the commune of Bandafassi, in the village of Itato. Since its creation, this production unit has been faced with the problem of sourcing high-quality, low-cost, monosex male Oreochromis niloticus fry. In order to overcome this constraint, the present research focuses on the contribution of Garcinia kola to the productivity and economic profitability of the Itato farm. The aim of the research is to assess fish production in the experimental set-up and the production costs of tilapia in a controlled environment. The comparative study of the various production factors shows disparities only in the input factor, where scenarios 2 and 3 use additional products. These are 17-α-methytestosterone for scenario 2 and Garcinia kola for scenario 3. These products significantly interfere with fish production, with a fairly high mortality rate for scenario 2 (25% for two production cycles/ cohort2 (B5, B6, B7 and B8) treated with 17-α-methytestosterone). As for scenarios 1 and 3, mortalities are 5% with or without recourse to additional products (G. kola). In addition, average fish production for the three (03) scenarios is estimated at 28687.5 kg/2 cycles. It varies from one scenario to another, i.e. 30937.5 kg/2 cycles for scenarios 1 and 3 and 24187.5 kg/2 cycles for scenario 2. It is therefore higher in scenarios 1 and 3 than in scenario 2. This difference is due to the fairly large losses of individuals in scenario 2. Furthermore, the analysis of the profit and loss accounts for tilapia production varies from one scenario to another depending on the type of farm: 476 Franc CFA for scenario 1, 610 Franc CFA for scenario 2 and 472 Franc CFA for scenario 3 (F CFA = franc of the French Colonies of Africa). The Average operating income for all the fish farming units is 34,726,142 Franc CFA. The highest (41,638,075 Franc CFA) and lowest (29,281,075 Franc CFA) ERs were observed in scenarios 3 and 2 respectively. It was 33,259,275 Franc CFA for scenario 1. The difference between the NERs of the three scenarios is more or less significant in terms of results. The operating result (OR) is positive in all 3 scenarios in our study. However, the scenario 3 system generates a higher rate of return (the ratio between an income and the capital employed to obtain that income) (74%) than that generated by the scenario 1 system (69%). As for the scenario 2 system, it generates a lower financial return than the two previous systems (67%). Above all, this work made it possible to construct an approach that would make it possible to answer such a question by relying successively on various methods: a typology, according to the production factors involved in the operation of the Community Agricultural Estate fish farm.展开更多
In different languages and cultures, color terms usually indicate their specific cultural concepts and metaphorical implicature. This paper makes a typological study on the universality and relativity of the Conceptua...In different languages and cultures, color terms usually indicate their specific cultural concepts and metaphorical implicature. This paper makes a typological study on the universality and relativity of the Conceptual Metaphors （CM） of color terms in different languages. It attempts to explore the cognitive differences and similarities in the process of categorization and metaphorization of color terms of oriental and western peoples. It proposes that the CM system of color terms is determined by the interactivity of three factors as neurophysiologic mechanisms, general cognitive psychological mechanisms and socio-cultural selective mechanisms. The CM of color terms in different languages carry their specific cognitive characteristics and cultural values, and reflect self-similarity of the language and culture.展开更多
Most of the isolated electrical systems throughout the world suffer from similar problems of fragility and high dependence on external resources to generate energy. Smart Grid solutions and integration of renewable en...Most of the isolated electrical systems throughout the world suffer from similar problems of fragility and high dependence on external resources to generate energy. Smart Grid solutions and integration of renewable energies in order to solve their problems have increased, although it is necessary to know their specific characteristics to select the optimal solutions for each case. Therefore, as the overall objective of INSULAE Project, the development of an Investment Planning Tool, IPT, is on the way. This paper provides a view on a characterization methodology developed for the set of Reference Islands and how it will help to exploit the IPT developed. For that, characterization vectors have been defined based on a selection of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). And Reference Islands have been obtained from the analysis of KPIs data gathered from EU islands considering the vectors formed. The linkage of new islands to reference islands helps provide the new islands with an assessment on the possibility space of their investment plans with the aim of being a decarbonization plan considering the demonstrations already evaluated.展开更多
