This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of tropical cyclone(TC)forecast performance in the western North Pacific from 2013 to 2022,based on operational forecasts issued by the China Meteorological Administratio...This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of tropical cyclone(TC)forecast performance in the western North Pacific from 2013 to 2022,based on operational forecasts issued by the China Meteorological Administration.The analysis reveals systematic improvements in both track and intensity forecasts over the decade,with distinct error characteristics observed across various forecast parameters.Track forecast errors have steadily decreased,particularly for longer lead times,while error magnitudes have increased with longer forecast lead times.Intensity forecasts show similar progressive enhancements,with maximum sustained wind speed errors decreasing by 0.26 m/s per year for 120 h forecasts.The study also identifies several key patterns in forecast performance:typhoon-grade or stronger TCs exhibit smaller track errors than week or weaker systems;intensity forecasts systematically overestimate weaker TCs while underestimating stronger systems;and spatial error distributions show greater track inaccuracies near landmasses and regional intensity biases.These findings highlight both the significant advances in TC forecasting capability achieved through improved modeling and observational systems,and the remaining challenges in predicting TC changes and landfall behavior,providing valuable benchmarks for future forecast system development.展开更多
This study investigates the width of the secondary eyewall(SE)immediately following its formation in tropical cyclones with surface environmental winds aligned and counter-aligned with environmental vertical wind shea...This study investigates the width of the secondary eyewall(SE)immediately following its formation in tropical cyclones with surface environmental winds aligned and counter-aligned with environmental vertical wind shear(VWS),using idealized numerical experiments.Results reveal that the SE develops greater radial extent when surface winds align with VWS compared to counter-aligned conditions.In alignment configurations,shear-enhanced surface winds on the right flank amplify surface enthalpy fluxes,thereby elevating boundary-layer entropy within the downshear outer-core region.Subsequently,more vigorous outer rainbands develop,inducing marked acceleration of tangential winds in the outer core preceding SE formation.The resultant radial expansion of supergradient winds near the boundary-layer top triggers widespread convective activity immediately beyond the inner core.Progressive axisymmetrization of this convective forcing ultimately generates an expansive SE structure.展开更多
Using multi-source reanalysis data,this study examines the relationship between the tropical Pacific-Atlantic SST Dipole Mode(TPA-DM)and summer precipitation in North China(NCSP)on the interannual timescale during the...Using multi-source reanalysis data,this study examines the relationship between the tropical Pacific-Atlantic SST Dipole Mode(TPA-DM)and summer precipitation in North China(NCSP)on the interannual timescale during the period of 1979-2022.The results show that the TPA-DM,the dominant pattern of interannual variability in the tropical Pacific and Atlantic regions,exhibits a significant negative correlation with NCSP.The positive phase of TPA-DM induces subsidence over the Maritime Continent through a zonal circulation pattern,which initiates a Pacific-Japan-like wave train along the East Asian coast.The circulation anomalies lead to moisture deficits and convergence subsidence over North China,leading to below-normal rainfall.Further analysis reveals that cooler SST in the Southern Tropical Atlantic facilitates the persistence of the TPA-DM by stimulating the anomalous Walker circulation associated with wind-evaporation-SST-convection feedback.展开更多
The atmospheric surface layer of the tropical coastal ocean is commonly very unstable and experiences weakwind conditions.How the latent(LE)and sensible(H)heat fluxes behave under such conditions are unclear because o...The atmospheric surface layer of the tropical coastal ocean is commonly very unstable and experiences weakwind conditions.How the latent(LE)and sensible(H)heat fluxes behave under such conditions are unclear because of the lack of observation stations in the tropics.Thus,this study aims to analyze LE and H and the microclimate parameters influencing them.The authors deployed an eddy covariance system in a tropical coastal region for seven months.The microclimate parameters investigated were wind speed(U),vapor pressure deficit(Δe),temperature difference(ΔT),wind-vapor pressure deficit(UΔe),wind-temperature difference(UΔT),and atmospheric stability(z/L),where z is height and L is the Monin–Obukhov length.On the daily time scale,the results show that LE was more associated with U thanΔe,while H was more related toΔT than U.Cross-wavelet analysis revealed the strong coherence in the LE-U relationship for periods between one and two days,and for H–ΔT,0.5 to 1 day.Correlation and regression analyses confirmed the time series analyses results,where strong positive correlation coefficients(r)were obtained between LE and U(r=0.494)and H andΔT(r=0.365).Compared to other water bodies,the transfer coefficient of moisture(CE N)was found to be small(=0.40×10^(-3))and independent of stability;conversely,the transfer coefficient of heat(CH N)was closer to literature values(=1.00×10^(-3))and a function of stability.展开更多
A modified three-dimensional turbulence parameterization scheme,implemented by replacing the conventional eddydiffusivity formulation with the H-gradient model,has shown good performance in representing the subgrid-sc...A modified three-dimensional turbulence parameterization scheme,implemented by replacing the conventional eddydiffusivity formulation with the H-gradient model,has shown good performance in representing the subgrid-scale(SGS)turbulent fluxes associated with convective clouds in idealized tropical cyclone(TC)simulations.To evaluate the capability of the modified scheme in simulating real TCs,two sets of simulations of TC Soudelor(2015),one with the modified scheme and the other with the original scheme,are conducted.Comparisons with observations and coarse-grained results from large eddy simulation benchmarks demonstrate that the modified scheme improves the forecasting of the intensity and structure,as well as the SGS turbulent fluxes of Soudelor.Using the modified turbulence scheme,a TC with stronger intensity,smaller size,a shallower but stronger inflow layer,and a more intense but less inclined convective updraft is simulated.The rapid intensification process and secondary eyewall features can also be captured better by the modified scheme.By analyzing the mechanism by which turbulent transport impacts the intensity and structure of TCs,it is shown that accurately representing the turbulent transport associated with convective clouds above the planetary boundary layer helps to initiate the TC spin-up process.展开更多
GENERAL Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine is sponsored by Hainan Medical University Journal Publisher,and aims to set up an acdemic communicating platform for scientists all over the world on tropical biom...GENERAL Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine is sponsored by Hainan Medical University Journal Publisher,and aims to set up an acdemic communicating platform for scientists all over the world on tropical biomedicine and related sciences.The Journal invites concise reports of original research in all areas of tropical biomedicine and related fields,both experimental and clinical,including modern,traditional and epidemiological studies,from any part of the world.Review articles based primarily on authors'own research on internationally important topics will be accepted.Short communications and letters to the editor are also welcome.Authors are requested to submit a covering letter indicating that their manuscript represents original unpublished material that has not been and will not be published elsewhere(if accepted).This restriction does not apply to results published as abstracts of communications,letters to the editor or as preliminary reports.By submitting a manuscript the authors warrant that they have obtained permission to use any copyrighted or previously published materials.展开更多
