Trichomoniasis is the most common, sexually transmitted infection. It is caused by the flagellated protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. Symptoms include vaginitis and infections have been associated with preterm ...Trichomoniasis is the most common, sexually transmitted infection. It is caused by the flagellated protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. Symptoms include vaginitis and infections have been associated with preterm delivery, low birth weight and increased infant mortality, as well as predisposing to HIV/AIDS and cervical cancer. Trichomoniasis has the highest prevalence and incidence of any sexually transmitted infection. The 5-nitroimidazole drugs, of which metronidazole is the most prescribed, are the only approved,effective drugs to treat trichomoniasis. Resistance against metronidazole is frequently reported and crossresistance among the family of 5-nitroimidazole drugs is common, leaving no alternative for treatment, with some cases remaining unresolved. The mechanism of metronidazole resistance in T. vaginalis from treatment failures is not well understood, unlike resistance which is developed in the laboratory under increasing metronidazole pressure. In the latter situation, hydrogenosomal function which is involved in activation of the prodrug, metronidazole, is down-regulated. Reversion to sensitivity is incomplete after removal of drug pressure in the highly resistant parasites while clinically resistant strains, so far analysed, maintain their resistance levels in the absence of drug pressure. Although anaerobic resistance has been regarded as a laboratory induced phenomenon, it clearly has been demonstrated in clinical isolates. Pursuit of both approaches will allow dissection of the underlying mechanisms. Many alternative drugs and treatments have been tested in vivo in cases of refractory trichomoniasis, as well as in vitro with some successes including the broad spectrum anti-parasitic drug nitazoxanide. Drug resistance incidence in T. vaginalis appears to be on the increase and improved surveillance of treatment failures is urged.展开更多
Trichomonas vaginalis infection is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections in humans and is now recognized as an important cause of infertility in men. There is little information about the effect of...Trichomonas vaginalis infection is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections in humans and is now recognized as an important cause of infertility in men. There is little information about the effect of extracellular polymeric substances （EPS） from T. vaginalis on sperm, but previous reports do not provide a conclusive description of the functional integrity of the sperm. To investigate the impact of EPS on the fertilizing capacity of sperm, we assessed sperm motility, acrosomal status, hypo-osmotic swelling, and in vitro fertilization rate after incubating the sperm with EPS in vitro using mice. The incubation of sperm with EPS significantly decreased sperm motility, viability, and functional integrity in a concentration and time-dependent manner. These effects on sperm quality also resulted in a decreased fertilization rate in vitro. This is the first report that demonstrates the direct negative impact of the EPS of T. vaginalis on the fertilization rate of sperm in vitro. However, further study should be performed using human sperm to determine if EPS has similar negative impact on human sperm fertilizing capacity in vitro.展开更多
This paper reports the ultrastructural changes of trichomonas vaginaiis (T. vag. ) under the action of s-(-)usnic acid sodium in vitro. These changes can be shown by the following results:At first, the degranulation o...This paper reports the ultrastructural changes of trichomonas vaginaiis (T. vag. ) under the action of s-(-)usnic acid sodium in vitro. These changes can be shown by the following results:At first, the degranulation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) took place, the polyribosomes disaggregated. And then, the Golgi complex and the endoplasmic reticulum dilated. The cytoplasmic matrix presented and inhomogeneous apperance. Finally, the biomembrane loosed and fractured.The cell nuclei presented the karyorrhexis.展开更多
Background: Adolescents are disproportionally affected by sexually transmitted infections (STI). Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) are the most frequent curable STI in adolescents, causing seri...Background: Adolescents are disproportionally affected by sexually transmitted infections (STI). Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) are the most frequent curable STI in adolescents, causing serious consequences for their reproductive health. Therefore, we aimed to determine the prevalence and incidence of CT and TV, as well as their risk factors in pregnant adolescents from Belém, northern Brazilian Amazon. Methods: This prospective study enrolled 199 adolescents up to 20 weeks of pregnancy. They were scheduled for follow-up visit between 28 and 29 weeks of pregnancy. Sociodemographic and behavioral data were obtained by interview. Cervicovaginal samples were taken to test for TV, CT, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and bacterial vaginosis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to test the association of prevalent/incident CT and TV with the variables. Results: Prevalence of cervical CT infection was 33.7% (n = 67/ 199), and for trichomoniasis it was 4.0% (n = 8/199). Cervical ectopy increased the risk for prevalent CT (OR, 1.93;95% CI, 1.01 - 3.70), while having treated vaginal discharge in the past (OR, 0.51;95% CI, 0.26 - 0.98) and being married (OR, 0.10;95% CI, 0.01 - 0.83) were protective against current CT and TV, respectively. Among the 95 (47.7%) adolescents who completed follow-up, 15 cases of incident CT were identified. Incident CT was associated with having a formal or informal job (OR, 28.4;95% CI, 2.1 - 391.6) and bacterial vaginosis treatment at the baseline (OR, 0.08;95% CI, 0.01 - 0.69). Conclusion: Prevalence and incidence rates of TV and CT are high in this population devoid of STI routine screening. Treatment of bacterial vaginosis may benefit this population by reducing risk for CT acquisition.展开更多
Objective:To produce comparative data on a group of Trichomonas vaginalis clonal strains with varied drug responses using identical methods and materials.Methods:Five clonal strains of Trichomonas vaginalis were isola...Objective:To produce comparative data on a group of Trichomonas vaginalis clonal strains with varied drug responses using identical methods and materials.Methods:Five clonal strains of Trichomonas vaginalis were isolated from reference strain using agar plate technique.The variability of growth kinetic and susceptibility of clonal strain to metronidazole,tinidazole, satranidazole and nitazoxanide were observed in 96 well microlilre plate.Results:Among these clonal strains there was a good correlation between rates of growth with the relative susceptibility of the strains to drugs in vitro.Regarding metronidazole,tinidazole and satranidazole susceptibility,different degrees of susceptibility were determined.However,no difference in nitazoxanide susceptibility was found between the clonal strain tested and a reference strain. Conclusions:This is the first description of biological variability in clonal stock of Trichomonas vaginalis.Different degrees of drug susceptibility were determined among clonal strains tested. Further studies will be necessary to ascertain the importance of this variability in clinical infection.展开更多
