Against the backdrop of increasing consumer complaints about out-of-school education and training and the difficulty of refunding fees caused by the closure of training institutions,this paper analyses the development...Against the backdrop of increasing consumer complaints about out-of-school education and training and the difficulty of refunding fees caused by the closure of training institutions,this paper analyses the development of China's education and training industry in the last decade and the risks it is currently facing,and designs an innovative after-school tutoring pre-paid consumption perfomance bond insurance based on 218 questionnaires collected.The product uses a big data platform to connect three different ports of the APP,drawing on the new model of“commercial insurance and e-CNY and platform supervision”.It uses credit rating to determine the cost,a credit level transfer matrix to calculate the probability of risk events and the average cumulative default rate to achieve reasonable pricing over a long period of time,and nearly a dozen calculation formulas to determine the balance of the advance receipts,which provides consumers with more comprehensive and flexible risk protection.At the same time,we have studied the user experience optimisation and marketing strategy of this insurance product,aiming to achieve a virtuous cycle for the insurance company.As an innovative insurance product,the product fills a gap in the market and is highly competitive in terms of future market demand.We hope that insurance can effectively protect the legitimate rights and we expect to provide realistic help for those of us who aspire to education and provide reference for other consumer protection.展开更多
English thesis writing and tutoring process is traditionally loose and open-ended. Both students and teachers enjoy much liberty in the maneuver of different steps in the whole process, which, as it were, may cause a ...English thesis writing and tutoring process is traditionally loose and open-ended. Both students and teachers enjoy much liberty in the maneuver of different steps in the whole process, which, as it were, may cause a series of problems and dissatisfactions, consequently undermining the quality and significance. This paper is intended to explore a streamlined and systematic procedure to ensure both the students and teachers are doing their bit and make due contribution to the thesis perfection.展开更多
More and more college students start their social practice by tutoring children. However, quite a few do not have a clear conception about individual tutoring at the beginning of their practice, and not everyone invol...More and more college students start their social practice by tutoring children. However, quite a few do not have a clear conception about individual tutoring at the beginning of their practice, and not everyone involved in individual tutoring can end up with fruitful results. In this paper, the author did a research to find out the problems and the efficient ways to carry on this social practice in the hope that college students can finish their practice efficiently and thus form their career goal gradually.展开更多
An Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) is a computer based instruction tool that attempts to provide individualized instructions based on learner’s educational status. Advances in development of these systems have rose...An Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) is a computer based instruction tool that attempts to provide individualized instructions based on learner’s educational status. Advances in development of these systems have rose and fell since their emergence. Perhaps the main reason for this is the absence of appropriate framework for ITS development. This paper proposes a framework for designing two main parts of ITSs. Besides development framework, the second main reason for lack of significant advances in ITS development is its development cost. In general, this cost for instructional material is quite high and it becomes more in ITS development. The proposed method can significantly reduce the development cost. The cost reduction mainly is because of characteristics of applied mapping techniques. These maps are human readable and easily understandable by people who are not aware of knowledge representation techniques. The proposed framework is implemented for a graduate course at a technical university in Asia. This experiment provides an individualized instruction which is the main designing purpose of the ITSs.展开更多
There is a growing technological development in intelligent teaching systems. This field has become interesting to many researchers. In this paper, we present an intelligent tutoring system for teaching mathematics th...There is a growing technological development in intelligent teaching systems. This field has become interesting to many researchers. In this paper, we present an intelligent tutoring system for teaching mathematics that helps students understand the basics of linear programming using Linear Program Solver and Service for Solving Linear Programming Problems, through which students will be able to solve economic problems. It comes down to determining the minimum or maximum value of a linear function, which is called the objective function, according to pre-set limiting conditions expressed by linear equations and inequalities. The goal function and the limiting conditions represent a mathematical model of the observed problem. Working as a professor of mathematics in high school, I felt the need for one such work and dealing with the study of linear programming as an integral part of mathematics. There are a number of papers in this regard, but exclusively related to traditional ways of working, as stated in the introductory part of the paper. The center of work as well as the final part deals with the study of linear programming using programs that deal with this topic.展开更多