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine is sponsored by Hainan Medical University Journal Publisher,and aims to set up an acdemic communicating platform for scientists all over the world on tropical biomedicine ...Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine is sponsored by Hainan Medical University Journal Publisher,and aims to set up an acdemic communicating platform for scientists all over the world on tropical biomedicine and related sciences.The Journal invites concise reports of original research in all areas of tropical biomedicine and related fields,both experimental and clinical,including modern,traditional and epidemiological studies,from any part of the world.Review articles based primarily on authors'own research on internationally important topics will be accepted.Short communications and letters to the editor are also welcome.Authors are requested to submit a covering letter indicating that their manuscript represents original unpublished material that has not been and will not be published elsewhere(if accepted).This restriction does not apply to results published as abstracts of communications,letters to the editor or as preliminary reports.By submitting a manuscript the authors warrant that they have obtained permission to use any copyrighted or previously published materials.展开更多
GENERAL Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine is sponsored by Hainan Medical University Journal Publisher,and aims to set up an acdemic communicating platform for scientists all over the world on tropical biom...GENERAL Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine is sponsored by Hainan Medical University Journal Publisher,and aims to set up an acdemic communicating platform for scientists all over the world on tropical biomedicine and related sciences.The Journal invites concise reports of original research in all areas of tropical biomedicine and related fields,both experimental and clinical,including modern,traditional and epidemiological studies,from any part of the world.Review articles based primarily on authors'own research on internationally important topics will be accepted.Short communications and letters to the editor are also welcome.Authors are requested to submit a covering letter indicating that their manuscript represents original unpublished material that has not been and will not be published elsewhere(if accepted).This restriction does not apply to results published as abstracts of communications,letters to the editor or as preliminary reports.By submitting a manuscript the authors warrant that they have obtained permission to use any copyrighted or previously published materials.展开更多
In this study,numerical experiments with different initial radius of maximum wind(RMW)are performed to study the effects of tropical cyclone(TC)size combined with land-sea contrast on TC motion and low-level wind stru...In this study,numerical experiments with different initial radius of maximum wind(RMW)are performed to study the effects of tropical cyclone(TC)size combined with land-sea contrast on TC motion and low-level wind structure before landfall.By idealized numerical simulations,we found that larger TC arrived coastline earlier than smaller TC,when they started moving from the same position.This is because that the larger TCs not only accelerate earlier but also have greater movement speed than smaller TCs when they approach the coastline.The mechanism responsible for this is that the edge of large TCs reach coastline earlier,thus their movement speed accelerated earlier than small TCs,due to the asymmetries in diabatic heating and radial flow generated by the land-sea contrast.Moreover,when TCs in three experiments all affected by the land-sea contrast,the stronger asymmetries generated in larger TC,thus resulting in faster movement in larger TC.The stronger inflow in western quadrant and weaker inflow(even outflow)in eastern quadrant of larger TC deduced apparently difference in vertical motion and diabatic heating between western and eastern quadrant of TC before landfall.An analysis of potential vorticity tendency proved that the diabatic heating terms were important and considered in determining the TC landward drift because asymmetries in vertical motion and relative vorticity developed due to asymmetric flow.展开更多
Recent studies identify large uncertainties in the projections of tropical cyclone(TC)activity due to discrepancies in tropical Pacific sea surface temperature(SST)warming patterns.While observational datasets consist...Recent studies identify large uncertainties in the projections of tropical cyclone(TC)activity due to discrepancies in tropical Pacific sea surface temperature(SST)warming patterns.While observational datasets consistently reveal a La Niña-like warming pattern[0.15℃-0.25℃(10 yr)^(−1) relative cooling in the eastern equatorial Pacific],over 80%of CMIP6 models project an erroneous El Niño-like trend.These discrepancies arise from biases in cloud feedbacks,Walker circulation strength,and oceanic upwelling processes.This review examines the key mechanisms shaping observed versus modeled warming patterns,evaluates the complex link between tropical SST patterns and TC activity,and explores the feasibility of storm-resolving models for improving TC projections.We propose that pattern-conditioned TC projections using convection-permitting models,alongside physics-informed interpretations,offer a path forward in reducing uncertainties in future climate predictions.展开更多
Tropical cyclones(TCs)have profound impacts on socioeconomic conditions and pose substantial risks to lives and property.However,it is still unclear whether the multitimescale changes in TC activity over the past 2000...Tropical cyclones(TCs)have profound impacts on socioeconomic conditions and pose substantial risks to lives and property.However,it is still unclear whether the multitimescale changes in TC activity over the past 2000 years in the Northwestern Pacific(NWP)were regulated by Asian dust forcing.Here,we assessed the impact of Asian dust on TC activity using observational data and reconstructed records from the northern and southern NWP.Our correlation analysis of instrumental data from 1954 to 2017 reveals no significant relationship between observed TC activity and Asian dust forcing.Furthermore,we found a meridional dipole pattern of TC variation across the NWP in observations and reconstructions.These finding challenges current explanations that are based on the synchronous changes in TC activity and Asian dust forcing.Alternatively,we propose that the Western Pacific Subtropical High(WPSH)plays a crucial role in driving these meridional dipole patterns in TC variations,as supported by observations and reconstructions.The southwestward extension of an enhanced WPSH intensifies easterly flow,steering TCs westward along its southern edge.This leads to more TC activity in the southern NWP but less in the north,and vice versa when the WPSH is weakened.With the expected strengthening of the WPSH due to global warming,it is vital to consider its impact on NWP TC activity for effective risk-mitigation strategies.展开更多
The present study employs statistical analysis to investigate the relationship between the geopotential height anomalies induced by tropical cyclones(TCs)and the meridional movement of the western Pacific subtropical ...The present study employs statistical analysis to investigate the relationship between the geopotential height anomalies induced by tropical cyclones(TCs)and the meridional movement of the western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH),as well as the mechanisms through which TCs can induce such geopotential height anomalies.Results show that TCs can cause the WPSH to move northward,and the meridional motion of the WPSH ridgeline is related with the geopotential height anomalies,which is better indicated by the relative geopotential height anomalies.In the process of TCs causing the WPSH to move northward,the TCs cause abnormal horizonal warm(cold)advection and abnormal ascending(descending)motion in the region south(north)of 40°N.Since the influence of the abnormal vertical motion is weaker,the abnormal temperature tendency eventually shows a more consistent phase distribution with the abnormal horizonal temperature advection,which is favorable for the temperature to abnormally increase near 40°N.Such an abnormal increase in temperature causes the geopotential height to abnormally increase under the static equilibrium constraint,which further changes the location of the centroid of the WPSH geopotential height,and hence the location of the WPSH ridgeline changes as well.展开更多