The contemporary interest,on one hand for a renewed relationship between city and natural landscape,on the other for settlement typologies intrinsically efficient from an energy standpoint took back the attention on t...The contemporary interest,on one hand for a renewed relationship between city and natural landscape,on the other for settlement typologies intrinsically efficient from an energy standpoint took back the attention on the design of the dug city,or rather,almost completely excavated.This is an emblematic model of the requirement that deals with the factors of its environment,like sun,wind,ground,shadow and flora,forcing some designers to migrate from usual design methodologies,indifferent to these design parameters,and they are careful only to the“laws of form”,in search of criteria and fine calculation tools to optimize the configuration and the structure of buildings,in order to ensure that they can be managed as“passively”as possible.What it means,with the minimum contribution of plants to ensure the best satisfaction of comfort and psychological needs of users:not only lighting,sunbathing,ventilation,thermal comfort in summer and winter,acoustic comfort,but also view characteristics,quality of lighting and sociological aspects.In general dialectic between artifice and nature,the theme of dug architecture today is faced not only as one of the most interesting and rich suggestions,but also as one of those,in which the reflection on objectives,methodologies and tools is longer necessary,to the identification of a new way of urban living and effective solutions against energy consumption.展开更多
Ecotourism is a tourism modality intricately linked to the principles of sustainability,due to its natural offer component and environmental education.The objective of this research is to evaluate the perception of ec...Ecotourism is a tourism modality intricately linked to the principles of sustainability,due to its natural offer component and environmental education.The objective of this research is to evaluate the perception of ecotourists present on the coast of Yucatan.From a regional approach,the author selected twenty-five community-based ecotourism ventures(CBET)present in the area and analysed the perception of ecotourists through a questionnaire and its respective statistical analysis with non-parametric tests,and developed a general profile of the ecotourist applying a sociodemographic segmentation and based on a geographical segmentation the author compared the perceptions of two populations:national ecotourists and international ecotourists.The data reveal that the profile of the ecotourist on the coast of Yucatan is similar to that postulated in the literature.In terms of environmental perception the author found a significant difference in both populations,and believed that this difference is because the international market is more critical and demanding.In addition,areas of opportunity were documented in the CBETs in the way they carry out their environmental communication.The author concluded that ecotourism in the region is still an activity in consolidation and although it presents great achievements.It is still not possible to qualify it as a sustainable activity.We call for continuing deepening the studies of ecotourism demand and evaluation of perception,through comparative,longitudinal studies and with new variables that allow new test statistics,to contribute new elements to the ecotourism debate.展开更多
Morphological and chemical studies on zircon grains from gabbro and granite of the Pingtan magmatic complex, Fujian Province, eastern China, show that there are three stages of zircon growth. The early stage of zircon...Morphological and chemical studies on zircon grains from gabbro and granite of the Pingtan magmatic complex, Fujian Province, eastern China, show that there are three stages of zircon growth. The early stage of zircon growth is characterized by colorlessness, high transparence and birefringence, low and dispersive Ipr and Ipy, weak and homogeneous BSE brightness, lower Hf content and depletion of U, Th and Y; the middle stage is characterized by abruptly increasing lpy, progressively strong and sectoral-zoning BSE brightness, higher Hf content and enrichment of U, Th and Y with Th/U 〉 1; the late stage of growth is characterized by brownish color, poor transparence, low birefringence, highest Ipr and Ipy, middle and oscillatorily-zoning BSE brightness, highest contents of Hf, U and Y with Th/U 〈 1. The stages are considered to be formed in a deep magma chamber, ascent passage and emplacement site, respectively. Due to the more or less long residual time of the magma chamber, the difference in age between the early and late stages of zircon might be great enough to be distinguished, which can be attributed to tectonic constraint for the magnlatism.展开更多