This paper explores the application of big data technology in ideological and political education for college counselors.Big data-driven personalized counseling for students,social network analysis,and public opinion ...This paper explores the application of big data technology in ideological and political education for college counselors.Big data-driven personalized counseling for students,social network analysis,and public opinion monitoring can optimize the efficiency of counselor work.However,there are still challenges concerning data privacy protection,technical support,and training.By scientifically evaluating and addressing these challenges,big data technology is expected to enhance the effectiveness of college counselors and improve the quality of ideological and political education.In the future,with technological advancements,big data technology will become an essential tool for higher education management.展开更多
Writing practice plays a crucial role in the process of language learning.But grading compositions often requires a lot of time and effort,and different teachers have varying standards.Therefore,an automatic essay sco...Writing practice plays a crucial role in the process of language learning.But grading compositions often requires a lot of time and effort,and different teachers have varying standards.Therefore,an automatic essay scoring system is particularly important as it can alleviate the difficulties teachers face in correcting compositions.It is revealed that automated essay scoring systems are predominantly found in the context of English language corpora,with a staggering 95 pieces of literature dedicated to the subject,but there are only two or three pieces of literature related to automated essay scoring systems for Chinese or other languages(Huawei&Aryadoust,2023).Therefore,the development of an automated essay scoring system in the Chinese context is particularly essential.展开更多
This study analyzed the effect of primary and secondary school students'on-campus out-of-school-hours(OSH)tutoring participation on private tutoring participation using the two-level Bernoulli model based on the C...This study analyzed the effect of primary and secondary school students'on-campus out-of-school-hours(OSH)tutoring participation on private tutoring participation using the two-level Bernoulli model based on the China Family Panel Studies(CFPS)data in 2018.The results revealed that students'on-campus OSH tutoring participation did not decrease the likelihood of their private tutoring participation,while low-achieving students or students from disadvantaged family socioeconomic status(SES)were more likely to continue to participate in private tutoring after receiving OSH tutoring.This may be due to the following:Firstly,on-campus OSH tutoring was less targeted and personalized before the implementation of the"double reduction"policy;secondly,private tutoring institutions conducted misleading marketing and offered private tutoring in the time for on-campus OSH tutoring;and thirdly,students with disadvantaged family SES had fewer opportunities to receive high-quality OSH tutoring.Therefore,it is suggested that concerted efforts be made to provide more targeted and personalized on-campus OSH tutoring and prohibit academic private tutoring institutions from entering campuses.Additionally,it is necessary to enrich the supply of OsH service resources for interest and quality development,optimize the allocation of on-campus OsH tutoring resources,and facilitate the balanced,quality-oriented development of OSH tutoring among different schoolsandregions.展开更多
Purpose:The relationship between private tutoring(PT)and mainstream education is among the complex themes characterizing PT discourses in the literature.This study examined the complications of practices and processes...Purpose:The relationship between private tutoring(PT)and mainstream education is among the complex themes characterizing PT discourses in the literature.This study examined the complications of practices and processes in tutoring and schooling to elucidate different roles played by PT and its relationship with mainstream education.Design/Approach/Methods:This study used qualitative data from a diverse set of 37 PT providers from the State of Maharashtra,India,to delineate their roles and explore their relationship with schooling in this context.Findings:The classification of PT providers roles into complementary,accommodating,competing,and substitutive ones demonstrated a diverse range of relationships between PT and mainstream education.Further analysis showed that these relationships are dynamic in nature,and the boundaries between them are blurred.Originality/Value:Research in the field of PT has been consistently pointing toward a perplexing mixture of positive and negative outcomes resulting from its relationship with mainstream education.This study transcended the positive vis-a-vis negative binary approach by contributing to the deeper understanding of PT relationships.Furthermore,it exemplified how future studies can disentangle the complexities of such relationships by deploying flexible,context-specific theoretical approaches.展开更多
Purpose:This article examines responses from the tutoring sector to Chinese national and local government regulations on private supplementary tutoring.It adds to the literature on policy enactment,showing the importa...Purpose:This article examines responses from the tutoring sector to Chinese national and local government regulations on private supplementary tutoring.It adds to the literature on policy enactment,showing the importance of context and noting the diversity of tutoring providers compared with schools.Design/Approach/Methods:The article draws on semi-structured and informal interviews with 11 tutors,15 managers of tutoring enterprises,5 members and managers of professional organizations,5 government officials,5 school managers,5 teachers,and 20 parents.Data from interviewees were triangulated with observations,news reports,blogs written by tutoring analysts,and ad hoc research by industrial observers.Findings:Policy enactment in the tutoring sector is even more complex than that for schooling.Standardized policies do not necessarily achieve the aspired goals.Originality/Value:The article adds to the literature not only in China but also internationally.It highlights the importance of distinguishing between aspirations and realities in this domain.It also proposes conceptual considerations for regulating tutoring,given its diverse and fluid nature.展开更多