This paper discusses division on tropical/subtropical boundary of middle section in South China. This discussion results in new understanding on eco-geographic regions and their boundaries, especially on gradual chang...This paper discusses division on tropical/subtropical boundary of middle section in South China. This discussion results in new understanding on eco-geographic regions and their boundaries, especially on gradual changes of natural conditions between eco-geographic regions. It analyzes results of the same area by other researchers, clarifies differences and causes of the differences for the results. Boundaries of eco-geographic regions cannot be drawn as a line as changes from tropical to subtropical are gradual. Therefore, for an eco-geographic region like tropical zone, definite boundaries must be mapped while gradual changes are considered. Temperature, vegetation and soil are the indexes to divide tropical and subtropical. After indexes of tropical zone are confirmed, data of annual average index reflect general state of the tropical zone. Line from such data is called “tropical boundary”. On the other hand, affected by the monsoon climate, some years are hotter and some are cooler. In hotter years, temperature of north area of tropical boundary reaches tropical state whereas in cooler years, such area moves southward. Boundary of the hottest year is called annual tropical line and that of the coolest year true tropical line. Temperatures in areas south to annual tropical line can probably reach tropical in some years. Temperatures in areas south to real tropical line reach tropical every year. The area from true tropical to annual tropical is called tropical fluctuating zone. Therefore, new concepts of tropical, annual tropical, true tropical and tropical fluctuating zone are formed to understand tropical area from a new point of view in the paper. Based on the indexes of climate, vegetation and soil, boundaries of tropical, annual tropical, true tropical and tropical fluctuating zone of the study area are established. The tropical fluctuating zone explains different locating of different researchers. The paper also puts forward a new method to display boundary for eco-geographic regions.展开更多
Based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses,a new species,Efibula candidissima,is described from Bawangling,National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest.The basidiomata are resupinate,waxy,snow white when fresh,white...Based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses,a new species,Efibula candidissima,is described from Bawangling,National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest.The basidiomata are resupinate,waxy,snow white when fresh,white to cream and soft corky to fragile when dry,with distinct snow white rhizomorph at margin.Hymenophore surface are smooth,and the clamp connections are absent.Ellipsoid to oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores measure 4.8–5.8×3.3–4μm.This species is distributed in tropical forest in southern China.展开更多
This paper investigates the impact of the model top and damping layer on the numerical simulation of tropical cyclones(TCs)and reveals the significant role of stratospheric gravity waves(SGWs).TCs can generate SGWs,wh...This paper investigates the impact of the model top and damping layer on the numerical simulation of tropical cyclones(TCs)and reveals the significant role of stratospheric gravity waves(SGWs).TCs can generate SGWs,which propagate upward and outward into the stratosphere.These SGWs can reach the damping layer,which is a consequence of the numerical scheme employed,where they can affect the tangential circulation through the dragging and forcing processes.In models with a higher top boundary,this tangential circulation develops far from the TC and has minimal direct impact on TC intensity.By comparison,in models with a lower top(e.g.,20 km),the damping layer is located just above the top of the TC.The SGW dragging in the damping layer and the consequent tangential force can thus induce ascent outside the eyewall,promote latent heat release,tilt the eyewall,and enlarge the inner-core radius.This process will reduce inner-core vorticity advection within the boundary layer,and eventually inhibits the intensification of the TC.This suggests that when the thickness of the damping layer is 5 km,the TC numerical model top height should be at least higher than 20 km to generate more accurate simulations.展开更多
Identification keys for terrestrial small mammals are often based on scientific details that require close examination of museum specimens.This paper builds on external morphological characteristics of the rodents rec...Identification keys for terrestrial small mammals are often based on scientific details that require close examination of museum specimens.This paper builds on external morphological characteristics of the rodents recorded through live trapping from 2011 to 2023 in Nyungwe National Park,a tropical rainforest in Rwanda,to formulate a taxonomic key suitable for both expert and non-expert researchers working in similar ecosystems across Africa.We reviewed the literature on taxonomic keys and field guide documents for small mammals to assess their practicality and identify gaps,with a special focus on their relevance to tropical regions and our study area.We then integrated our field records to harmonize this new development.We describe 23 rodent species,identified and confirmed using advanced taxonomic techniques,including DNA barcoding and voucher specimens.The study emphasizes that external features—particularly field photographs,body coloration(dorsal,ventral,and lateral views),and other distinctive anatomical traits—can serve as an effective field taxonomic key for rodents and other terrestrial small mammals,accessible to a broad scientific community.The paper also discusses the limitations of traditional dichotomous keys compared to short descriptions paired with photographic illustrations.The resulting key can be used as a template and is open to refinement as additional species are confirmed,re-assessed,or validated through advanced tools.Future studies may adapt this approach for other terrestrial small mammals and different locations across African tropical rainforests.展开更多
Tropical cyclones(TCs)are one of the most serious types of natural disasters,and accurate TC activity predictions are key to disaster prevention and mitigation.Recently,TC track predictions have made significant progr...Tropical cyclones(TCs)are one of the most serious types of natural disasters,and accurate TC activity predictions are key to disaster prevention and mitigation.Recently,TC track predictions have made significant progress,but the ability to predict their intensity is obviously lagging behind.At present,research on TC intensity prediction takes atmospheric reanalysis data as the research object and mines the relationship between TC-related environmental factors and intensity through deep learning.However,reanalysis data are non-real-time in nature,which does not meet the requirements for operational forecasting applications.Therefore,a TC intensity prediction model named TC-Rolling is proposed,which can simultaneously extract the degree of symmetry for strong TC convective cloud and convection intensity,and fuse the deviation-angle variance with satellite images to construct the correlation between TC convection structure and intensity.For TCs'complex dynamic processes,a convolutional neural network(CNN)is used to learn their temporal and spatial features.For real-time intensity estimation,multi-task learning acts as an implicit time-series enhancement.The model is designed with a rolling strategy that aims to moderate the long-term dependent decay problem and improve accuracy for short-term intensity predictions.Since multiple tasks are correlated,the loss function of 12 h and 24 h are corrected.After testing on a sample of TCs in the Northwest Pacific,with a 4.48 kt root-mean-square error(RMSE)of 6 h intensity prediction,5.78 kt for 12 h,and 13.94 kt for 24 h,TC records from official agencies are used to assess the validity of TC-Rolling.展开更多