Transposons are sequence elements widely distributed among genomes of all three kingdoms of life, providing genomic changes and playing significant roles in genome evolution. Trichomonas vaginalis is an excellent mode...Transposons are sequence elements widely distributed among genomes of all three kingdoms of life, providing genomic changes and playing significant roles in genome evolution. Trichomonas vaginalis is an excellent model system for transposon study since its genome （- 160 Mb） has been sequenced and is composed of - 65% transposons and other repetitive elements. In this study, we primarily report the identification of Kolobok-type transposons （termed tvBac） in T. vaginalis and the results of transposase sequence analysis. We categorized 24 novel subfamilies of the Kolobok element, including one autonomous subfamily and 23 non-autonomous subfamilies. We also identified a novel H2CH motif in tvBac transposases based on multiple sequence alignment. In addition, we supposed that tvBac and Mutator transposons may have evolved independently from a common ancestor according to our phylogenetic analysis. Our results provide basic information for the understanding of the function and evolution of tvBac transposons in particular and other related transposon families in general.展开更多
Trichomonas vaginalis,a protist parasite of the urogenital tract in humans,is the causative agent of trichomonosis,which in recent years have been associated with the cervical cancer development.In the present study w...Trichomonas vaginalis,a protist parasite of the urogenital tract in humans,is the causative agent of trichomonosis,which in recent years have been associated with the cervical cancer development.In the present study we analyzed the modifications at the junctional complex level of Caco-2 cells after interaction with two isolates of T.vaginalis and the influence of the iron concentration present in the parasite’s culture medium on the interaction effects.Our results show that T.vaginalis adheres to the epithelial cell causing alterations in the junctional complex,such as:(a)a decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance;(b)alteration in the pattern of junctional complex proteins distribution as observed for E-cadherin,occludin and ZO-1;and(c)enlargement of the spaces between epithelial cells.These effects were dependent on(a)the degree of the parasite virulence isolate,(b)the iron concentration in the culture medium,and(c)the expression of adhesin proteins on the parasite surface.展开更多
It has been shown that some parasites interfere with malignant tumor cells growth in vivo or in vitro. In this work anticancer activity of three live protozoan parasites;Toxoplasma gondii, Trichomonas vaginalis and Le...It has been shown that some parasites interfere with malignant tumor cells growth in vivo or in vitro. In this work anticancer activity of three live protozoan parasites;Toxoplasma gondii, Trichomonas vaginalis and Leishmania major on fibrosarcoma cells growth has been investigated in cell culture medium. In this experimental study, WEHI-164 fibrosarcoma cells treated with alive Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite, Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoite or Leishmania major promastigote as case groups or left intact as control groups. Following 24 hours incubation the number of cells, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and apoptosis were determined in case and control groups. Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite decreased cell proliferation and increased cell lyses’ but it did not induce apoptosis. Trichomonas vaginalis or Leishmania major didn’t show any effects on cell proliferation, cell lyses or apoptosis. Therefore Toxoplasma gondii may have anticancer activity and further works is recommended to understand the mechanisms of action.展开更多
A total of 282 outpatient pregnant antenatal and non-pregnant women from internally displaced camps attending the Poly Health Clinic (PHC) and the Enwang Health Centre (EHC) were examined for Trichomonas vaginalis inf...A total of 282 outpatient pregnant antenatal and non-pregnant women from internally displaced camps attending the Poly Health Clinic (PHC) and the Enwang Health Centre (EHC) were examined for Trichomonas vaginalis infection. Direct wet mount microscopy and Giemsa staining techniques were used on High Vaginal Swab (HVS) specimens collected on sterile swab sticks. A prevalence of 20 (57.1%) was recorded using both methods;12 (7.2%) in PHC and 08 (6.2%) in EHC Mbo local government area, Akwa Ibom State respectively. Differences among pregnant and non-pregnant women used were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Women in the age group 15 - 19 years had the highest prevalence of infection 03 (10.5%), closely followed by those of age group 20 - 24 years 6 (6.8%). A total number of 14 (6.7%) infections were recorded among married women followed by single women with 06 (10%). A higher prevalence rate of 01 (24%) was recorded among women who attended Quranic level of education and 04 (16.7%) with uneducated women, this may be due to small sample size within this group of women. 12 (6.5%) in women with primary school education and 03 (4.7%) in women with secondary school level of education. The need for improved personal hygiene in IDP camps and other effective intervention programmes among these vulnerable groups of women is advocated.展开更多
Objective: To study the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) infection in Chinese male patients with nongonococcalurethritis (NGU), to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity ofurine-based and urethral swab polym...Objective: To study the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) infection in Chinese male patients with nongonococcalurethritis (NGU), to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity ofurine-based and urethral swab polymerase chain reaction(PCR) detection, to set up a method for non-invasive detectionof male TV infection. Method: One hundred and five male NGU patients wereselected from a Beijing STD clinic. Two urethral swabs wereobtained from each patient, one for the InPouch TV culturesystem and the other for PCR. In addition, one first void urinespecimen was collected for PCR detection. Culture wasconsidered the 'gold standard'. The sensitivity, specificity,positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value(NPV) of the two PCR detections were compared to cultureresults. Results: The prevalence of urine-based PCR and urethralswab PCR detection was 3.81% (4/105) and 4.76% (5/105)respectively. Compared to culture, the sensitivity, specificity,PPV and NPV were 80%, 100%, 100% and 99% for urinbased PCR and 80%, 99%, 80% and 99% for urethral swab PCR. Conclusion: TV is one of the etiological agents in male NGU,with a 4.76% prevalence of infection in our study. The urine-based PCR detection has higher sensitivity and specificity andprovides a noninvasive method more feasible in practice.展开更多