Purpose-In recent years,private tutoring has become increasingly prevalent in China and has become both a dominant way for students to learn after school and a major component of family educational expenditure.This pa...Purpose-In recent years,private tutoring has become increasingly prevalent in China and has become both a dominant way for students to learn after school and a major component of family educational expenditure.This paper aims to analyze the factors that affect Chinese students’participation in private tutoring and the effectiveness of private tutoring.Design/Approach/Methods-We use data from the Programme for International Student Assessment(PISA)2015 of China's Mainland area and focus specifically on science-related private tutoring.Multilevel logistic model and hierarchical linear model based on coarsened exact matching(CEM)are used to conduct the investigations.Findings-Empirical results show that individual level factors including student’s interest in science,educational expectations,and school-level factors such as school autonomy,science-related learning resources and school size pose a significant influence on the likelihood of participation in private tutoring.Moreover,science-related private tutoring has not significantly improved the overall scientific literacy scores of students.In addition,private tutoring has widened the performance gap among students from different socioeconomic backgrounds,with students from socioeconomically advantaged family experiencing more significant gains from tutoring.Originality/Value-These findings suggest that providing free high-quality tutoring to students from disadvantaged families might be an effective way of promoting educational equity.展开更多
Purpose:This article examines how individual,school,and social factors shape the perceptions of students in Senior Secondary Three(SS3;in some schools called Form Six[F6])toward English private tutoring in Macao.Desig...Purpose:This article examines how individual,school,and social factors shape the perceptions of students in Senior Secondary Three(SS3;in some schools called Form Six[F6])toward English private tutoring in Macao.Design/Approach/Methods:This is a comparative study of two F6 classes of an English-medium secondary school and four SS3 classes of a Chinese-medium secondary school in Macao,with a total number of 145 students.Mixed-methods approach(questionnaires and interviews)is employed in the study.Findings:The respondents’participation in English tutoring is not very intensive.They prefer to receive government-subsidized after-school tutoring taught by their schoolteachers more than feepaying English tutoring taught by tutors outside.Low level of social competition and high tertiary enrollment rates contribute to this phenomenon.Students’needs and beliefs in English learning play key roles in determining their receipt of English tutoring.Originality/Value:Teachers may need better understanding of their students’needs so as to design suitable pedagogies.Schools can consider more fully the types of tutoring that they provide for different kinds of pupils.The government-subsidized after-school tutoring could be a plausible way to reduce educational inequality.展开更多
Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to explore the current status of,and developmental trends affecting,the participation in supplementary tutoring by compulsory education students in China.Design/Approach/Methods-Ba...Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to explore the current status of,and developmental trends affecting,the participation in supplementary tutoring by compulsory education students in China.Design/Approach/Methods-Based on the data from the China Family Panel Study(CFPS)conducted by the Peking University Institute of Social Science Survey in 2010,2012,2014,and 2016,the paper uses the method of multilevel linear model to comprehensively analyze problems involving a multilevel data structure.Findings-The paper finds that the proportion of compulsory education students participating in supplementary tutoring(and the expenditure on such tutoring)increased annually before declining in 2016.Students with higher socioeconomic status,higher school quality,and better academic performance have a higher tutoring participation rate and also spend more on tutoring.Students in China’s three northeastern provinces and eastern coastal areas have higher participation rates in tutoring and higher tutoring expenditures.Originality/Value-Supplementary tutoring in China already has its own developmental patterns and trends;however,few scholars have empirically studied the developmental patterns and trends of supplementary tutoring in compulsory education based on longitudinal survey data.展开更多