Spaceborne microwave instruments possess the capability of day-and-night and all-weather measurements that can penetrate clouds and fog,and directly measure tropical cyclone(TC)ocean surface winds.In this study,we est...Spaceborne microwave instruments possess the capability of day-and-night and all-weather measurements that can penetrate clouds and fog,and directly measure tropical cyclone(TC)ocean surface winds.In this study,we establish an effective methodology to estimate TC dynamic characteristic parameters(DCP),including the storm center location,intensity,radius of maximum wind(RMW)and wind structure,purely from TC ocean winds measured by multi-platform spaceborne microwave instruments.Combining measurements from active and passive sensors can provide long time series data for monitoring changes in storm DCP.Here,the evolution of the DCP for TC Freddy(2023),from its genesis to its landfall,is evaluated using data from synthetic aperture radars(SARs),as well as radiometer(RAD)and scatterometer(SCA)observations.Comparing the results to the best-track datasets for the longitudes and latitudes of the storm centers,we show that the root-mean-square errors(RMSEs)are 0.22°and 0.31°,respectively,both with a correlation of 0.99.For the detected intensity,the RMSEs are 6.8 m s^(−1) for SARs and 7.3 m s^(−1) for RADs.However,TC intensities measured by C-band SCAs are significantly underestimated,especially for wind speeds less than 50 m s^(−1).In terms of RMW and wind radii,the SARs,RADs and SCAs demonstrate good accuracy and applicability.Our investigation emphasizes the crucial role played by spaceborne microwave instruments in the study of TCs.This is helpful in monitoring,and in the future,will help improve the forecasting of TC intensities and their characteristic structures.展开更多
BACKGROUND To investigate whether seasonal differences in ambient temperature affect the incidence of early postoperative cognitive dysfunction(POCD)among elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery in tropical r...BACKGROUND To investigate whether seasonal differences in ambient temperature affect the incidence of early postoperative cognitive dysfunction(POCD)among elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery in tropical regions.Additionally,it explored the perioperative risk factors associated with early POCD following abdominal laparoscopic surgery.AIM To investigate the influence of seasonal differences in ambient temperature on POCD of elderly patients METHODS A total of 125 patients aged≥65 years from Hainan Province,China,who underwent laparoscopic surgery under general anesthesia with tracheal intubation,were enrolled. All patients completed the Mini-Mental State Examination one day before surgery and onpostoperative days 1, 3, and 7. A decline of ≥ 2 points from baseline was considered indicative of cognitivedysfunction. Serum levels of S100 calcium binding protein B and neuron-specific enolase were measured usingenzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at three time points: Preoperatively, immediately after extubation, and 24hours postoperatively. Perioperative clinical data were collected to identify potential risk factors for POCD.Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed (1:1, caliper = 0.03), resulting in 41 matched patient pairs betweenwinter and summer groups.RESULTSAfter PSM, baseline characteristics including age, gender, body mass index, education level, comorbidities, andsurgical variables were well balanced between groups. There were no significant differences in the incidence ofPOCD on postoperative days 1, 3, and 7 between patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery in winter vs summer.However, multivariable logistic regression revealed that surgical duration (day 1, P value = 0.049), advanced ageand elevated creatinine (day 3, P value = 0.044, P value = 0.008), and hypoalbuminemia (day 3, P value = 0.042;day7, P value = 0.015) were independently associated with early POCD.CONCLUSIONAmbient temperature differences between winter and summer in tropical regions did not significantly affect theincidence of early POCD in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery. Nonetheless, age, longer surgicalduration, elevated creatinine, and hypoalbuminemia emerged as key risk factors. These findings underscore theimportance of perioperative optimization to reduce the risk of POCD in elderly patients, regardless of seasonaltemperature variations.展开更多
Tropical river ecosystems are increasingly vulnerable to anthropogenic pressures,yet conventional monitoring methods remain inadequate to capture the rapid and complex ecological changes needed for effective conservat...Tropical river ecosystems are increasingly vulnerable to anthropogenic pressures,yet conventional monitoring methods remain inadequate to capture the rapid and complex ecological changes needed for effective conservation.This study presents“Smart River Watch,”a low-cost,IoT-based ecological monitoring system designed for real-time assessment of key water quality parameters—temperature,pH,and turbidity—in tropical river environments.The system combines Arduino Mega microcontrollers and high-precision sensors with ESP32 WiFi for continuous data transmission to cloud and mobile platforms.Field deployment across five ecologically distinct sites along Indonesia’s Martapura River demonstrated strong performance,achieving exceptional accuracy(r>0.99;error<2%)compared to laboratory methods,a 98.7%transmission success rate,and 23.4-hour operational autonomy.The innovation of this research lies in bridging technological accessibility with ecological needs:enabling high-frequency,real-time monitoring that supports early pollution detection,enhances ecological insight,and empowers local communities through user-friendly mobile interfaces.The cost-effectiveness,rapid deployment(15 minutes per site),and community-based usability of the system make it a scalable solution for biodiversity protection and adaptive water resource management in developing regions.These findings highlight a paradigm shift in ecological monitoring—merging digital innovation with ecosystem stewardship to better protect freshwater biodiversity in the face of accelerating environmental change.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China [grant number 2023YFC3008004]。
文摘This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of tropical cyclone(TC)forecast performance in the western North Pacific from 2013 to 2022,based on operational forecasts issued by the China Meteorological Administration.The analysis reveals systematic improvements in both track and intensity forecasts over the decade,with distinct error characteristics observed across various forecast parameters.Track forecast errors have steadily decreased,particularly for longer lead times,while error magnitudes have increased with longer forecast lead times.Intensity forecasts show similar progressive enhancements,with maximum sustained wind speed errors decreasing by 0.26 m/s per year for 120 h forecasts.The study also identifies several key patterns in forecast performance:typhoon-grade or stronger TCs exhibit smaller track errors than week or weaker systems;intensity forecasts systematically overestimate weaker TCs while underestimating stronger systems;and spatial error distributions show greater track inaccuracies near landmasses and regional intensity biases.These findings highlight both the significant advances in TC forecasting capability achieved through improved modeling and observational systems,and the remaining challenges in predicting TC changes and landfall behavior,providing valuable benchmarks for future forecast system development.