Background: Trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the world, and the occurrence of this infection during pregnancy is responsible for adverse obstetrical outcomes like pre...Background: Trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the world, and the occurrence of this infection during pregnancy is responsible for adverse obstetrical outcomes like premature labor, premature rupture of membranes (PROM) and low birth weight (birth weight < 2500 g). The association with a number of factors (maternal age, low level of education, low socio-economic status and multiple sexual partners, etc.) that can be found in our environment suggest its probably high prevalence amongst vaginal infections that are responsible for adverse obstetrical outcomes, but up-to-date estimates are lacking. Objective: To assess the obstetrical risk associated with Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) infection in our environment. Methods: We designed a protocol for a prospective cohort study which will take place in four medical facilities in the city of Kinshasa, where all pregnant women with a pregnancy of at least 20 weeks and who will give written consent will be included. Vaginal swab specimens will be collected for T. vaginalis research by direct microscopy wet mount. Follow-up will consist of recording the process of the pregnancy and obstetrical outcomes. Conclusion: Results from this study will allow to enhance management and also bring updated estimates on T. vaginalis prevalence and its obstetrical outcomes for infected pregnant woman in our environment.展开更多
Background Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis ) belongs to a common sexually transmitted disease pathogen causing genitourinary trichomoniasis in both sexes. We investigated the pathogenetic mechanism of gen itourina...Background Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis ) belongs to a common sexually transmitted disease pathogen causing genitourinary trichomoniasis in both sexes. We investigated the pathogenetic mechanism of gen itourinary trichomoniasis.Methods Cultured T. vaginalis bodies were injected into the vaginas of rats, or incubated with genitourinary epithelial cells of female subjects, male subjects, and sperm. The ultrastructural and microscopic changes were observed via transmission and scanning electron microscopy and through microscopic histochemistry.Results Groups of T.vaginalis adhered to PAS positive colum nar cells at the surface of stratified epithelium in the middle and upper portions of the vaginas. They a lso traversed under these cells. The parasites were shown to be PAS, cathepsin D, and actin positive, and they could release hydrolase into the cytoplasm of adher ed epithelial cells. In the amebiform T.vaginalis, microfilaments were arranged into reticular formation. Similar phenomena were found during the interaction of T.vaginalis with host cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Usually several protozoa adhered to a n epithelial cell and formed polymorphic pseudopodia or surface invaginations to surround and phagocytize the microvilli or other parts of the epithelial cytoplasm. Adhesion and phagocytosis of sperm by the protozoa occurred at 15-30 minutes of incubation. Digestion of sperm was found at 45-75 minutes and was complete at 90-105 minutes.Conclusions T.vaginalis tends to parasitize at the fornix o f the vagina, because this is the site where columnar cells are rich in mucinogen granules and thei r microvilli are helpful for adhesion and nibbling. T.vaginalis possesses some invad ing and attacking abilities. Shape change, canalization, encystation, phagocytosis, digestion, the cell coat, cytoskeleton, and lysosome all play important roles in the process of adhesion. They have two methods of phagocytosis: nibbling and ingestion. Genitourinary epithelium may be injured directly by the digestive action of hydrolases, phagocytosis, and the mechanical action of pseudopodia.展开更多
The objective of this multicentric study was to assess the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma génitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis infections in Brazzaville, in the Republic of...The objective of this multicentric study was to assess the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma génitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis infections in Brazzaville, in the Republic of Congo, using molecular methods. From January to December 2021, the sexually transmitted disease risk participants were recruited from six centers: The Association of Young HIV-Positive People of Congo, The Congolese Association for Family Welfare, The Association for Support to Vulnerable Groups, Talangaï hospital, Brazzaville university hospital (outpatient service) and the private clinic COGEMO (outpatient service). The real-time multiplex PCR was carried out to detect these pathogens. Each patient had at least one specimen (urine, urethral, anal and/or vaginal samples). The patients were considered infected when one of their samples was positive. 287 participants made of 227 women and 60 men were tested. The general prevalence of these infections was: Chlamydia trachomatis 2.79%, Neisseria gonorrhoeae 3.14%, Mycoplasma génitalium 3.45% and Trichomonas vaginalis 2.97. The prevalence rates according to sex were: C. trachomatis, M. génitalium, N. gonorrhea and T. vaginalis were 1.32%, 2.05%, 1.32% and 3.42% in women and 8.33%, 7.02%, 10% and 1.75% in men, respectively. Most infected patients were asymptomatic. Prevalence rates were higher in bisexual individuals, with the exception of T. vaginalis which showed higher prevalence in heterosexual patients. The bisexual and homosexual individuals represent a major public health problem in sexually active young adults, particularly among men having sex with men. These sexually transmitted infections are mainly asymptomatic, their diagnosis and management remain difficult in developing countries.展开更多
Trichomoniasis and HPV infection are common non-viral and viral sexually transmitted diseases worldwide.Emerging evidence shows that the female genital tract and its microbiota are greatly affected by these pathogens....Trichomoniasis and HPV infection are common non-viral and viral sexually transmitted diseases worldwide.Emerging evidence shows that the female genital tract and its microbiota are greatly affected by these pathogens.However,the relationship between Trichomonas vaginalis,the vaginal microbiome,and High-risk(HR)-HPV infection is complex and multifaceted.Studies have proven that concurrent infections of HIV and HPV increase the risk of cervical cancer.With this basis,a question arises:How does the concurrent infection of trichomonas vaginalis and HPV affect genital tract health?Does this concurrent infection enhance or inhibit the development of cervical lesions?This review aims to bring light to these questions.This review also covers the association of trichomonas vaginalis and HPV with the microbiota of the genital tract.展开更多
