This study explores the intricate symbiotic relationship between the Cantonese tonal system and Cantonese opera through an interdisciplinary lens of linguistics and musicology.Cantonese,with its complex tonal architec...This study explores the intricate symbiotic relationship between the Cantonese tonal system and Cantonese opera through an interdisciplinary lens of linguistics and musicology.Cantonese,with its complex tonal architecture and unique phonetic characteristics,serves not only as a communicative medium but as a structural blueprint for the melodic and rhythmic composition of Cantonese opera.Through historical tracing,phonological analysis,and performative interpretation,the paper examines how tonal contours directly shape vocal techniques,emotional expression,and narrative cadence within the opera tradition.The research further investigates how socio-cultural factors—ranging from regional identity,migration,and colonial modernity to contemporary digital transmission—have mediated the evolution and resilience of this art form.By demonstrating how linguistic tone and musical tune co-construct aesthetic experience and cultural memory,the paper offers a new theoretical model for understanding language-music co-evolution in tonal cultures.This inquiry not only affirms Cantonese opera’s role as a living archive of regional identity but also proposes strategies for its revitalization amidst the shifting conditions of modernity and globalization.展开更多
Background:The use of skincare cosmetics can enhance human skin integrity,appearance,and conditions.However,consumers nowadays are quite concerned about the efficacy of skincare cosmetics,particularly those with antio...Background:The use of skincare cosmetics can enhance human skin integrity,appearance,and conditions.However,consumers nowadays are quite concerned about the efficacy of skincare cosmetics,particularly those with antioxidant properties that can improve skin tone and skin health.Previous studies also reported that volatile organic compounds(VOCs)in skincare cosmetics could have beneficial effects on human skin.Objective:This research aims to evaluate the antioxidant properties of CHARMS^(TM)skincare cosmetics as well as to investigate the presence of VOCs that could influence their skin tone improvement properties.Material and methods:The CHARMS^(TM)products used were cleanser,toner,essence,serum,moisturizer,scrub,and night cream.The skin tone improvement was assessed on 20 female volunteers’facial skin by using a colorimeter.The antioxidant properties were evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)free radical scavenging assay,total phenolic content(TPC),and total flavonoid content(TFC).Meanwhile,the VOCs were measured using an electronic nose based on gas chromatography(e-nose-GC).Results:The findings show that skin tone was improved significantly by 3.23%in which the skin becomes lighter while skin redness was reduced by 5.75%after using the CHARMS^(TM)skincare cosmetics.The results also show that the cleanser(21.55±0.23%)and the serum(23.60±0.19%)had the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity.Contrarily,the moisturizer exhibited the highest TPC value(324.14±17.47 mg GAE/g),and the cleanser had the highest TFC value(24.68±1.57 mg QE/g).The VOCs detected in these skincare cosmetics such as limonene andγ-terpinene may have skin-lightening effects.Conclusion:It can be concluded that the tested products from CHARMS^(TM)skincare cosmetics comply with the standard regulations and guidelines for Control of Cosmetic Products in Malaysia and can be used effectively as a daily skincare routine.展开更多
Crowdfunding provides a novel and potential way for innovative but risky new ventures to fund their new product development(NPD)projects.To help potential investors evaluate the projects and enhance the credibility of...Crowdfunding provides a novel and potential way for innovative but risky new ventures to fund their new product development(NPD)projects.To help potential investors evaluate the projects and enhance the credibility of disclosure,founders are struggling with how to phrase the project description.The rapidly growing cleantech crowdfunding projects provide an ideal context to study this issue.We collected information on cleantech crowdfunding projects and matched non-cleantech crowdfunding projects from Kickstarter.The sample period extends from January 2013 to October 2018.Using signaling research as a theoretical lens and a dictionary-based,computerized text mining method,we found that founders of high-quality cleantech crowdfunding projects could create a reliable signal of quality by providing a project description with a less