基金jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers U2342202,42175005,and 42175016]the Qing Lan Project[grant number R2023Q06]。
文摘This study investigates the width of the secondary eyewall(SE)immediately following its formation in tropical cyclones with surface environmental winds aligned and counter-aligned with environmental vertical wind shear(VWS),using idealized numerical experiments.Results reveal that the SE develops greater radial extent when surface winds align with VWS compared to counter-aligned conditions.In alignment configurations,shear-enhanced surface winds on the right flank amplify surface enthalpy fluxes,thereby elevating boundary-layer entropy within the downshear outer-core region.Subsequently,more vigorous outer rainbands develop,inducing marked acceleration of tangential winds in the outer core preceding SE formation.The resultant radial expansion of supergradient winds near the boundary-layer top triggers widespread convective activity immediately beyond the inner core.Progressive axisymmetrization of this convective forcing ultimately generates an expansive SE structure.
基金jointly supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program[grant number-ber 2019QZKK0103]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 42293294]the China Meteorological Admin-istration Climate Change Special Program[grant number QBZ202303]。
文摘Using multi-source reanalysis data,this study examines the relationship between the tropical Pacific-Atlantic SST Dipole Mode(TPA-DM)and summer precipitation in North China(NCSP)on the interannual timescale during the period of 1979-2022.The results show that the TPA-DM,the dominant pattern of interannual variability in the tropical Pacific and Atlantic regions,exhibits a significant negative correlation with NCSP.The positive phase of TPA-DM induces subsidence over the Maritime Continent through a zonal circulation pattern,which initiates a Pacific-Japan-like wave train along the East Asian coast.The circulation anomalies lead to moisture deficits and convergence subsidence over North China,leading to below-normal rainfall.Further analysis reveals that cooler SST in the Southern Tropical Atlantic facilitates the persistence of the TPA-DM by stimulating the anomalous Walker circulation associated with wind-evaporation-SST-convection feedback.
基金supported by a PETRONAS-Academia Collabora-tion Dialogue 2022 Grant[Grant number PACD 2022]from PETRONAS Research Sdn.Bhd。
文摘The atmospheric surface layer of the tropical coastal ocean is commonly very unstable and experiences weakwind conditions.How the latent(LE)and sensible(H)heat fluxes behave under such conditions are unclear because of the lack of observation stations in the tropics.Thus,this study aims to analyze LE and H and the microclimate parameters influencing them.The authors deployed an eddy covariance system in a tropical coastal region for seven months.The microclimate parameters investigated were wind speed(U),vapor pressure deficit(Δe),temperature difference(ΔT),wind-vapor pressure deficit(UΔe),wind-temperature difference(UΔT),and atmospheric stability(z/L),where z is height and L is the Monin–Obukhov length.On the daily time scale,the results show that LE was more associated with U thanΔe,while H was more related toΔT than U.Cross-wavelet analysis revealed the strong coherence in the LE-U relationship for periods between one and two days,and for H–ΔT,0.5 to 1 day.Correlation and regression analyses confirmed the time series analyses results,where strong positive correlation coefficients(r)were obtained between LE and U(r=0.494)and H andΔT(r=0.365).Compared to other water bodies,the transfer coefficient of moisture(CE N)was found to be small(=0.40×10^(-3))and independent of stability;conversely,the transfer coefficient of heat(CH N)was closer to literature values(=1.00×10^(-3))and a function of stability.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFC3000803)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42375149,41975133 and 42205070)the Shanghai Pujiang Program(Grant No.22PJ1415900)。
文摘A modified three-dimensional turbulence parameterization scheme,implemented by replacing the conventional eddydiffusivity formulation with the H-gradient model,has shown good performance in representing the subgrid-scale(SGS)turbulent fluxes associated with convective clouds in idealized tropical cyclone(TC)simulations.To evaluate the capability of the modified scheme in simulating real TCs,two sets of simulations of TC Soudelor(2015),one with the modified scheme and the other with the original scheme,are conducted.Comparisons with observations and coarse-grained results from large eddy simulation benchmarks demonstrate that the modified scheme improves the forecasting of the intensity and structure,as well as the SGS turbulent fluxes of Soudelor.Using the modified turbulence scheme,a TC with stronger intensity,smaller size,a shallower but stronger inflow layer,and a more intense but less inclined convective updraft is simulated.The rapid intensification process and secondary eyewall features can also be captured better by the modified scheme.By analyzing the mechanism by which turbulent transport impacts the intensity and structure of TCs,it is shown that accurately representing the turbulent transport associated with convective clouds above the planetary boundary layer helps to initiate the TC spin-up process.