Objective:To obtain the frequency of trichomoniasis and molecular diagnosis among women referred to a laboratory in Urmia (north west Iran).Methods: In the cross sectional study during the year 2014-2015, women with c...Objective:To obtain the frequency of trichomoniasis and molecular diagnosis among women referred to a laboratory in Urmia (north west Iran).Methods: In the cross sectional study during the year 2014-2015, women with complaints of abnormal discharge, itching, irritation and unpleasant odor were studied using convenience sampling. These people were referred to one of the laboratories in town by gynecologist. After preparing the checklist of underlying data, vaginal wet smear samples was prepared to assess andChi-square in terms ofTrichomonas vaginalis(T. vaginalis) infection was examine. And results were analyzed with statistical tests. Results: 11.1% of referred casese were 30-40 years old, and about 54.8% of referred were illiterate and primitive. The frequency of trichomoniasis was 11.1% and statistically there was no significant difference. There was no significant difference among the age, education level, method of contraception, marriage age, location, employment status and the number of delivery withT. vaginalis.Conclusion:T. vaginalis compared to other studies have a moderate prevalence among women of Urmia. Because of the concordance of this infection with other sexual transmitted diseases, it is recommended that further studies of the prevalence of these diseases in Urmia be done.展开更多
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are the infections that can be transmitted from one sex partner, who already has such infection, to another. The causes of STIs in human are very well elucidated and their causat...Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are the infections that can be transmitted from one sex partner, who already has such infection, to another. The causes of STIs in human are very well elucidated and their causative agents are identified as bacteria, parasites and viruses. The worldwide epidemiology of more than 20 types of STIs has been established, which includes diseases like Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Genital herpes, HIV/ AIDS, HPV, Syphilis and Trichomoniasis. Though STIs affect both men and women indiscriminately, however, the pathophysiology of disease is more obvious among women. Other than abstinence, the most effective way to prevent the transmission or acquisition of STIs is to use a condom during sexual intercourse. Condoms are effective in decreasing the transmission of HIV. However, once contacted, STIs caused by bacteria or parasites can be treated with antibiotics. STIs caused by a virus may not virtually have any cure though the medicines may keep the disease under control. Correct usage of preventive measures greatly reduces but does not completely eliminate the risk of catching or spreading STIs.展开更多
Introduction: Thymus vulgaris is used in traditional medicine to treat gastrointestinal diseases because of its antifungal, antibacterial, and antispasmodic activity. Objective: To verify whether Thymus vulgaris also ...Introduction: Thymus vulgaris is used in traditional medicine to treat gastrointestinal diseases because of its antifungal, antibacterial, and antispasmodic activity. Objective: To verify whether Thymus vulgaris also has antiprotozoal activity against Trichomonas vaginalis, Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. Materials and methods: Conventional cultures of parasites were measured on the third day during the logarithmic growth phase. The antiprotozoal activity of the methanol extract and its fractions were evaluated comparing growth in cultures with and without extracts. Next, the extract was fractionated by polarity-based partitioning. Then, the purity of each fraction was determined by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The percentage of growth inhibition was calculated with respect to untreated controls. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of each extract was calculated by PROBIT analysis. Results: We found that a methanol extract of the aerial parts of Thymus vulgaris, at 300 μg/mL, inhibited the in vitro growth of G. lamblia and T. vaginalis, while E. histolytica growth was poorly inhibited. The methanol extract was further separated into mixtures of ursolic, oleanolic, and betulinic acids. The IC50 values of ursolic acid against G. lamblia and T. vaginalis were 8.12 μg/mL and 5.51 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: The methanol extract fraction containing ursolic acid obtained from Thymus vulgaris has antiprotozoal activity against G. lamblia and T. vaginalis trophozoites.展开更多
Objective: To examine college-aged students’ sexual risk taking behavior and their knowledge level. Design: descriptive design participants. Setting: A convenience sample of college-aged students between the ages of ...Objective: To examine college-aged students’ sexual risk taking behavior and their knowledge level. Design: descriptive design participants. Setting: A convenience sample of college-aged students between the ages of 17 - 25. Results: Seven hundred and seventy students responded to the survey. Findings revealed that 33% had sexual intercourse with two to five individuals, and 15.5% between eleven and twenty sexual partners. 50.9% had unprotected vaginal intercourse not using condoms and of those 45.8% either do not insist on condom use or only use them occasionally. 22.1% do not insist on using condoms for sexual intercourse and 24.7% responded that they sometimes insist on condom use. 47.2% are not worried about getting AIDS. 41.3% are not concerned with genital lesions. 42.4% would rate themselves as not being very knowledgeable about sexually transmitted infections. 12.4% of the females had unintended pregnancies and overall 74.9% would not feel comfortable discussing their sexual activity with their mothers. 58.1% use alcohol prior to or during sexual intercourse.展开更多
The authors report a cross-sectional descriptive study over 6 years, from December 8th, 2003 to October 27th, 2009, involving 911 women involved in the sex trade within the Yèrêlon group in Bobo-Dioulasso. O...The authors report a cross-sectional descriptive study over 6 years, from December 8th, 2003 to October 27th, 2009, involving 911 women involved in the sex trade within the Yèrêlon group in Bobo-Dioulasso. Objectives: To describe the epidemiological, clinical and etiological aspects of vaginal discharge in women in the Yèrêlon group of the city Bobo-Dioulasso. Results: Frequency of vaginal discharge was 48.89%. The mean age was 28.4 years with extremes of 16 and 54 years. Single, divorced and widowed women accounted for 78.8% of the study population. Women who never attended school and those with primary education accounted for 74.3% of the study population. HIV serology was positive in 38.4% of cases. The main symptoms were genital itching, dyspareunia and urinary signs. The main germs identified in the laboratory were Candida albicans, Trichomonas vaginalis and Gardenerella vaginalis. Conclusion: vaginal discharge was found in 48.89% of women in the Yèrêlon group of Bobo-Dioulasso. The clinical study of the discharge and the laboratory results allowed a diagnosis and a better management of the leucorrhea in the group Yèrêlon.展开更多