ambiguous tone and thus boost the success of crowdfunding.Moreover,the signaling effectiveness of a less ambiguous tone is more pronounced in cleantech crowdfunding than in matched non-cleantech crowdfunding,suggesting that the marginal benefit of using a less ambiguous tone is larger when the industry information environment is noisier.Further evidence shows that the signaling effectiveness of a less ambiguous tone in cleantech crowdfunding could be strengthened by backers’endorsements.Our findings imply that tone ambiguity in project descriptions is related to founders’information-concealing behavior.Potential investors could search ambiguous words in project descriptions and just allocate their limited attention into projects with a low percentage of ambiguous words to avoid information overload.Founders of high-quality projects could boost crowdfunding success by using a less ambiguous tone to describe their projects.The marginal effect is larger when there is greater uncertainty about project prospects.展开更多
Mandarin Chinese tone patterns vary in one of the four ways, i.e, (1) high level; (2) rising; (3) low falling and rising; and (4) high falling. The present study is to examine the efficacy of an artificial neural netw...Mandarin Chinese tone patterns vary in one of the four ways, i.e, (1) high level; (2) rising; (3) low falling and rising; and (4) high falling. The present study is to examine the efficacy of an artificial neural network in recognizing these tone patterns. Speech data were recorded from 12 children (3-6 years of age) and 15 adults. All subjects were native Mandarin Chinese speakers. The fundamental frequencies (F0) of each monosyllabic word of the speech data were extracted with an autocorrelation method. The pitch data(i.e., the F0 contours) were the inputs to a feed-forward backpropagation artificial neural network. The number of inputs to the neural network varied from 1 to 16 and the hidden layer of the network contained neurons that varied from 1 to 16 in number. The output of the network consisted of four neurons representing the four tone patterns of Mandarin Chinese. After being trained with the Levenberg-Marquardt optimization, the neural network was able to successfully classify the tone patterns with an accuracy of about 90% correct for speech samples from both adults and children. The artificial neural network may provide an objective and effective way of assessing tone production in prelingually-deafened children who have received cochlear implants.展开更多
Two discriminative methods for solving tone problems in Mandarin speech recognition are presented. First, discriminative training on the HMM （hidden Markov model） based tone models is proposed. Then an integration t...Two discriminative methods for solving tone problems in Mandarin speech recognition are presented. First, discriminative training on the HMM （hidden Markov model） based tone models is proposed. Then an integration technique of tone models into a large vocabulary continuous speech recognition system is presented. Discriminative model weight training based on minimum phone error criteria is adopted aiming at optimal integration of the tone models. The extended Baum Welch algorithm is applied to find the model-dependent weights to scale the acoustic scores and tone scores. Experimental results show that tone recognition rates and continuous speech recognition accuracy can be improved by the discriminatively trained tone model. Performance of a large vocabulary continuous Mandarin speech recognition system can be further enhanced by the discriminatively trained weight combinations due to a better interpolation of the given models.展开更多
The role of awareness in differential delay eyeblink conditioning （DEC） remains controversial. Here, we investigated the involvement of awareness in differential DEC with a soft or a loud tone as the conditioned sti...The role of awareness in differential delay eyeblink conditioning （DEC） remains controversial. Here, we investigated the involvement of awareness in differential DEC with a soft or a loud tone as the conditioned stimulus （CS）. In the experiment, 36 participants were trained in differential DEC with a soft tone （60 dB） or a loud tone （85 dB） as the CS, paired with a corneal air-puff as the unconditioned stimulus （US）. After conditioning, awareness of the relationship between assessed with a 17-item the CS and the US was true/false questionnaire. Interestingly, during differential DEC with a soft-tone CS, a higher proportion of differential conditioned responses （CRs） was evident in participants who were aware than those who were unaware. In contrast, when a loud tone was used as the CS, the proportion of differential CRs of the aware participants did not differ significantly from those who were unaware over any of the blocks of 20 trials. In unaware participants, the percentage of differential CRs with a loud-tone CS was significantly higher than that with a soft-tone CS; however in participants classified as aware, the percentage of differential CRs with a loud-tone CS did not differ significantly from that with a soft-tone CS. The present findings suggest that awareness is critical for differential DEC when the delay task is rendered more difficult.展开更多