文摘Conferences and publications on Smart Cities and self-styled ecological buildings such as“Vertical Forests”,“Biophilic”building complexes and other similar are multiplying.But then,in reality,we continue to design as we have always done for the last ninety years:with the consolidated rules and formal solutions of international post-modern composition,in its various forms.The only attentions are(and not always)to super-insulate the envelopes,arrange photovoltaic panels on the roofs,make the systems smart and cover the facades and roofs with appropriate green washing.Even in the awareness that human settlements and cities are extremely complex phenomena,mostly determined by economic and social factors,rather than by conscious typological-settlement choices,perhaps the time has come to acknowledge that the traditional paradigms of design must be changed.First of all,the types of settlements must be renewed,because it is through their optimization that the greatest savings in terms of energy and sustainability can be achieved.The research presented here is the application of a ten-year study that involved the development of net Zero Energy Mass Custom Housing(ZEMCH)in specific context in southern Italy.The Innovation and Transparency of Tenders Environmental Compatibility(ITACA)Assessment Protocol,derived from the Green Building Challenge’s GBTool,was used as a design guide,which is normally used for the assessment and judgment of sustainability at the building scale and not of the urban design.The result is a settlement model in which network of pedestrian,cycle and public transport is fully integrated with adjacent urban areas;effective landscaping connects public and private green and kitchen-gardens/orchards everywhere;buildings are made with new semi-underground typologies;net ZEMCHs are made with local,recyclable materials with low impact or positive energy balance;wastewater and rainwater are collected,in-loco phyto-purified and reused;renewable energies(sun,earth,wind)satisfy remaining necessities,with a minimum of plant interventions.
基金supported by the National Plan for Research, Development and Innovation (RDi) Ministry of Science and Innovation (DEP 2010-21662-C04-00)awarded a "Juan de la Cierva" postdoctoral fellowship (FJCI-2015-25867) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy,Industry,and Competitiveness+1 种基金supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (RTI2018-095284-J-100)the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (RYC2019-027287-I)
文摘Background:Children and adolescents can be distinguished by different typologies(clusters) of physical activity and sedentary behavior.How physical activity and sedentary behaviors change over time within different typologies is not known.This study examined longitudinal changes in physical activity and sedentary time among children and adolescents with different baseline typologies of activity-related behavior.Methods:In this longitudinal study(3 annual time points) of children(n=600,age=9.2±0.4 years(mean±SD),50.3% girls) and adolescents(n=1037,age=13.6±1.7 years,48.4% girls),participants were recruited in Spain in 2011-2012.Latent class analyses identified typologies based on self-reported screen,educational,social and relaxing sedentary behaviors,active travel,muscle strengthening activity,and sport at baseline.Within each typology,linear mixed growth models explored longitudinal changes in accelerometer-derived moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and sedentary time,as well as time by class interactions.Results:Three typologies were identified among children( "social screenies",12.8%;"exercisers",61.5%;and "non-sporty active commuters",25.7%) and among adolescents "active screenies",43.5%;"active academics",35.0%;and "non-sporty active commuters",21.5%) at baseline.Sedentary time increased within each typology among children and adolescents,with no significant differences between typologies.No changes in physical activity were found in any typology among children.In adolescents,physical activity declined within all typologies,with "non-sporty active commuters" declining significantly more than "active screenies" over 3 years.Conclusion:These results support the need for interveation to promote physical activity and prevent increases in sedentary time during childhood and adolescence.Adolescents characterized as "non-sporty active commuters" may require specific interventions to maintain their physical activity over time.
文摘Aim of this paper is to detect determinants and to suggest a typology bullying. Four network samples of 218 students in total (male = 92, female = 126) at the Physical Education and Sport Sciences Dept. and the Veterinary Dept. of the University of Thessaly have been collected in 2017. Standardized questionnaire composed of network and non-network part was answered. Social network analysis and cross-sectional statistics (Spearman test and Principal Component Analysis) were implemented. Basic results: Female gender and traveling abroad for sport, the desire of distinction in science and the social selectiveness tend to protect against bullying. High semester, tallness, high educational influence of family and cyber-bullying increase the susceptibility to victimization. These who have experienced bullying as children still tend to experience exclusion. Libeling may even be a reason for not attending lectures. High grade seems not only to protect but also to discourage someone from practicing bullying. Science ambitions seem to be related with elitist ideology, unlike professional ambitions which seem to be related with humanism or sociability. Social selectiveness based on politeness and friendliness also retains the practicing of bullying. Five types of bullying targets have been depicted: “full victim”, “apprenticed”, “libeled scapegoat”, “ridiculed scapegoat” and “gladiator”. Three types of practicing bullying are formulated: “stimulating victimizer”, “provocateur” and “egoist inspirator”.