Purpose:This article sheds light on the historical changes in the tutoring industry and discusses the nature and driving forces of tutoring in the Hong Kong context.Based on the historical overview,this article introd...Purpose:This article sheds light on the historical changes in the tutoring industry and discusses the nature and driving forces of tutoring in the Hong Kong context.Based on the historical overview,this article introduces new developments in tutoring and discusses how tutoring fits into the bigger education picture.Design/Approach/Methods:Private tutoring in Hong Kong saw its takeoff in business in the 1980s,when the economy started to boom and parents were more willing to spend money on their children’s education.These parents hoped that their children,by receiving university education,could improve their families’lives and secure a brighter future.Public examinations were used as a screening tool to select the cream of the crop for university admissions.Therefore,for many local mainstream school students,passing the public examinations with flying colors became the be-all and end-all of their studies.Tutorial schools regarded their fears as an opportunity and devised courses to suit their needs and allay their fears.Findings:More recently,educational reform,declining birth rate,and technological advances have brought challenges for tutoring businesses.They have explored new markets and changed the mode of operation to increase student intake and cut costs.It is expected that local tutorial schools,in particular the big tutorial-school chains,will providemore online courses for learners fromearly childhood to adult and will reduce the number and scale of off-line courses.Also,we may see a new kind of“star”tutors catering not to local mainstream school students but to their local international school counterparts.Originality/Value:Literature on tutoring in Hong Kong mainly investigates the phenomenon in recent times,specifically the past two decades.This article is the first attempt to draw a holistic picture of tutoring’s historical development from an industrial perspective.展开更多
This article sheds light on the emergence of private tutoring in Denmark.Written from the perspective of a tutoring entrepreneur,it discusses the challenges and opportunities faced by a fledgling tutoring company in p...This article sheds light on the emergence of private tutoring in Denmark.Written from the perspective of a tutoring entrepreneur,it discusses the challenges and opportunities faced by a fledgling tutoring company in present-day Danish society.The article is a personal narrative of the author's experience with establishing the first major Danish tutoring company.The enthusiastic response by parents to the services offered by the author's company shows that there has long existed a hitherto unmet need for private tutoring in Denmark.However,the author also argues that the political turmoil surrounding the 2013 Danish school reform made parents increasingly sceptical that mainstream schools could effectively address the needs of their children.It thereby prepared the ground for launching a private tutoring concept.It is only in the last decade that private tutoring has emerged in Denmark.The article provides a unique insider's perspective on this largely unexplored development.展开更多
The present paper focuses on the regulations on private supplementary tutoring,which in China is widely called Xiaowai Peixun(校外培训).Although much previous international literature has mostly focused on tutoring in...The present paper focuses on the regulations on private supplementary tutoring,which in China is widely called Xiaowai Peixun(校外培训).Although much previous international literature has mostly focused on tutoring in academic subjects,tutoring in non-academic ones such as piano and painting has become popular in China and is also seen as educational investment by families.To fit this context,the present paper adopts a definition of private tutoring covering tutoring in both academic and non-academic subjects.展开更多
Discussion is a common and important learning process.Involvement of a virtual agent can provide adaptive support for the discussion process.Argumen-tative knowledge construction is beneficial to learners’acquisition...Discussion is a common and important learning process.Involvement of a virtual agent can provide adaptive support for the discussion process.Argumen-tative knowledge construction is beneficial to learners’acquisition of knowledge,but the effectiveness of argumentative scaffolding in existing studies is not consistent.Based on an intelligent discussion system,a total of 47 undergraduate students took part in the experiment and they were assigned to three different conditions:content-related plus content-independent scaffolding condition,content-related scaffolding condition,and the control condition.Under the content-related and content-independent scaffolding condition,the computer agent provided an idea from semantically different categories(content-related scaffolding)according to the automatic categorization of the current contributions,and further inquired the participants about their attitudes and reasons(content-independent scaffolding).Under the condition of content-related scaffolding condition,the virtual agent only provided semantically different viewpoints.Under the control condition,the subjects expressed their opinion independently without the participation of the virtual agent.Findings revealed that compared with the control group,when the virtual agent provided semantically different ideas(content-related scaffolding),the discussion breadth(number of categories)was improved and the subjects felt that they had a more comprehensive understanding of the problem.Compared with the content-related scaffolding condition,when the virtual agent provided semantically different ideas and further asked about the attitudes and reasons,the subjects expressed more agreement with these views,but mentioned fewer categories during the discussion.This study suggests that the content-related scaffolding can facilitate the cognitive processing effect relevant to the topic of discussion.When the content independent scaffolding is added,it can promote the argumentative processing,but may have a negative effect on the cognitive processing related to the topic discussed.展开更多
基金funded by the National College Students'Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(No.202410456025)supported by the China Center of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts and the Hong Kong Institute of Humanities and Natural Sciences and Technology.