Aiming at difficulties for Chinese students to learn English,based on phonology theory,this article compares the Chinese tone with English intonation from various aspects,the finding is that the two language families ...Aiming at difficulties for Chinese students to learn English,based on phonology theory,this article compares the Chinese tone with English intonation from various aspects,the finding is that the two language families have a great difference in intonation;intonation is put to use without high proficiency for students due to the influence of Chinese tone and its simplified pedagogy.展开更多
For those who are going to work with English at an advanced level as English-majored students,teachers or researchers,a deeper understanding about intonation is very important.At this level,intonation deals with more ...For those who are going to work with English at an advanced level as English-majored students,teachers or researchers,a deeper understanding about intonation is very important.At this level,intonation deals with more complicated features such as prominence,key,termination,tone,pitch sequence,and orientation in interactions.As a matter of fact,knowledge of these aspects is of crucial importance for advanced learners of English:It can help language users gain more confidence and proficiency in speaking the target language as well as in arriving at a complete understanding of English interactions.Based on the qualitative and quantitative data,the survey reveals the effect of teaching tones on developing speaking skills for advanced students of the language.Regarding the practical applications,this study serves to build up students’awareness and provide useful practice of the knowledge of tones they have to deal with in speech,thus outlining ways to improve speaking skills for students in Vietnamese contexts.展开更多
The aim of the study was to verify the efficacy of the Tone-Control method in inducing a reduction in the tension of the muscles of the shoulder girdle,and therefore a normalisation of posture in the segment.The autho...The aim of the study was to verify the efficacy of the Tone-Control method in inducing a reduction in the tension of the muscles of the shoulder girdle,and therefore a normalisation of posture in the segment.The authors analysed the change in posture,which was related to the muscle tension of the pectoralis major muscle and the trapezius muscle,resulting from the administration of a programme of encoded exercises known as the Tone Control method.The study was conducted on 70 patients with postural back pain,aged between 25 and 81 years and with a mean age of 61.9 years,11 male patients and 59 female patients,who attended group rehabilitation for a minimum of 10 and a maximum of 15 sessions.Acute phase patients,patients on anti-inflammatory pharmacological treatment and patients with hernias or bulging causing thecal sac impingement were excluded from the study.Measurements were taken of the angles of the joints in the scapulohumeral segment during the first and last sessions.The NRS(numeric rating scale)pain scale was administered at the start and end of the cycle of sessions.Conclusions:Patients in the study group experienced improvements in the angle measurements that were proportionally greater than those of the control group,together with a considerable reduction in perceived pain,with an overall improvement in posture and shoulder girdle function.展开更多