基金supported by the Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University Research Development Fund(RDF-23-01-107)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52178017)。
文摘In the past decade,there has been an increasing recognition of the role of computational design optimization in early-stage performance-based architectural design exploration.However,it remains challenging for designers to apply such optimization-based design explorations in practice.To address this issue,this paper introduces a design tool,called EvoMass,and an associated design method that facilitates design exploration for building massing typologies in performance-based design tasks.EvoMass is capable of offering architects design options reflecting performance-related building massing typologies for the design task,without necessitating advanced computational design skills.More importantly,it can provide architects with insights into the underlying performance implications,thereby enhancing early-stage performance-based design exploration.EvoMass and its associated design method overcome the limitation in the conventional typology-first-optimization-second design procedure adopted by most existing tools,and it promotes a typology-oriented design exploration method of using computational optimization in performance-based architectural design.To demonstrate the efficacy of EvoMass,case studies derived from architectural design studio tasks,incorporating daylighting,solar exposure,and subjective design intents,and the result of a user survey are presented,which highlights how EvoMass and the performance-based design optimization and exploration can enable architects to achieve a more performance-aware design.
文摘There are many traditional villages with well-preserved architectural types and images in the Jingmai Mountain,Yunnan Province.Through field investigations in traditional villages in the research area,this study applied the architectural typology,analyzed Nuogang Village of the Dai Nationality and Wengji Village of the Bulang Nationality from 3 perspectives of“point,line and surface”,explored the characteristics of village,architecture and landscape,and extracted the“prototypes”,tried to figure out the problems of the villages and then propose corresponding protection strategies,so as to support the preservation,renovation,improvement and utilization of traditional villages.
文摘Urban memory is the soul and vitality of the city, which is created and maintained by people’s memory of the living environment. However, urban planning and architecture increasingly lose attention to urban memory, resulting in the loss of uniqueness of urban appearance, and then affect people’s sense of identity of the city. Therefore, using the theory of typology for reference, a new design tool - urban memory typology is proposed, which focuses on and introduces historical elements into urban design, and maintains urban memory through the protection of cultural heritage. This method involves clarifying the intrinsic relationship between existing buildings and urban space through typology theory, identifying carriers of urban memory, and, on this basis, proposing strategies and technologies for urban renewal. This study verifies the validity of urban memory typology through case analysis, such as the conservation planning of Qingdao Old city. The results show that using the typology theory can protect the city memory, maintain the stability of the city form, and enhance the local identity of the residents, which is a new method of urban planning and design in line with the concept of humanistic care and sustainable development. This research work provides new theoretical guidance and practical strategies for the protection of urban memory and urban planning and design.
基金supported by the Fund from the Professional Degree Graduate Practice Base Project of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology(Project No.1025115004005).
文摘Based on Katharina Reiss’s text typology theory from the German Functionalist School,this paper systematically explores the strategic differences and practical methods in the mutual translation between Chinese and Japanese for operative,informative,expressive,and informative+expressive text types.By comparatively analyzing the linguistic functions,communicative features,and cultural cognitive differences of these four text types,the study proposes targeted translation strategies:Operative texts require tone adjustment,localized adaptation,and pragmatic compensation to maximize appeal;informative texts emphasize sentence structure restructuring and terminology standardization to ensure information transfer efficiency;expressive texts focus on formal imitation and rhetorical reproduction to preserve the original aesthetic value;for informative+expressive texts,flexible handling of idioms,proverbs,and stylistic forms is necessary to achieve an optimal balance between informational accuracy and aesthetic form.The study validates the applicability of functionalist theory in Chinese-Japanese translation through empirical case studies,while also revealing the prevalence of mixed text functions and the consequent demand for translator strategic flexibility.These findings not only expand the explanatory dimension of Reiss’s theory,but also provide an operational methodological framework for cross-cultural translation practice,holding practical significance for promoting in-depth communication between China and Japan.