文摘Against the backdrop of increasing consumer complaints about out-of-school education and training and the difficulty of refunding fees caused by the closure of training institutions,this paper analyses the development of China's education and training industry in the last decade and the risks it is currently facing,and designs an innovative after-school tutoring pre-paid consumption perfomance bond insurance based on 218 questionnaires collected.The product uses a big data platform to connect three different ports of the APP,drawing on the new model of“commercial insurance and e-CNY and platform supervision”.It uses credit rating to determine the cost,a credit level transfer matrix to calculate the probability of risk events and the average cumulative default rate to achieve reasonable pricing over a long period of time,and nearly a dozen calculation formulas to determine the balance of the advance receipts,which provides consumers with more comprehensive and flexible risk protection.At the same time,we have studied the user experience optimisation and marketing strategy of this insurance product,aiming to achieve a virtuous cycle for the insurance company.As an innovative insurance product,the product fills a gap in the market and is highly competitive in terms of future market demand.We hope that insurance can effectively protect the legitimate rights and we expect to provide realistic help for those of us who aspire to education and provide reference for other consumer protection.
文摘English thesis writing and tutoring process is traditionally loose and open-ended. Both students and teachers enjoy much liberty in the maneuver of different steps in the whole process, which, as it were, may cause a series of problems and dissatisfactions, consequently undermining the quality and significance. This paper is intended to explore a streamlined and systematic procedure to ensure both the students and teachers are doing their bit and make due contribution to the thesis perfection.
文摘More and more college students start their social practice by tutoring children. However, quite a few do not have a clear conception about individual tutoring at the beginning of their practice, and not everyone involved in individual tutoring can end up with fruitful results. In this paper, the author did a research to find out the problems and the efficient ways to carry on this social practice in the hope that college students can finish their practice efficiently and thus form their career goal gradually.
文摘An Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) is a computer based instruction tool that attempts to provide individualized instructions based on learner’s educational status. Advances in development of these systems have rose and fell since their emergence. Perhaps the main reason for this is the absence of appropriate framework for ITS development. This paper proposes a framework for designing two main parts of ITSs. Besides development framework, the second main reason for lack of significant advances in ITS development is its development cost. In general, this cost for instructional material is quite high and it becomes more in ITS development. The proposed method can significantly reduce the development cost. The cost reduction mainly is because of characteristics of applied mapping techniques. These maps are human readable and easily understandable by people who are not aware of knowledge representation techniques. The proposed framework is implemented for a graduate course at a technical university in Asia. This experiment provides an individualized instruction which is the main designing purpose of the ITSs.
文摘There is a growing technological development in intelligent teaching systems. This field has become interesting to many researchers. In this paper, we present an intelligent tutoring system for teaching mathematics that helps students understand the basics of linear programming using Linear Program Solver and Service for Solving Linear Programming Problems, through which students will be able to solve economic problems. It comes down to determining the minimum or maximum value of a linear function, which is called the objective function, according to pre-set limiting conditions expressed by linear equations and inequalities. The goal function and the limiting conditions represent a mathematical model of the observed problem. Working as a professor of mathematics in high school, I felt the need for one such work and dealing with the study of linear programming as an integral part of mathematics. There are a number of papers in this regard, but exclusively related to traditional ways of working, as stated in the introductory part of the paper. The center of work as well as the final part deals with the study of linear programming using programs that deal with this topic.