文摘GENERAL Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine is sponsored by Hainan Medical University Journal Publisher,and aims to set up an acdemic communicating platform for scientists all over the world on tropical biomedicine and related sciences.The Journal invites concise reports of original research in all areas of tropical biomedicine and related fields,both experimental and clinical,including modern,traditional and epidemiological studies,from any part of the world.Review articles based primarily on authors'own research on internationally important topics will be accepted.Short communications and letters to the editor are also welcome.Authors are requested to submit a covering letter indicating that their manuscript represents original unpublished material that has not been and will not be published elsewhere(if accepted).This restriction does not apply to results published as abstracts of communications,letters to the editor or as preliminary reports.By submitting a manuscript the authors warrant that they have obtained permission to use any copyrighted or previously published materials.
文摘Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine is sponsored by Hainan Medical University Journal Publisher,and aims to set up an acdemic communicating platform for scientists all over the world on tropical biomedicine and related sciences.The Journal invites concise reports of original research in all areas of tropical biomedicine and related fields,both experimental and clinical,including modern,traditional and epidemiological studies,from any part of the world.Review articles based primarily on authors'own research on internationally important topics will be accepted.Short communications and letters to the editor are also welcome.Authors are requested to submit a covering letter indicating that their manuscript represents original unpublished material that has not been and will not be published elsewhere(if accepted).This restriction does not apply to results published as abstracts of communications,letters to the editor or as preliminary reports.By submitting a manuscript the authors warrant that they have obtained permission to use any copyrighted or previously published materials.
文摘GENERAL Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine is sponsored by Hainan Medical University Journal Publisher,and aims to set up an acdemic communicating platform for scientists all over the world on tropical biomedicine and related sciences.The Journal invites concise reports of original research in all areas of tropical biomedicine and related fields,both experimental and clinical,including modern,traditional and epidemiological studies,from any part of the world.Review articles based primarily on authors'own research on internationally important topics will be accepted.Short communications and letters to the editor are also welcome.Authors are requested to submit a covering letter indicating that their manuscript represents original unpublished material that has not been and will not be published elsewhere(if accepted).This restriction does not apply to results published as abstracts of communications,letters to the editor or as preliminary reports.By submitting a manuscript the authors warrant that they have obtained permission to use any copyrighted or previously published materials.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 42175011,42192554,and 42305007.
文摘In this study,numerical experiments with different initial radius of maximum wind(RMW)are performed to study the effects of tropical cyclone(TC)size combined with land-sea contrast on TC motion and low-level wind structure before landfall.By idealized numerical simulations,we found that larger TC arrived coastline earlier than smaller TC,when they started moving from the same position.This is because that the larger TCs not only accelerate earlier but also have greater movement speed than smaller TCs when they approach the coastline.The mechanism responsible for this is that the edge of large TCs reach coastline earlier,thus their movement speed accelerated earlier than small TCs,due to the asymmetries in diabatic heating and radial flow generated by the land-sea contrast.Moreover,when TCs in three experiments all affected by the land-sea contrast,the stronger asymmetries generated in larger TC,thus resulting in faster movement in larger TC.The stronger inflow in western quadrant and weaker inflow(even outflow)in eastern quadrant of larger TC deduced apparently difference in vertical motion and diabatic heating between western and eastern quadrant of TC before landfall.An analysis of potential vorticity tendency proved that the diabatic heating terms were important and considered in determining the TC landward drift because asymmetries in vertical motion and relative vorticity developed due to asymmetric flow.
基金supported partly by the AORI visiting professorship programsupported in part by a Moonshot R&D grant(Grant No.JPMJMS2282-02)from the Japan Science and Technology Agency+1 种基金the JSPS Core-to-Core Program,“International Core-to-Core Project on Global Storm Resolving Analysis”(Grant No.JPJSCCA20220001)JSPS KAKENHI(Grant Nos.20B202,20H05728,and 24K00703)。
文摘Recent studies identify large uncertainties in the projections of tropical cyclone(TC)activity due to discrepancies in tropical Pacific sea surface temperature(SST)warming patterns.While observational datasets consistently reveal a La Niña-like warming pattern[0.15℃-0.25℃(10 yr)^(−1) relative cooling in the eastern equatorial Pacific],over 80%of CMIP6 models project an erroneous El Niño-like trend.These discrepancies arise from biases in cloud feedbacks,Walker circulation strength,and oceanic upwelling processes.This review examines the key mechanisms shaping observed versus modeled warming patterns,evaluates the complex link between tropical SST patterns and TC activity,and explores the feasibility of storm-resolving models for improving TC projections.We propose that pattern-conditioned TC projections using convection-permitting models,alongside physics-informed interpretations,offer a path forward in reducing uncertainties in future climate predictions.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42225105,No.42201176National Natural Science Foundation of China Basic Science Center for Tibetan Plateau Earth System Project(NSFC BSCTPES Project),No.41988101。
文摘Tropical cyclones(TCs)have profound impacts on socioeconomic conditions and pose substantial risks to lives and property.However,it is still unclear whether the multitimescale changes in TC activity over the past 2000 years in the Northwestern Pacific(NWP)were regulated by Asian dust forcing.Here,we assessed the impact of Asian dust on TC activity using observational data and reconstructed records from the northern and southern NWP.Our correlation analysis of instrumental data from 1954 to 2017 reveals no significant relationship between observed TC activity and Asian dust forcing.Furthermore,we found a meridional dipole pattern of TC variation across the NWP in observations and reconstructions.These finding challenges current explanations that are based on the synchronous changes in TC activity and Asian dust forcing.Alternatively,we propose that the Western Pacific Subtropical High(WPSH)plays a crucial role in driving these meridional dipole patterns in TC variations,as supported by observations and reconstructions.The southwestward extension of an enhanced WPSH intensifies easterly flow,steering TCs westward along its southern edge.This leads to more TC activity in the southern NWP but less in the north,and vice versa when the WPSH is weakened.With the expected strengthening of the WPSH due to global warming,it is vital to consider its impact on NWP TC activity for effective risk-mitigation strategies.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 42305011]。