文摘Sustainability communication arises in the face of complex socio-environmental crises that manifest on different scales and in different ecosystems. Museums and science centres, as cultural institutions, are key to building social representations and generating discourses and experiences in their visitors to facilitate engagement in the search for future alternatives. This empirical research, conducted at the Universum Science Museum of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, seeks to contribute to the advancement of the academic field of sustainability communication by analysing the main elements and exhibition practices related to sustainability in the exhibition Producing by Conserving: Biodiversity and Sustainable Communities. We investigated how sustainability is expressed in the museum, utilizing the proposed perspective of analysis based on four typologies of science exhibitions. We employed qualitative analysis to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the exhibition. We identified central aspects and limitations in communication concerning sustainability that could nurture communication practices in demonstrations and other exhibitions with related themes. The implications of this study extend beyond the specific context of the university museum. They can be useful for communication practices in universities and other cultural institutions seeking to develop a culture of sustainability and envision transformation of future societies.
基金the financial support provided by a scientific grant(No.TC-2023-003)from Guyu Qingnang Biotechnology Institute,Guangzhou Qingnang Biotechnology Co.Ltd.,Guangzhou Fanzhirong Cosmetics Co.Ltd.
文摘Skin color is considered an important beauty standard for women in China.The typical tool for skin color measurement,individual typology angle(ITA),was developed based on Caucasian skin features.The ITA effectively measures the brightness of facial skin,which is traditionally associated with beauty in Caucasian women.However,in Chinese women,whiteness is not the only determinant of skin esthetics,and other elements such as“yellowness”and“redness”are also important considerations.Thus,the hue angle system was developed based on the skin features of Chinese women,whose skin is typically on the“yellow-red”spectrum.Studies examining the skin color of Chinese women based on both the ITA and hue angle should be carried out.The skin colors of 4500 women aged 18–45 years across five different regions of China were measured using both the ITA and hue angle systems.The relationship of the“red pigment and melanin content”with the“brightness and redness of skin color”was also examined.Further,the different skin types of women across different regions were identified.Measurements based on the ITA system reveal a saddle-shaped distribution of skin brightness among Chinese women across five different regions,with skin brightness being high in the eastwest regions and low in the north-south regions.The ITA and hab values are not consistent in individual women,and thus,both need to be considered when evaluating skin color.Additionally,no correlation between the skin’s red pigment and melanin content and the skin’s ITA and hab values is identified.This study provides skin color data based on both the ITA and hue angle systems.The findings show that skin ITA/hab values cannot simply be explained by the red pigment/melanin content of the skin.Given the distribution of skin types across different regions of China,whitening ingredients causing little to no irritation should be used to formulate whitening cosmetics.
文摘Research Background: Sickle cell trait has no treatment or cure and predominantly affects people who are Black, but can affect anyone of any race or ethnicity. While commonly incorrectly considered benign by providers and the public, people with a sickle cell trait experience life-threatening outcomes that are exacerbated by extreme conditions. There is a severe lack of awareness and understanding of sickle cell trait and the associated health complications among sickle cell trait carriers and healthcare providers. Purpose/Aim: Interventions that aim to improve awareness of sickle cell trait differ in approaches and are not well documented in the literature. This typology aims to highlight current efforts to inform targeted interventions that raise awareness through consistent messaging, educate people and providers on sickle cell trait and the related health complications, and support the design and implementation of comprehensive sickle cell trait awareness initiatives. Methods: We conducted a scoping review of United States-based sickle cell trait interventions and performed a content analysis to identify the categories and characteristics of these efforts. We then organized the results into a typology according to established protocols. Results: Among 164 interventions, twenty-five (15%) met the typology inclusion criteria described above and were grouped into categories: Seven of twenty-five interventions were Educational Interventions (28%), three of twenty-five interventions (12%) were Combined Screening and Educational-Based Interventions, eight of twenty-five interventions (32%) were Policy and Guideline-Based Intervention, and six of twenty-five interventions (24%) were Sickle Cell Trait Organization-Led Interventions. Conclusions: There is a lack of consistency in messaging across interventions whether delivered by credible healthcare institutions or national organizations, which can result in lack of education and awareness and confusion around sickle cell trait. Categorizing interventions through a typology allows clarity and informs consistency in messaging, which should be at the forefront of future sickle cell trait efforts.