文摘This paper explores the application of big data technology in ideological and political education for college counselors.Big data-driven personalized counseling for students,social network analysis,and public opinion monitoring can optimize the efficiency of counselor work.However,there are still challenges concerning data privacy protection,technical support,and training.By scientifically evaluating and addressing these challenges,big data technology is expected to enhance the effectiveness of college counselors and improve the quality of ideological and political education.In the future,with technological advancements,big data technology will become an essential tool for higher education management.
文摘Writing practice plays a crucial role in the process of language learning.But grading compositions often requires a lot of time and effort,and different teachers have varying standards.Therefore,an automatic essay scoring system is particularly important as it can alleviate the difficulties teachers face in correcting compositions.It is revealed that automated essay scoring systems are predominantly found in the context of English language corpora,with a staggering 95 pieces of literature dedicated to the subject,but there are only two or three pieces of literature related to automated essay scoring systems for Chinese or other languages(Huawei&Aryadoust,2023).Therefore,the development of an automated essay scoring system in the Chinese context is particularly essential.
基金funded by the National Social Science Fund of China,"Study on the Process Monitoring and Effectiveness Evaluation of the Implementation of the‘Double Reduction'Policy"(No.AHA220020).
文摘This study analyzed the effect of primary and secondary school students'on-campus out-of-school-hours(OSH)tutoring participation on private tutoring participation using the two-level Bernoulli model based on the China Family Panel Studies(CFPS)data in 2018.The results revealed that students'on-campus OSH tutoring participation did not decrease the likelihood of their private tutoring participation,while low-achieving students or students from disadvantaged family socioeconomic status(SES)were more likely to continue to participate in private tutoring after receiving OSH tutoring.This may be due to the following:Firstly,on-campus OSH tutoring was less targeted and personalized before the implementation of the"double reduction"policy;secondly,private tutoring institutions conducted misleading marketing and offered private tutoring in the time for on-campus OSH tutoring;and thirdly,students with disadvantaged family SES had fewer opportunities to receive high-quality OSH tutoring.Therefore,it is suggested that concerted efforts be made to provide more targeted and personalized on-campus OSH tutoring and prohibit academic private tutoring institutions from entering campuses.Additionally,it is necessary to enrich the supply of OsH service resources for interest and quality development,optimize the allocation of on-campus OsH tutoring resources,and facilitate the balanced,quality-oriented development of OSH tutoring among different schoolsandregions.
文摘Purpose:The relationship between private tutoring(PT)and mainstream education is among the complex themes characterizing PT discourses in the literature.This study examined the complications of practices and processes in tutoring and schooling to elucidate different roles played by PT and its relationship with mainstream education.Design/Approach/Methods:This study used qualitative data from a diverse set of 37 PT providers from the State of Maharashtra,India,to delineate their roles and explore their relationship with schooling in this context.Findings:The classification of PT providers roles into complementary,accommodating,competing,and substitutive ones demonstrated a diverse range of relationships between PT and mainstream education.Further analysis showed that these relationships are dynamic in nature,and the boundaries between them are blurred.Originality/Value:Research in the field of PT has been consistently pointing toward a perplexing mixture of positive and negative outcomes resulting from its relationship with mainstream education.This study transcended the positive vis-a-vis negative binary approach by contributing to the deeper understanding of PT relationships.Furthermore,it exemplified how future studies can disentangle the complexities of such relationships by deploying flexible,context-specific theoretical approaches.
基金The author(s)disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research,authorship,and/or publication of this article:Research of this work was supported by General Research Fund(GRF)of the Hong Kong Research Grants Council(RGC)(project number 17902815).