This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of bacterial, Candida, Trichomonas, and human papillomavirus （HPV） infections in ThinPrep cytological test （TCT） performed on women of Wuhan, China. ThinPrep smears were ...This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of bacterial, Candida, Trichomonas, and human papillomavirus （HPV） infections in ThinPrep cytological test （TCT） performed on women of Wuhan, China. ThinPrep smears were screened by two independent experienced pathologists and reported from 2008 to 2010. A total of 46 866 ThinPrep smears were studied, and smears with inflammation were analyzed. Of the 44 162 enrolled patients, inflammation changes were observed in 21 935 （49.7%） and specific infections in 6884 （31.4%）. The infections detected were as follows： bacteria, 5663 （82.3%）; Candida, 825 （12.0%）; Trichomonas, 273 （4.0%）; and HPV, 148 （2.1%）. Significant changes were found in the prevalence of bacteria and Candida among women who underwent TCT before and after 2010. Z2 revealed an increasing proportion of specific infections found in smears after 2010 （P = 0.000）. In conclusion, bacterial infection was the most detectable in the ThinPrep smears, followed by Candida and Trichomonas. The prevalence of infection identified by TCT was found to be similar in previous literature in China.展开更多
文摘Trichomoniasis is the most common, sexually transmitted infection. It is caused by the flagellated protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. Symptoms include vaginitis and infections have been associated with preterm delivery, low birth weight and increased infant mortality, as well as predisposing to HIV/AIDS and cervical cancer. Trichomoniasis has the highest prevalence and incidence of any sexually transmitted infection. The 5-nitroimidazole drugs, of which metronidazole is the most prescribed, are the only approved,effective drugs to treat trichomoniasis. Resistance against metronidazole is frequently reported and crossresistance among the family of 5-nitroimidazole drugs is common, leaving no alternative for treatment, with some cases remaining unresolved. The mechanism of metronidazole resistance in T. vaginalis from treatment failures is not well understood, unlike resistance which is developed in the laboratory under increasing metronidazole pressure. In the latter situation, hydrogenosomal function which is involved in activation of the prodrug, metronidazole, is down-regulated. Reversion to sensitivity is incomplete after removal of drug pressure in the highly resistant parasites while clinically resistant strains, so far analysed, maintain their resistance levels in the absence of drug pressure. Although anaerobic resistance has been regarded as a laboratory induced phenomenon, it clearly has been demonstrated in clinical isolates. Pursuit of both approaches will allow dissection of the underlying mechanisms. Many alternative drugs and treatments have been tested in vivo in cases of refractory trichomoniasis, as well as in vitro with some successes including the broad spectrum anti-parasitic drug nitazoxanide. Drug resistance incidence in T. vaginalis appears to be on the increase and improved surveillance of treatment failures is urged.
文摘Trichomonas vaginalis infection is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections in humans and is now recognized as an important cause of infertility in men. There is little information about the effect of extracellular polymeric substances （EPS） from T. vaginalis on sperm, but previous reports do not provide a conclusive description of the functional integrity of the sperm. To investigate the impact of EPS on the fertilizing capacity of sperm, we assessed sperm motility, acrosomal status, hypo-osmotic swelling, and in vitro fertilization rate after incubating the sperm with EPS in vitro using mice. The incubation of sperm with EPS significantly decreased sperm motility, viability, and functional integrity in a concentration and time-dependent manner. These effects on sperm quality also resulted in a decreased fertilization rate in vitro. This is the first report that demonstrates the direct negative impact of the EPS of T. vaginalis on the fertilization rate of sperm in vitro. However, further study should be performed using human sperm to determine if EPS has similar negative impact on human sperm fertilizing capacity in vitro.
文摘This paper reports the ultrastructural changes of trichomonas vaginaiis (T. vag. ) under the action of s-(-)usnic acid sodium in vitro. These changes can be shown by the following results:At first, the degranulation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) took place, the polyribosomes disaggregated. And then, the Golgi complex and the endoplasmic reticulum dilated. The cytoplasmic matrix presented and inhomogeneous apperance. Finally, the biomembrane loosed and fractured.The cell nuclei presented the karyorrhexis.
基金This study was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico(CNPq),Grant#551245/2007-7.
文摘Background: Adolescents are disproportionally affected by sexually transmitted infections (STI). Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) are the most frequent curable STI in adolescents, causing serious consequences for their reproductive health. Therefore, we aimed to determine the prevalence and incidence of CT and TV, as well as their risk factors in pregnant adolescents from Belém, northern Brazilian Amazon. Methods: This prospective study enrolled 199 adolescents up to 20 weeks of pregnancy. They were scheduled for follow-up visit between 28 and 29 weeks of pregnancy. Sociodemographic and behavioral data were obtained by interview. Cervicovaginal samples were taken to test for TV, CT, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and bacterial vaginosis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to test the association of prevalent/incident CT and TV with the variables. Results: Prevalence of cervical CT infection was 33.7% (n = 67/ 199), and for trichomoniasis it was 4.0% (n = 8/199). Cervical ectopy increased the risk for prevalent CT (OR, 1.93;95% CI, 1.01 - 3.70), while having treated vaginal discharge in the past (OR, 0.51;95% CI, 0.26 - 0.98) and being married (OR, 0.10;95% CI, 0.01 - 0.83) were protective against current CT and TV, respectively. Among the 95 (47.7%) adolescents who completed follow-up, 15 cases of incident CT were identified. Incident CT was associated with having a formal or informal job (OR, 28.4;95% CI, 2.1 - 391.6) and bacterial vaginosis treatment at the baseline (OR, 0.08;95% CI, 0.01 - 0.69). Conclusion: Prevalence and incidence rates of TV and CT are high in this population devoid of STI routine screening. Treatment of bacterial vaginosis may benefit this population by reducing risk for CT acquisition.