文摘Measuring the tanning skin can provide a scientific method to evaluate the efficacy of cosmetics exfoliator.Dihydroxyacetone(DHA,5.0%(w/w))was used to stain the inner forearms cuticle of subjects.The skin surface L*and b*were determined,then ITA and its recovery rate were calculated to evaluate the exfoliating efficacy of cosmetics.The results showed that no significant(P≥0.05)differences were observed for L*,b*and ITA on different skin surface of unstained subjects.After staining with DHA,no adverse reaction was found in the stained areas,and the changes of L*,b*and ITA on different skin surface were consistent(P≥0.05).Two different cosmetics were used continuously to exfoliate the skin in different areas.After treatment for 7 days,the corresponding areas of skin L*,b*and ITA had significant(P<0.05)improvement in comparison with negative control area.But there were differences in the evaluation results of the exfoliation efficacy using these three parameters.The recovery rate of ITA of two samples improved significantly(P<0.05)than the negative control area.The work indicated that using 5.0%DHA for skin browning and measuring the skin surface color change by ITA recovery rate can accurately and sensitively assess the skin cuticle renewal rate difference.This method can be used as one of the effective way to evaluate the efficacy of cosmetics exfoliation.
文摘The aim of this study was to carry out a dynamic simulation of the energy and environmental performance of a built space system, with a view to assessing its energy and environmental class. The use of a simulation and modeling tool, supported by various methodological references, formed the basis of our approach. Adopting a systemic perspective, we described the structural and functional aspects of the systems making up built spaces, as well as the associated energy flows. Our approach was also based on a typology, taking into account typical days, structural and functional configurations at different scales and angles of observation. The analysis tool we developed in Java was applied to the built space system of the Patte d’Oie university campus in Ouagadougou. Annual electricity consumption was measured at 124387.34 kWh, closely aligned with the average annual electricity bill (125224.31 kWh), with a maximum relative deviation of 1%, followed by a carbon emission balance of 58337.66 kg eq CO<sub>2</sub> per year. This validation confirmed the effectiveness of our tool. In addition, following the analysis of electricity consumption using our tool, the university campus was classified in energy class B and environmental class C. These results will be based on the emission factors of the energy mix of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) territory, with particular emphasis on Burkina Faso.
文摘Agroforestry systems strongly characterize the Cameroonian agrarian landscape. Agroforests are among those structuring the ecotones of Mbam and Inoubou in the Central Cameroon region. Numerous works on agroecosystems of Central and South Cameroon, few have come out contribution of the structure of these traditional systems in the dynamics of the vegetation of these forest-savannah ecotones. The present contribution has the overall objective of demonstrating the structural efficiency of agroforests the dynamics of ecotone vegetation, but also in the conservation of biodiversity. To do this, a participatory analysis was carried out with 56 farmers distributed in the five villages of Makénéné. Botanical inventories supplemented socio-economic household surveys. The data collected was subjected to various analyzes (univariate test, analysis of variance, multivariate test, PCA, CAH). The results reveal that 55.2% of agroforests are less than 15 years old and those with an area greater than 1500 m<sup>2</sup> predominate (33%). They are mainly young with generally small surface areas. The horizontal structure reveals that the largest diameter classes are those of [20 - 30 cm[ and [10 - 20 cm[ with a very low rate of basal area. Agroforests with trees over 10 m high are dominant in five villages of Makénéné. Two types of structural profiles characterize the agroforestry flora of the area, namely intensive pluristratified home gardens on savannah and intensive pluristratified agroforests under forest-savannah transition vegetation. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Ascending Hierarchical Clustering (HAC) show three Agroforest Clusters each. The PCA distribution reveals that woody biomass (Y) is strongly correlated with tree diameter (DBH) and significantly with height (Cluster 2). The age (AAG) (Cluster 1) of these agroforests, on the other hand, remains independent of the density (DST) of these trees (Cluster 3). The agroforests in the Nyokon, Carrière and Mocksud villages are the most effective in terms of conserving woody diversity while the agroforests of the Kinding ndé and Nyokon villages are more efficient in the reforestation processes. These results could be considered as effective and quantifiable tools for the certification of numerous cash crops such as cocoa and coffee, which will make it possible to valorize this local knowledge in terms of scientific and in the development of various programs and writing of technical notes.