文摘Purpose:This article examines responses from the tutoring sector to Chinese national and local government regulations on private supplementary tutoring.It adds to the literature on policy enactment,showing the importance of context and noting the diversity of tutoring providers compared with schools.Design/Approach/Methods:The article draws on semi-structured and informal interviews with 11 tutors,15 managers of tutoring enterprises,5 members and managers of professional organizations,5 government officials,5 school managers,5 teachers,and 20 parents.Data from interviewees were triangulated with observations,news reports,blogs written by tutoring analysts,and ad hoc research by industrial observers.Findings:Policy enactment in the tutoring sector is even more complex than that for schooling.Standardized policies do not necessarily achieve the aspired goals.Originality/Value:The article adds to the literature not only in China but also internationally.It highlights the importance of distinguishing between aspirations and realities in this domain.It also proposes conceptual considerations for regulating tutoring,given its diverse and fluid nature.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China-“Family Capital,Shadow Education and Social Reproduction”Project(Project Approval Number:71774112).
文摘Purpose-In recent years,private tutoring has become increasingly prevalent in China and has become both a dominant way for students to learn after school and a major component of family educational expenditure.This paper aims to analyze the factors that affect Chinese students’participation in private tutoring and the effectiveness of private tutoring.Design/Approach/Methods-We use data from the Programme for International Student Assessment(PISA)2015 of China's Mainland area and focus specifically on science-related private tutoring.Multilevel logistic model and hierarchical linear model based on coarsened exact matching(CEM)are used to conduct the investigations.Findings-Empirical results show that individual level factors including student’s interest in science,educational expectations,and school-level factors such as school autonomy,science-related learning resources and school size pose a significant influence on the likelihood of participation in private tutoring.Moreover,science-related private tutoring has not significantly improved the overall scientific literacy scores of students.In addition,private tutoring has widened the performance gap among students from different socioeconomic backgrounds,with students from socioeconomically advantaged family experiencing more significant gains from tutoring.Originality/Value-These findings suggest that providing free high-quality tutoring to students from disadvantaged families might be an effective way of promoting educational equity.
文摘Purpose:This article examines how individual,school,and social factors shape the perceptions of students in Senior Secondary Three(SS3;in some schools called Form Six[F6])toward English private tutoring in Macao.Design/Approach/Methods:This is a comparative study of two F6 classes of an English-medium secondary school and four SS3 classes of a Chinese-medium secondary school in Macao,with a total number of 145 students.Mixed-methods approach(questionnaires and interviews)is employed in the study.Findings:The respondents’participation in English tutoring is not very intensive.They prefer to receive government-subsidized after-school tutoring taught by their schoolteachers more than feepaying English tutoring taught by tutors outside.Low level of social competition and high tertiary enrollment rates contribute to this phenomenon.Students’needs and beliefs in English learning play key roles in determining their receipt of English tutoring.Originality/Value:Teachers may need better understanding of their students’needs so as to design suitable pedagogies.Schools can consider more fully the types of tutoring that they provide for different kinds of pupils.The government-subsidized after-school tutoring could be a plausible way to reduce educational inequality.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China-“Family Capital,Shadow Education and Social Reproduction”Project(Project Approval Number:71774112)National Natural Science Foundation of China-“Facing the Shadow Education System:Research on Supplementary Tutoring in Compulsory Education in China”Project(Project Approval Number:71373165).
文摘Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to explore the current status of,and developmental trends affecting,the participation in supplementary tutoring by compulsory education students in China.Design/Approach/Methods-Based on the data from the China Family Panel Study(CFPS)conducted by the Peking University Institute of Social Science Survey in 2010,2012,2014,and 2016,the paper uses the method of multilevel linear model to comprehensively analyze problems involving a multilevel data structure.Findings-The paper finds that the proportion of compulsory education students participating in supplementary tutoring(and the expenditure on such tutoring)increased annually before declining in 2016.Students with higher socioeconomic status,higher school quality,and better academic performance have a higher tutoring participation rate and also spend more on tutoring.Students in China’s three northeastern provinces and eastern coastal areas have higher participation rates in tutoring and higher tutoring expenditures.Originality/Value-Supplementary tutoring in China already has its own developmental patterns and trends;however,few scholars have empirically studied the developmental patterns and trends of supplementary tutoring in compulsory education based on longitudinal survey data.