The asymmetric behaviour of the mid tone has been reported in the Yoruboid literature and previous accounts of tone behaviour in Iṣẹkírìsuggest that a low tone is always deleted in favour of others at word b...The asymmetric behaviour of the mid tone has been reported in the Yoruboid literature and previous accounts of tone behaviour in Iṣẹkírìsuggest that a low tone is always deleted in favour of others at word boundary.However,synchronic data have shown that this is not the case.This paper investigates tonal asymmetry and the non-participation of the mid tone in some phonological processes in Iṣẹkírì.The study adopts an Optimality Theory(OT)version that incorporates the grounding conditions to develop constraints of implicational statements into faithfulness constraints.Data are elicited from eight speakers of the language,recordings are with the aid of a digital audio device and the tool used for our acoustic measurement is Praat 6.0.30.The analysis reveals that tonal asymmetry in this language always deletes the Mid-tone at word boundary and not the Low tone,also noting that the Low tone may be deleted in some cases.The lack of participation of the M tone in some phonological processes such as vowel elision,glide formation and vowel assimilation reveals the unstable nature of this tone in Iṣẹkírì.This paper concludes that the M tone is in asymmetry to the H and L tones in Iṣẹkírìand demonstrates the need for more perceptual and acoustic studies of tonal behaviour in Iṣẹkírì.展开更多
This paper presents a method to characterize asphalt pavement macrotexture using the gray-tone difference matrix （GTDM）and discusses the potentials of the GTDM indicators for skid resistance evaluation.There are 37 ...This paper presents a method to characterize asphalt pavement macrotexture using the gray-tone difference matrix （GTDM）and discusses the potentials of the GTDM indicators for skid resistance evaluation.There are 37 field sites included in the data collection,which cover 6 types of asphalt pavement surfaces. The mean profile depth derived from 3-D macrotexture measurements （MPD3 ） has a significant relationship with the mean texture depth （MTD ）,which can be described by a logarithm model with R2 of 0.962.There is no significant linear relationship between the friction coefficient at a speed of 60 km/h （DFT60 ）and macrotexture indicators.A nonlinear model with British pendulum number （BPN ） incorporated can relate DFT60 to MTD or indicator fcon .A comparison with MTD shows that GTDM-based fcon has a potential to be a macrotexture indicator for skid resistance evaluation,which describes the general height difference and the average local height difference of pavement macrotexture. A relatively high fcon is helpful for improving asphalt pavement skid resistance.展开更多
In this paper, a novel signal-to-clipping noise ratio and least squares approximation tone reservation scheme(SCR-LSA TR) is proposed to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio for orthogonal frequency division multipl...In this paper, a novel signal-to-clipping noise ratio and least squares approximation tone reservation scheme(SCR-LSA TR) is proposed to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems. During the SCR procedure, only the element with the maximal amplitude is picked for processing, which not only decreases the algorithm complexity, but also helps to overcome the BER deterioration. With the LSA method, the amplitude of the peak-cancelling signals can approximate to that of the original clipping noise as much as possible. Through the combination of the optimization factor in the LSA method, the classic SCR method can achieve better PAPR reduction with faster convergence. Simulation results show that the proposed SCR-LSA TR scheme has less in-band distortion and smaller out-of-band spectral radiation. The BER of the proposed scheme shows a better performance especially under the 16-QAM over the additive white Gaussian noise channel.展开更多
文摘This study explores the intricate symbiotic relationship between the Cantonese tonal system and Cantonese opera through an interdisciplinary lens of linguistics and musicology.Cantonese,with its complex tonal architecture and unique phonetic characteristics,serves not only as a communicative medium but as a structural blueprint for the melodic and rhythmic composition of Cantonese opera.Through historical tracing,phonological analysis,and performative interpretation,the paper examines how tonal contours directly shape vocal techniques,emotional expression,and narrative cadence within the opera tradition.The research further investigates how socio-cultural factors—ranging from regional identity,migration,and colonial modernity to contemporary digital transmission—have mediated the evolution and resilience of this art form.By demonstrating how linguistic tone and musical tune co-construct aesthetic experience and cultural memory,the paper offers a new theoretical model for understanding language-music co-evolution in tonal cultures.This inquiry not only affirms Cantonese opera’s role as a living archive of regional identity but also proposes strategies for its revitalization amidst the shifting conditions of modernity and globalization.
基金funded by Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia(UTHM)under Industrial Grant,M066 together with Matching Grant,Q003.