基金One of us (HC) is grateful to NIPER for providing financial assistance
文摘Objective:To produce comparative data on a group of Trichomonas vaginalis clonal strains with varied drug responses using identical methods and materials.Methods:Five clonal strains of Trichomonas vaginalis were isolated from reference strain using agar plate technique.The variability of growth kinetic and susceptibility of clonal strain to metronidazole,tinidazole, satranidazole and nitazoxanide were observed in 96 well microlilre plate.Results:Among these clonal strains there was a good correlation between rates of growth with the relative susceptibility of the strains to drugs in vitro.Regarding metronidazole,tinidazole and satranidazole susceptibility,different degrees of susceptibility were determined.However,no difference in nitazoxanide susceptibility was found between the clonal strain tested and a reference strain. Conclusions:This is the first description of biological variability in clonal stock of Trichomonas vaginalis.Different degrees of drug susceptibility were determined among clonal strains tested. Further studies will be necessary to ascertain the importance of this variability in clinical infection.
基金supported by grants from the National Basic Research Program(973 Program)(Nos.2006CB910401, 2006CB910403 and 2006CB910404) awarded to JY and HSthe Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology,the National Science and Technology Key Project(No. 2008ZX10004-013) awarded to JY
文摘Transposons are sequence elements widely distributed among genomes of all three kingdoms of life, providing genomic changes and playing significant roles in genome evolution. Trichomonas vaginalis is an excellent model system for transposon study since its genome （- 160 Mb） has been sequenced and is composed of - 65% transposons and other repetitive elements. In this study, we primarily report the identification of Kolobok-type transposons （termed tvBac） in T. vaginalis and the results of transposase sequence analysis. We categorized 24 novel subfamilies of the Kolobok element, including one autonomous subfamily and 23 non-autonomous subfamilies. We also identified a novel H2CH motif in tvBac transposases based on multiple sequence alignment. In addition, we supposed that tvBac and Mutator transposons may have evolved independently from a common ancestor according to our phylogenetic analysis. Our results provide basic information for the understanding of the function and evolution of tvBac transposons in particular and other related transposon families in general.
基金This work was supported by Fundção Ary Frauzino para Pesquisa e Controle do Cfincer.Instituto Nacional de Cãncer.Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro(FAPERJ)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientfico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Associação Universitfiria Santa Ursula(AUSU).
文摘Trichomonas vaginalis,a protist parasite of the urogenital tract in humans,is the causative agent of trichomonosis,which in recent years have been associated with the cervical cancer development.In the present study we analyzed the modifications at the junctional complex level of Caco-2 cells after interaction with two isolates of T.vaginalis and the influence of the iron concentration present in the parasite’s culture medium on the interaction effects.Our results show that T.vaginalis adheres to the epithelial cell causing alterations in the junctional complex,such as:(a)a decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance;(b)alteration in the pattern of junctional complex proteins distribution as observed for E-cadherin,occludin and ZO-1;and(c)enlargement of the spaces between epithelial cells.These effects were dependent on(a)the degree of the parasite virulence isolate,(b)the iron concentration in the culture medium,and(c)the expression of adhesin proteins on the parasite surface.
文摘It has been shown that some parasites interfere with malignant tumor cells growth in vivo or in vitro. In this work anticancer activity of three live protozoan parasites;Toxoplasma gondii, Trichomonas vaginalis and Leishmania major on fibrosarcoma cells growth has been investigated in cell culture medium. In this experimental study, WEHI-164 fibrosarcoma cells treated with alive Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite, Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoite or Leishmania major promastigote as case groups or left intact as control groups. Following 24 hours incubation the number of cells, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and apoptosis were determined in case and control groups. Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite decreased cell proliferation and increased cell lyses’ but it did not induce apoptosis. Trichomonas vaginalis or Leishmania major didn’t show any effects on cell proliferation, cell lyses or apoptosis. Therefore Toxoplasma gondii may have anticancer activity and further works is recommended to understand the mechanisms of action.
文摘A total of 282 outpatient pregnant antenatal and non-pregnant women from internally displaced camps attending the Poly Health Clinic (PHC) and the Enwang Health Centre (EHC) were examined for Trichomonas vaginalis infection. Direct wet mount microscopy and Giemsa staining techniques were used on High Vaginal Swab (HVS) specimens collected on sterile swab sticks. A prevalence of 20 (57.1%) was recorded using both methods;12 (7.2%) in PHC and 08 (6.2%) in EHC Mbo local government area, Akwa Ibom State respectively. Differences among pregnant and non-pregnant women used were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Women in the age group 15 - 19 years had the highest prevalence of infection 03 (10.5%), closely followed by those of age group 20 - 24 years 6 (6.8%). A total number of 14 (6.7%) infections were recorded among married women followed by single women with 06 (10%). A higher prevalence rate of 01 (24%) was recorded among women who attended Quranic level of education and 04 (16.7%) with uneducated women, this may be due to small sample size within this group of women. 12 (6.5%) in women with primary school education and 03 (4.7%) in women with secondary school level of education. The need for improved personal hygiene in IDP camps and other effective intervention programmes among these vulnerable groups of women is advocated.
文摘Objective: To study the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) infection in Chinese male patients with nongonococcalurethritis (NGU), to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity ofurine-based and urethral swab polymerase chain reaction(PCR) detection, to set up a method for non-invasive detectionof male TV infection. Method: One hundred and five male NGU patients wereselected from a Beijing STD clinic. Two urethral swabs wereobtained from each patient, one for the InPouch TV culturesystem and the other for PCR. In addition, one first void urinespecimen was collected for PCR detection. Culture wasconsidered the 'gold standard'. The sensitivity, specificity,positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value(NPV) of the two PCR detections were compared to cultureresults. Results: The prevalence of urine-based PCR and urethralswab PCR detection was 3.81% (4/105) and 4.76% (5/105)respectively. Compared to culture, the sensitivity, specificity,PPV and NPV were 80%, 100%, 100% and 99% for urinbased PCR and 80%, 99%, 80% and 99% for urethral swab PCR. Conclusion: TV is one of the etiological agents in male NGU,with a 4.76% prevalence of infection in our study. The urine-based PCR detection has higher sensitivity and specificity andprovides a noninvasive method more feasible in practice.