文摘The present study employs statistical analysis to investigate the relationship between the geopotential height anomalies induced by tropical cyclones(TCs)and the meridional movement of the western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH),as well as the mechanisms through which TCs can induce such geopotential height anomalies.Results show that TCs can cause the WPSH to move northward,and the meridional motion of the WPSH ridgeline is related with the geopotential height anomalies,which is better indicated by the relative geopotential height anomalies.In the process of TCs causing the WPSH to move northward,the TCs cause abnormal horizonal warm(cold)advection and abnormal ascending(descending)motion in the region south(north)of 40°N.Since the influence of the abnormal vertical motion is weaker,the abnormal temperature tendency eventually shows a more consistent phase distribution with the abnormal horizonal temperature advection,which is favorable for the temperature to abnormally increase near 40°N.Such an abnormal increase in temperature causes the geopotential height to abnormally increase under the static equilibrium constraint,which further changes the location of the centroid of the WPSH geopotential height,and hence the location of the WPSH ridgeline changes as well.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.49731020)
文摘This paper discusses division on tropical/subtropical boundary of middle section in South China. This discussion results in new understanding on eco-geographic regions and their boundaries, especially on gradual changes of natural conditions between eco-geographic regions. It analyzes results of the same area by other researchers, clarifies differences and causes of the differences for the results. Boundaries of eco-geographic regions cannot be drawn as a line as changes from tropical to subtropical are gradual. Therefore, for an eco-geographic region like tropical zone, definite boundaries must be mapped while gradual changes are considered. Temperature, vegetation and soil are the indexes to divide tropical and subtropical. After indexes of tropical zone are confirmed, data of annual average index reflect general state of the tropical zone. Line from such data is called “tropical boundary”. On the other hand, affected by the monsoon climate, some years are hotter and some are cooler. In hotter years, temperature of north area of tropical boundary reaches tropical state whereas in cooler years, such area moves southward. Boundary of the hottest year is called annual tropical line and that of the coolest year true tropical line. Temperatures in areas south to annual tropical line can probably reach tropical in some years. Temperatures in areas south to real tropical line reach tropical every year. The area from true tropical to annual tropical is called tropical fluctuating zone. Therefore, new concepts of tropical, annual tropical, true tropical and tropical fluctuating zone are formed to understand tropical area from a new point of view in the paper. Based on the indexes of climate, vegetation and soil, boundaries of tropical, annual tropical, true tropical and tropical fluctuating zone of the study area are established. The tropical fluctuating zone explains different locating of different researchers. The paper also puts forward a new method to display boundary for eco-geographic regions.
基金supported by the Hainan Institute of National Park(KY-24ZK02)the Key Research and Development Program Project of Hainan Province,China(ZDYF2023RDYL01)+1 种基金the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program(Grade C)of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(GZC20230254)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32270011).
文摘Based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses,a new species,Efibula candidissima,is described from Bawangling,National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest.The basidiomata are resupinate,waxy,snow white when fresh,white to cream and soft corky to fragile when dry,with distinct snow white rhizomorph at margin.Hymenophore surface are smooth,and the clamp connections are absent.Ellipsoid to oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores measure 4.8–5.8×3.3–4μm.This species is distributed in tropical forest in southern China.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42475016,42192555 and 42305085)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2023M741615)the 2023 Graduate Research Innovation Project of Hunan Province(Grant No.CX20230011)。
文摘This paper investigates the impact of the model top and damping layer on the numerical simulation of tropical cyclones(TCs)and reveals the significant role of stratospheric gravity waves(SGWs).TCs can generate SGWs,which propagate upward and outward into the stratosphere.These SGWs can reach the damping layer,which is a consequence of the numerical scheme employed,where they can affect the tangential circulation through the dragging and forcing processes.In models with a higher top boundary,this tangential circulation develops far from the TC and has minimal direct impact on TC intensity.By comparison,in models with a lower top(e.g.,20 km),the damping layer is located just above the top of the TC.The SGW dragging in the damping layer and the consequent tangential force can thus induce ascent outside the eyewall,promote latent heat release,tilt the eyewall,and enlarge the inner-core radius.This process will reduce inner-core vorticity advection within the boundary layer,and eventually inhibits the intensification of the TC.This suggests that when the thickness of the damping layer is 5 km,the TC numerical model top height should be at least higher than 20 km to generate more accurate simulations.
文摘Identification keys for terrestrial small mammals are often based on scientific details that require close examination of museum specimens.This paper builds on external morphological characteristics of the rodents recorded through live trapping from 2011 to 2023 in Nyungwe National Park,a tropical rainforest in Rwanda,to formulate a taxonomic key suitable for both expert and non-expert researchers working in similar ecosystems across Africa.We reviewed the literature on taxonomic keys and field guide documents for small mammals to assess their practicality and identify gaps,with a special focus on their relevance to tropical regions and our study area.We then integrated our field records to harmonize this new development.We describe 23 rodent species,identified and confirmed using advanced taxonomic techniques,including DNA barcoding and voucher specimens.The study emphasizes that external features—particularly field photographs,body coloration(dorsal,ventral,and lateral views),and other distinctive anatomical traits—can serve as an effective field taxonomic key for rodents and other terrestrial small mammals,accessible to a broad scientific community.The paper also discusses the limitations of traditional dichotomous keys compared to short descriptions paired with photographic illustrations.The resulting key can be used as a template and is open to refinement as additional species are confirmed,re-assessed,or validated through advanced tools.Future studies may adapt this approach for other terrestrial small mammals and different locations across African tropical rainforests.