文摘Inland fishing predominates in the Kedougou region, which has no coastline. This type of fishing does not yet meet the local population’s demand for fish products. In response to this concern, a Community Agricultural Estate housing an integrated fish farm was set up in the commune of Bandafassi, in the village of Itato. Since its creation, this production unit has been faced with the problem of sourcing high-quality, low-cost, monosex male Oreochromis niloticus fry. In order to overcome this constraint, the present research focuses on the contribution of Garcinia kola to the productivity and economic profitability of the Itato farm. The aim of the research is to assess fish production in the experimental set-up and the production costs of tilapia in a controlled environment. The comparative study of the various production factors shows disparities only in the input factor, where scenarios 2 and 3 use additional products. These are 17-α-methytestosterone for scenario 2 and Garcinia kola for scenario 3. These products significantly interfere with fish production, with a fairly high mortality rate for scenario 2 (25% for two production cycles/ cohort2 (B5, B6, B7 and B8) treated with 17-α-methytestosterone). As for scenarios 1 and 3, mortalities are 5% with or without recourse to additional products (G. kola). In addition, average fish production for the three (03) scenarios is estimated at 28687.5 kg/2 cycles. It varies from one scenario to another, i.e. 30937.5 kg/2 cycles for scenarios 1 and 3 and 24187.5 kg/2 cycles for scenario 2. It is therefore higher in scenarios 1 and 3 than in scenario 2. This difference is due to the fairly large losses of individuals in scenario 2. Furthermore, the analysis of the profit and loss accounts for tilapia production varies from one scenario to another depending on the type of farm: 476 Franc CFA for scenario 1, 610 Franc CFA for scenario 2 and 472 Franc CFA for scenario 3 (F CFA = franc of the French Colonies of Africa). The Average operating income for all the fish farming units is 34,726,142 Franc CFA. The highest (41,638,075 Franc CFA) and lowest (29,281,075 Franc CFA) ERs were observed in scenarios 3 and 2 respectively. It was 33,259,275 Franc CFA for scenario 1. The difference between the NERs of the three scenarios is more or less significant in terms of results. The operating result (OR) is positive in all 3 scenarios in our study. However, the scenario 3 system generates a higher rate of return (the ratio between an income and the capital employed to obtain that income) (74%) than that generated by the scenario 1 system (69%). As for the scenario 2 system, it generates a lower financial return than the two previous systems (67%). Above all, this work made it possible to construct an approach that would make it possible to answer such a question by relying successively on various methods: a typology, according to the production factors involved in the operation of the Community Agricultural Estate fish farm.
文摘In different languages and cultures, color terms usually indicate their specific cultural concepts and metaphorical implicature. This paper makes a typological study on the universality and relativity of the Conceptual Metaphors （CM） of color terms in different languages. It attempts to explore the cognitive differences and similarities in the process of categorization and metaphorization of color terms of oriental and western peoples. It proposes that the CM system of color terms is determined by the interactivity of three factors as neurophysiologic mechanisms, general cognitive psychological mechanisms and socio-cultural selective mechanisms. The CM of color terms in different languages carry their specific cognitive characteristics and cultural values, and reflect self-similarity of the language and culture.