文摘Background: Trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the world, and the occurrence of this infection during pregnancy is responsible for adverse obstetrical outcomes like premature labor, premature rupture of membranes (PROM) and low birth weight (birth weight < 2500 g). The association with a number of factors (maternal age, low level of education, low socio-economic status and multiple sexual partners, etc.) that can be found in our environment suggest its probably high prevalence amongst vaginal infections that are responsible for adverse obstetrical outcomes, but up-to-date estimates are lacking. Objective: To assess the obstetrical risk associated with Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) infection in our environment. Methods: We designed a protocol for a prospective cohort study which will take place in four medical facilities in the city of Kinshasa, where all pregnant women with a pregnancy of at least 20 weeks and who will give written consent will be included. Vaginal swab specimens will be collected for T. vaginalis research by direct microscopy wet mount. Follow-up will consist of recording the process of the pregnancy and obstetrical outcomes. Conclusion: Results from this study will allow to enhance management and also bring updated estimates on T. vaginalis prevalence and its obstetrical outcomes for infected pregnant woman in our environment.
基金ThisstudywassupportedbytheBureauofEducationofFujianProvinceChina (No JB980 0 4)
文摘Background Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis ) belongs to a common sexually transmitted disease pathogen causing genitourinary trichomoniasis in both sexes. We investigated the pathogenetic mechanism of gen itourinary trichomoniasis.Methods Cultured T. vaginalis bodies were injected into the vaginas of rats, or incubated with genitourinary epithelial cells of female subjects, male subjects, and sperm. The ultrastructural and microscopic changes were observed via transmission and scanning electron microscopy and through microscopic histochemistry.Results Groups of T.vaginalis adhered to PAS positive colum nar cells at the surface of stratified epithelium in the middle and upper portions of the vaginas. They a lso traversed under these cells. The parasites were shown to be PAS, cathepsin D, and actin positive, and they could release hydrolase into the cytoplasm of adher ed epithelial cells. In the amebiform T.vaginalis, microfilaments were arranged into reticular formation. Similar phenomena were found during the interaction of T.vaginalis with host cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Usually several protozoa adhered to a n epithelial cell and formed polymorphic pseudopodia or surface invaginations to surround and phagocytize the microvilli or other parts of the epithelial cytoplasm. Adhesion and phagocytosis of sperm by the protozoa occurred at 15-30 minutes of incubation. Digestion of sperm was found at 45-75 minutes and was complete at 90-105 minutes.Conclusions T.vaginalis tends to parasitize at the fornix o f the vagina, because this is the site where columnar cells are rich in mucinogen granules and thei r microvilli are helpful for adhesion and nibbling. T.vaginalis possesses some invad ing and attacking abilities. Shape change, canalization, encystation, phagocytosis, digestion, the cell coat, cytoskeleton, and lysosome all play important roles in the process of adhesion. They have two methods of phagocytosis: nibbling and ingestion. Genitourinary epithelium may be injured directly by the digestive action of hydrolases, phagocytosis, and the mechanical action of pseudopodia.
文摘The objective of this multicentric study was to assess the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma génitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis infections in Brazzaville, in the Republic of Congo, using molecular methods. From January to December 2021, the sexually transmitted disease risk participants were recruited from six centers: The Association of Young HIV-Positive People of Congo, The Congolese Association for Family Welfare, The Association for Support to Vulnerable Groups, Talangaï hospital, Brazzaville university hospital (outpatient service) and the private clinic COGEMO (outpatient service). The real-time multiplex PCR was carried out to detect these pathogens. Each patient had at least one specimen (urine, urethral, anal and/or vaginal samples). The patients were considered infected when one of their samples was positive. 287 participants made of 227 women and 60 men were tested. The general prevalence of these infections was: Chlamydia trachomatis 2.79%, Neisseria gonorrhoeae 3.14%, Mycoplasma génitalium 3.45% and Trichomonas vaginalis 2.97. The prevalence rates according to sex were: C. trachomatis, M. génitalium, N. gonorrhea and T. vaginalis were 1.32%, 2.05%, 1.32% and 3.42% in women and 8.33%, 7.02%, 10% and 1.75% in men, respectively. Most infected patients were asymptomatic. Prevalence rates were higher in bisexual individuals, with the exception of T. vaginalis which showed higher prevalence in heterosexual patients. The bisexual and homosexual individuals represent a major public health problem in sexually active young adults, particularly among men having sex with men. These sexually transmitted infections are mainly asymptomatic, their diagnosis and management remain difficult in developing countries.
文摘Trichomoniasis and HPV infection are common non-viral and viral sexually transmitted diseases worldwide.Emerging evidence shows that the female genital tract and its microbiota are greatly affected by these pathogens.However,the relationship between Trichomonas vaginalis,the vaginal microbiome,and High-risk(HR)-HPV infection is complex and multifaceted.Studies have proven that concurrent infections of HIV and HPV increase the risk of cervical cancer.With this basis,a question arises:How does the concurrent infection of trichomonas vaginalis and HPV affect genital tract health?Does this concurrent infection enhance or inhibit the development of cervical lesions?This review aims to bring light to these questions.This review also covers the association of trichomonas vaginalis and HPV with the microbiota of the genital tract.