基金jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42075138 and 42375147)the Program on Key Basic Research Project of Jiangsu(Grant No.BE2023829)。
文摘Tropical cyclones(TCs)are one of the most serious types of natural disasters,and accurate TC activity predictions are key to disaster prevention and mitigation.Recently,TC track predictions have made significant progress,but the ability to predict their intensity is obviously lagging behind.At present,research on TC intensity prediction takes atmospheric reanalysis data as the research object and mines the relationship between TC-related environmental factors and intensity through deep learning.However,reanalysis data are non-real-time in nature,which does not meet the requirements for operational forecasting applications.Therefore,a TC intensity prediction model named TC-Rolling is proposed,which can simultaneously extract the degree of symmetry for strong TC convective cloud and convection intensity,and fuse the deviation-angle variance with satellite images to construct the correlation between TC convection structure and intensity.For TCs'complex dynamic processes,a convolutional neural network(CNN)is used to learn their temporal and spatial features.For real-time intensity estimation,multi-task learning acts as an implicit time-series enhancement.The model is designed with a rolling strategy that aims to moderate the long-term dependent decay problem and improve accuracy for short-term intensity predictions.Since multiple tasks are correlated,the loss function of 12 h and 24 h are corrected.After testing on a sample of TCs in the Northwest Pacific,with a 4.48 kt root-mean-square error(RMSE)of 6 h intensity prediction,5.78 kt for 12 h,and 13.94 kt for 24 h,TC records from official agencies are used to assess the validity of TC-Rolling.
基金supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. LZJMZ25D050008 and LQ21D060001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 42305153)+4 种基金the East China Meteorological Science and Technology Collaborative Innovation Foundation Cooperation Project (Grant No. QYHZ202307)the Zhejiang Meteorological Science and Technology Plan Project (Grant Nos. 2021YB07, 2022ZD06 and 2023YB06)the Youth Innovation Team Fund of the China Meteorological Administration (Grant No.CMA2023QN12)support of the Canadian program “Transforming Climate Action” led by Dalhousie University in Canadathe Canadian Space Agency (CSA) projects “Ocean surface features related to aggregation of North Atlantic Right Whales (NARWs)” and “Fine resolution classification of sea ice from the RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM)”
文摘Spaceborne microwave instruments possess the capability of day-and-night and all-weather measurements that can penetrate clouds and fog,and directly measure tropical cyclone(TC)ocean surface winds.In this study,we establish an effective methodology to estimate TC dynamic characteristic parameters(DCP),including the storm center location,intensity,radius of maximum wind(RMW)and wind structure,purely from TC ocean winds measured by multi-platform spaceborne microwave instruments.Combining measurements from active and passive sensors can provide long time series data for monitoring changes in storm DCP.Here,the evolution of the DCP for TC Freddy(2023),from its genesis to its landfall,is evaluated using data from synthetic aperture radars(SARs),as well as radiometer(RAD)and scatterometer(SCA)observations.Comparing the results to the best-track datasets for the longitudes and latitudes of the storm centers,we show that the root-mean-square errors(RMSEs)are 0.22°and 0.31°,respectively,both with a correlation of 0.99.For the detected intensity,the RMSEs are 6.8 m s^(−1) for SARs and 7.3 m s^(−1) for RADs.However,TC intensities measured by C-band SCAs are significantly underestimated,especially for wind speeds less than 50 m s^(−1).In terms of RMW and wind radii,the SARs,RADs and SCAs demonstrate good accuracy and applicability.Our investigation emphasizes the crucial role played by spaceborne microwave instruments in the study of TCs.This is helpful in monitoring,and in the future,will help improve the forecasting of TC intensities and their characteristic structures.
文摘BACKGROUND To investigate whether seasonal differences in ambient temperature affect the incidence of early postoperative cognitive dysfunction(POCD)among elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery in tropical regions.Additionally,it explored the perioperative risk factors associated with early POCD following abdominal laparoscopic surgery.AIM To investigate the influence of seasonal differences in ambient temperature on POCD of elderly patients METHODS A total of 125 patients aged≥65 years from Hainan Province,China,who underwent laparoscopic surgery under general anesthesia with tracheal intubation,were enrolled. All patients completed the Mini-Mental State Examination one day before surgery and onpostoperative days 1, 3, and 7. A decline of ≥ 2 points from baseline was considered indicative of cognitivedysfunction. Serum levels of S100 calcium binding protein B and neuron-specific enolase were measured usingenzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at three time points: Preoperatively, immediately after extubation, and 24hours postoperatively. Perioperative clinical data were collected to identify potential risk factors for POCD.Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed (1:1, caliper = 0.03), resulting in 41 matched patient pairs betweenwinter and summer groups.RESULTSAfter PSM, baseline characteristics including age, gender, body mass index, education level, comorbidities, andsurgical variables were well balanced between groups. There were no significant differences in the incidence ofPOCD on postoperative days 1, 3, and 7 between patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery in winter vs summer.However, multivariable logistic regression revealed that surgical duration (day 1, P value = 0.049), advanced ageand elevated creatinine (day 3, P value = 0.044, P value = 0.008), and hypoalbuminemia (day 3, P value = 0.042;day7, P value = 0.015) were independently associated with early POCD.CONCLUSIONAmbient temperature differences between winter and summer in tropical regions did not significantly affect theincidence of early POCD in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery. Nonetheless, age, longer surgicalduration, elevated creatinine, and hypoalbuminemia emerged as key risk factors. These findings underscore theimportance of perioperative optimization to reduce the risk of POCD in elderly patients, regardless of seasonaltemperature variations.
文摘Tropical river ecosystems are increasingly vulnerable to anthropogenic pressures,yet conventional monitoring methods remain inadequate to capture the rapid and complex ecological changes needed for effective conservation.This study presents“Smart River Watch,”a low-cost,IoT-based ecological monitoring system designed for real-time assessment of key water quality parameters—temperature,pH,and turbidity—in tropical river environments.The system combines Arduino Mega microcontrollers and high-precision sensors with ESP32 WiFi for continuous data transmission to cloud and mobile platforms.Field deployment across five ecologically distinct sites along Indonesia’s Martapura River demonstrated strong performance,achieving exceptional accuracy(r>0.99;error<2%)compared to laboratory methods,a 98.7%transmission success rate,and 23.4-hour operational autonomy.The innovation of this research lies in bridging technological accessibility with ecological needs:enabling high-frequency,real-time monitoring that supports early pollution detection,enhances ecological insight,and empowers local communities through user-friendly mobile interfaces.The cost-effectiveness,rapid deployment(15 minutes per site),and community-based usability of the system make it a scalable solution for biodiversity protection and adaptive water resource management in developing regions.These findings highlight a paradigm shift in ecological monitoring—merging digital innovation with ecosystem stewardship to better protect freshwater biodiversity in the face of accelerating environmental change.