文摘Most of the isolated electrical systems throughout the world suffer from similar problems of fragility and high dependence on external resources to generate energy. Smart Grid solutions and integration of renewable energies in order to solve their problems have increased, although it is necessary to know their specific characteristics to select the optimal solutions for each case. Therefore, as the overall objective of INSULAE Project, the development of an Investment Planning Tool, IPT, is on the way. This paper provides a view on a characterization methodology developed for the set of Reference Islands and how it will help to exploit the IPT developed. For that, characterization vectors have been defined based on a selection of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). And Reference Islands have been obtained from the analysis of KPIs data gathered from EU islands considering the vectors formed. The linkage of new islands to reference islands helps provide the new islands with an assessment on the possibility space of their investment plans with the aim of being a decarbonization plan considering the demonstrations already evaluated.
文摘The contemporary interest,on one hand for a renewed relationship between city and natural landscape,on the other for settlement typologies intrinsically efficient from an energy standpoint took back the attention on the design of the dug city,or rather,almost completely excavated.This is an emblematic model of the requirement that deals with the factors of its environment,like sun,wind,ground,shadow and flora,forcing some designers to migrate from usual design methodologies,indifferent to these design parameters,and they are careful only to the“laws of form”,in search of criteria and fine calculation tools to optimize the configuration and the structure of buildings,in order to ensure that they can be managed as“passively”as possible.What it means,with the minimum contribution of plants to ensure the best satisfaction of comfort and psychological needs of users:not only lighting,sunbathing,ventilation,thermal comfort in summer and winter,acoustic comfort,but also view characteristics,quality of lighting and sociological aspects.In general dialectic between artifice and nature,the theme of dug architecture today is faced not only as one of the most interesting and rich suggestions,but also as one of those,in which the reflection on objectives,methodologies and tools is longer necessary,to the identification of a new way of urban living and effective solutions against energy consumption.
文摘Ecotourism is a tourism modality intricately linked to the principles of sustainability,due to its natural offer component and environmental education.The objective of this research is to evaluate the perception of ecotourists present on the coast of Yucatan.From a regional approach,the author selected twenty-five community-based ecotourism ventures(CBET)present in the area and analysed the perception of ecotourists through a questionnaire and its respective statistical analysis with non-parametric tests,and developed a general profile of the ecotourist applying a sociodemographic segmentation and based on a geographical segmentation the author compared the perceptions of two populations:national ecotourists and international ecotourists.The data reveal that the profile of the ecotourist on the coast of Yucatan is similar to that postulated in the literature.In terms of environmental perception the author found a significant difference in both populations,and believed that this difference is because the international market is more critical and demanding.In addition,areas of opportunity were documented in the CBETs in the way they carry out their environmental communication.The author concluded that ecotourism in the region is still an activity in consolidation and although it presents great achievements.It is still not possible to qualify it as a sustainable activity.We call for continuing deepening the studies of ecotourism demand and evaluation of perception,through comparative,longitudinal studies and with new variables that allow new test statistics,to contribute new elements to the ecotourism debate.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 40572038）.
文摘Morphological and chemical studies on zircon grains from gabbro and granite of the Pingtan magmatic complex, Fujian Province, eastern China, show that there are three stages of zircon growth. The early stage of zircon growth is characterized by colorlessness, high transparence and birefringence, low and dispersive Ipr and Ipy, weak and homogeneous BSE brightness, lower Hf content and depletion of U, Th and Y; the middle stage is characterized by abruptly increasing lpy, progressively strong and sectoral-zoning BSE brightness, higher Hf content and enrichment of U, Th and Y with Th/U 〉 1; the late stage of growth is characterized by brownish color, poor transparence, low birefringence, highest Ipr and Ipy, middle and oscillatorily-zoning BSE brightness, highest contents of Hf, U and Y with Th/U 〈 1. The stages are considered to be formed in a deep magma chamber, ascent passage and emplacement site, respectively. Due to the more or less long residual time of the magma chamber, the difference in age between the early and late stages of zircon might be great enough to be distinguished, which can be attributed to tectonic constraint for the magnlatism.