文摘Background:The use of skincare cosmetics can enhance human skin integrity,appearance,and conditions.However,consumers nowadays are quite concerned about the efficacy of skincare cosmetics,particularly those with antioxidant properties that can improve skin tone and skin health.Previous studies also reported that volatile organic compounds(VOCs)in skincare cosmetics could have beneficial effects on human skin.Objective:This research aims to evaluate the antioxidant properties of CHARMS^(TM)skincare cosmetics as well as to investigate the presence of VOCs that could influence their skin tone improvement properties.Material and methods:The CHARMS^(TM)products used were cleanser,toner,essence,serum,moisturizer,scrub,and night cream.The skin tone improvement was assessed on 20 female volunteers’facial skin by using a colorimeter.The antioxidant properties were evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)free radical scavenging assay,total phenolic content(TPC),and total flavonoid content(TFC).Meanwhile,the VOCs were measured using an electronic nose based on gas chromatography(e-nose-GC).Results:The findings show that skin tone was improved significantly by 3.23%in which the skin becomes lighter while skin redness was reduced by 5.75%after using the CHARMS^(TM)skincare cosmetics.The results also show that the cleanser(21.55±0.23%)and the serum(23.60±0.19%)had the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity.Contrarily,the moisturizer exhibited the highest TPC value(324.14±17.47 mg GAE/g),and the cleanser had the highest TFC value(24.68±1.57 mg QE/g).The VOCs detected in these skincare cosmetics such as limonene andγ-terpinene may have skin-lightening effects.Conclusion:It can be concluded that the tested products from CHARMS^(TM)skincare cosmetics comply with the standard regulations and guidelines for Control of Cosmetic Products in Malaysia and can be used effectively as a daily skincare routine.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72073063,71673133).
文摘Crowdfunding provides a novel and potential way for innovative but risky new ventures to fund their new product development(NPD)projects.To help potential investors evaluate the projects and enhance the credibility of disclosure,founders are struggling with how to phrase the project description.The rapidly growing cleantech crowdfunding projects provide an ideal context to study this issue.We collected information on cleantech crowdfunding projects and matched non-cleantech crowdfunding projects from Kickstarter.The sample period extends from January 2013 to October 2018.Using signaling research as a theoretical lens and a dictionary-based,computerized text mining method,we found that founders of high-quality cleantech crowdfunding projects could create a reliable signal of quality by providing a project description with a less ambiguous tone and thus boost the success of crowdfunding.Moreover,the signaling effectiveness of a less ambiguous tone is more pronounced in cleantech crowdfunding than in matched non-cleantech crowdfunding,suggesting that the marginal benefit of using a less ambiguous tone is larger when the industry information environment is noisier.Further evidence shows that the signaling effectiveness of a less ambiguous tone in cleantech crowdfunding could be strengthened by backers’endorsements.Our findings imply that tone ambiguity in project descriptions is related to founders’information-concealing behavior.Potential investors could search ambiguous words in project descriptions and just allocate their limited attention into projects with a low percentage of ambiguous words to avoid information overload.Founders of high-quality projects could boost crowdfunding success by using a less ambiguous tone to describe their projects.The marginal effect is larger when there is greater uncertainty about project prospects.
文摘Mandarin Chinese tone patterns vary in one of the four ways, i.e, (1) high level; (2) rising; (3) low falling and rising; and (4) high falling. The present study is to examine the efficacy of an artificial neural network in recognizing these tone patterns. Speech data were recorded from 12 children (3-6 years of age) and 15 adults. All subjects were native Mandarin Chinese speakers. The fundamental frequencies (F0) of each monosyllabic word of the speech data were extracted with an autocorrelation method. The pitch data(i.e., the F0 contours) were the inputs to a feed-forward backpropagation artificial neural network. The number of inputs to the neural network varied from 1 to 16 and the hidden layer of the network contained neurons that varied from 1 to 16 in number. The output of the network consisted of four neurons representing the four tone patterns of Mandarin Chinese. After being trained with the Levenberg-Marquardt optimization, the neural network was able to successfully classify the tone patterns with an accuracy of about 90% correct for speech samples from both adults and children. The artificial neural network may provide an objective and effective way of assessing tone production in prelingually-deafened children who have received cochlear implants.