文摘Objective:To obtain the frequency of trichomoniasis and molecular diagnosis among women referred to a laboratory in Urmia (north west Iran).Methods: In the cross sectional study during the year 2014-2015, women with complaints of abnormal discharge, itching, irritation and unpleasant odor were studied using convenience sampling. These people were referred to one of the laboratories in town by gynecologist. After preparing the checklist of underlying data, vaginal wet smear samples was prepared to assess andChi-square in terms ofTrichomonas vaginalis(T. vaginalis) infection was examine. And results were analyzed with statistical tests. Results: 11.1% of referred casese were 30-40 years old, and about 54.8% of referred were illiterate and primitive. The frequency of trichomoniasis was 11.1% and statistically there was no significant difference. There was no significant difference among the age, education level, method of contraception, marriage age, location, employment status and the number of delivery withT. vaginalis.Conclusion:T. vaginalis compared to other studies have a moderate prevalence among women of Urmia. Because of the concordance of this infection with other sexual transmitted diseases, it is recommended that further studies of the prevalence of these diseases in Urmia be done.
文摘Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are the infections that can be transmitted from one sex partner, who already has such infection, to another. The causes of STIs in human are very well elucidated and their causative agents are identified as bacteria, parasites and viruses. The worldwide epidemiology of more than 20 types of STIs has been established, which includes diseases like Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Genital herpes, HIV/ AIDS, HPV, Syphilis and Trichomoniasis. Though STIs affect both men and women indiscriminately, however, the pathophysiology of disease is more obvious among women. Other than abstinence, the most effective way to prevent the transmission or acquisition of STIs is to use a condom during sexual intercourse. Condoms are effective in decreasing the transmission of HIV. However, once contacted, STIs caused by bacteria or parasites can be treated with antibiotics. STIs caused by a virus may not virtually have any cure though the medicines may keep the disease under control. Correct usage of preventive measures greatly reduces but does not completely eliminate the risk of catching or spreading STIs.
文摘Introduction: Thymus vulgaris is used in traditional medicine to treat gastrointestinal diseases because of its antifungal, antibacterial, and antispasmodic activity. Objective: To verify whether Thymus vulgaris also has antiprotozoal activity against Trichomonas vaginalis, Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. Materials and methods: Conventional cultures of parasites were measured on the third day during the logarithmic growth phase. The antiprotozoal activity of the methanol extract and its fractions were evaluated comparing growth in cultures with and without extracts. Next, the extract was fractionated by polarity-based partitioning. Then, the purity of each fraction was determined by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The percentage of growth inhibition was calculated with respect to untreated controls. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of each extract was calculated by PROBIT analysis. Results: We found that a methanol extract of the aerial parts of Thymus vulgaris, at 300 μg/mL, inhibited the in vitro growth of G. lamblia and T. vaginalis, while E. histolytica growth was poorly inhibited. The methanol extract was further separated into mixtures of ursolic, oleanolic, and betulinic acids. The IC50 values of ursolic acid against G. lamblia and T. vaginalis were 8.12 μg/mL and 5.51 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: The methanol extract fraction containing ursolic acid obtained from Thymus vulgaris has antiprotozoal activity against G. lamblia and T. vaginalis trophozoites.
文摘Objective: To examine college-aged students’ sexual risk taking behavior and their knowledge level. Design: descriptive design participants. Setting: A convenience sample of college-aged students between the ages of 17 - 25. Results: Seven hundred and seventy students responded to the survey. Findings revealed that 33% had sexual intercourse with two to five individuals, and 15.5% between eleven and twenty sexual partners. 50.9% had unprotected vaginal intercourse not using condoms and of those 45.8% either do not insist on condom use or only use them occasionally. 22.1% do not insist on using condoms for sexual intercourse and 24.7% responded that they sometimes insist on condom use. 47.2% are not worried about getting AIDS. 41.3% are not concerned with genital lesions. 42.4% would rate themselves as not being very knowledgeable about sexually transmitted infections. 12.4% of the females had unintended pregnancies and overall 74.9% would not feel comfortable discussing their sexual activity with their mothers. 58.1% use alcohol prior to or during sexual intercourse.
文摘The authors report a cross-sectional descriptive study over 6 years, from December 8th, 2003 to October 27th, 2009, involving 911 women involved in the sex trade within the Yèrêlon group in Bobo-Dioulasso. Objectives: To describe the epidemiological, clinical and etiological aspects of vaginal discharge in women in the Yèrêlon group of the city Bobo-Dioulasso. Results: Frequency of vaginal discharge was 48.89%. The mean age was 28.4 years with extremes of 16 and 54 years. Single, divorced and widowed women accounted for 78.8% of the study population. Women who never attended school and those with primary education accounted for 74.3% of the study population. HIV serology was positive in 38.4% of cases. The main symptoms were genital itching, dyspareunia and urinary signs. The main germs identified in the laboratory were Candida albicans, Trichomonas vaginalis and Gardenerella vaginalis. Conclusion: vaginal discharge was found in 48.89% of women in the Yèrêlon group of Bobo-Dioulasso. The clinical study of the discharge and the laboratory results allowed a diagnosis and a better management of the leucorrhea in the group Yèrêlon.
文摘This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of bacterial, Candida, Trichomonas, and human papillomavirus （HPV） infections in ThinPrep cytological test （TCT） performed on women of Wuhan, China. ThinPrep smears were screened by two independent experienced pathologists and reported from 2008 to 2010. A total of 46 866 ThinPrep smears were studied, and smears with inflammation were analyzed. Of the 44 162 enrolled patients, inflammation changes were observed in 21 935 （49.7%） and specific infections in 6884 （31.4%）. The infections detected were as follows： bacteria, 5663 （82.3%）; Candida, 825 （12.0%）; Trichomonas, 273 （4.0%）; and HPV, 148 （2.1%）. Significant changes were found in the prevalence of bacteria and Candida among women who underwent TCT before and after 2010. Z2 revealed an increasing proportion of specific infections found in smears after 2010 （P = 0.000）. In conclusion, bacterial infection was the most detectable in the ThinPrep smears, followed by Candida and Trichomonas. The prevalence of infection identified by TCT was found to be similar in previous literature in China.