文摘Purpose:This article sheds light on the historical changes in the tutoring industry and discusses the nature and driving forces of tutoring in the Hong Kong context.Based on the historical overview,this article introduces new developments in tutoring and discusses how tutoring fits into the bigger education picture.Design/Approach/Methods:Private tutoring in Hong Kong saw its takeoff in business in the 1980s,when the economy started to boom and parents were more willing to spend money on their children’s education.These parents hoped that their children,by receiving university education,could improve their families’lives and secure a brighter future.Public examinations were used as a screening tool to select the cream of the crop for university admissions.Therefore,for many local mainstream school students,passing the public examinations with flying colors became the be-all and end-all of their studies.Tutorial schools regarded their fears as an opportunity and devised courses to suit their needs and allay their fears.Findings:More recently,educational reform,declining birth rate,and technological advances have brought challenges for tutoring businesses.They have explored new markets and changed the mode of operation to increase student intake and cut costs.It is expected that local tutorial schools,in particular the big tutorial-school chains,will providemore online courses for learners fromearly childhood to adult and will reduce the number and scale of off-line courses.Also,we may see a new kind of“star”tutors catering not to local mainstream school students but to their local international school counterparts.Originality/Value:Literature on tutoring in Hong Kong mainly investigates the phenomenon in recent times,specifically the past two decades.This article is the first attempt to draw a holistic picture of tutoring’s historical development from an industrial perspective.
文摘This article sheds light on the emergence of private tutoring in Denmark.Written from the perspective of a tutoring entrepreneur,it discusses the challenges and opportunities faced by a fledgling tutoring company in present-day Danish society.The article is a personal narrative of the author's experience with establishing the first major Danish tutoring company.The enthusiastic response by parents to the services offered by the author's company shows that there has long existed a hitherto unmet need for private tutoring in Denmark.However,the author also argues that the political turmoil surrounding the 2013 Danish school reform made parents increasingly sceptical that mainstream schools could effectively address the needs of their children.It thereby prepared the ground for launching a private tutoring concept.It is only in the last decade that private tutoring has emerged in Denmark.The article provides a unique insider's perspective on this largely unexplored development.
文摘The present paper focuses on the regulations on private supplementary tutoring,which in China is widely called Xiaowai Peixun(校外培训).Although much previous international literature has mostly focused on tutoring in academic subjects,tutoring in non-academic ones such as piano and painting has become popular in China and is also seen as educational investment by families.To fit this context,the present paper adopts a definition of private tutoring covering tutoring in both academic and non-academic subjects.
文摘Discussion is a common and important learning process.Involvement of a virtual agent can provide adaptive support for the discussion process.Argumen-tative knowledge construction is beneficial to learners’acquisition of knowledge,but the effectiveness of argumentative scaffolding in existing studies is not consistent.Based on an intelligent discussion system,a total of 47 undergraduate students took part in the experiment and they were assigned to three different conditions:content-related plus content-independent scaffolding condition,content-related scaffolding condition,and the control condition.Under the content-related and content-independent scaffolding condition,the computer agent provided an idea from semantically different categories(content-related scaffolding)according to the automatic categorization of the current contributions,and further inquired the participants about their attitudes and reasons(content-independent scaffolding).Under the condition of content-related scaffolding condition,the virtual agent only provided semantically different viewpoints.Under the control condition,the subjects expressed their opinion independently without the participation of the virtual agent.Findings revealed that compared with the control group,when the virtual agent provided semantically different ideas(content-related scaffolding),the discussion breadth(number of categories)was improved and the subjects felt that they had a more comprehensive understanding of the problem.Compared with the content-related scaffolding condition,when the virtual agent provided semantically different ideas and further asked about the attitudes and reasons,the subjects expressed more agreement with these views,but mentioned fewer categories during the discussion.This study suggests that the content-related scaffolding can facilitate the cognitive processing effect relevant to the topic of discussion.When the content independent scaffolding is added,it can promote the argumentative processing,but may have a negative effect on the cognitive processing related to the topic discussed.