文摘Two discriminative methods for solving tone problems in Mandarin speech recognition are presented. First, discriminative training on the HMM （hidden Markov model） based tone models is proposed. Then an integration technique of tone models into a large vocabulary continuous speech recognition system is presented. Discriminative model weight training based on minimum phone error criteria is adopted aiming at optimal integration of the tone models. The extended Baum Welch algorithm is applied to find the model-dependent weights to scale the acoustic scores and tone scores. Experimental results show that tone recognition rates and continuous speech recognition accuracy can be improved by the discriminatively trained tone model. Performance of a large vocabulary continuous Mandarin speech recognition system can be further enhanced by the discriminatively trained weight combinations due to a better interpolation of the given models.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81171249)
文摘The role of awareness in differential delay eyeblink conditioning （DEC） remains controversial. Here, we investigated the involvement of awareness in differential DEC with a soft or a loud tone as the conditioned stimulus （CS）. In the experiment, 36 participants were trained in differential DEC with a soft tone （60 dB） or a loud tone （85 dB） as the CS, paired with a corneal air-puff as the unconditioned stimulus （US）. After conditioning, awareness of the relationship between assessed with a 17-item the CS and the US was true/false questionnaire. Interestingly, during differential DEC with a soft-tone CS, a higher proportion of differential conditioned responses （CRs） was evident in participants who were aware than those who were unaware. In contrast, when a loud tone was used as the CS, the proportion of differential CRs of the aware participants did not differ significantly from those who were unaware over any of the blocks of 20 trials. In unaware participants, the percentage of differential CRs with a loud-tone CS was significantly higher than that with a soft-tone CS; however in participants classified as aware, the percentage of differential CRs with a loud-tone CS did not differ significantly from that with a soft-tone CS. The present findings suggest that awareness is critical for differential DEC when the delay task is rendered more difficult.
文摘Aiming at difficulties for Chinese students to learn English,based on phonology theory,this article compares the Chinese tone with English intonation from various aspects,the finding is that the two language families have a great difference in intonation;intonation is put to use without high proficiency for students due to the influence of Chinese tone and its simplified pedagogy.
文摘For those who are going to work with English at an advanced level as English-majored students,teachers or researchers,a deeper understanding about intonation is very important.At this level,intonation deals with more complicated features such as prominence,key,termination,tone,pitch sequence,and orientation in interactions.As a matter of fact,knowledge of these aspects is of crucial importance for advanced learners of English:It can help language users gain more confidence and proficiency in speaking the target language as well as in arriving at a complete understanding of English interactions.Based on the qualitative and quantitative data,the survey reveals the effect of teaching tones on developing speaking skills for advanced students of the language.Regarding the practical applications,this study serves to build up students’awareness and provide useful practice of the knowledge of tones they have to deal with in speech,thus outlining ways to improve speaking skills for students in Vietnamese contexts.
文摘The aim of the study was to verify the efficacy of the Tone-Control method in inducing a reduction in the tension of the muscles of the shoulder girdle,and therefore a normalisation of posture in the segment.The authors analysed the change in posture,which was related to the muscle tension of the pectoralis major muscle and the trapezius muscle,resulting from the administration of a programme of encoded exercises known as the Tone Control method.The study was conducted on 70 patients with postural back pain,aged between 25 and 81 years and with a mean age of 61.9 years,11 male patients and 59 female patients,who attended group rehabilitation for a minimum of 10 and a maximum of 15 sessions.Acute phase patients,patients on anti-inflammatory pharmacological treatment and patients with hernias or bulging causing thecal sac impingement were excluded from the study.Measurements were taken of the angles of the joints in the scapulohumeral segment during the first and last sessions.The NRS(numeric rating scale)pain scale was administered at the start and end of the cycle of sessions.Conclusions:Patients in the study group experienced improvements in the angle measurements that were proportionally greater than those of the control group,together with a considerable reduction in perceived pain,with an overall improvement in posture and shoulder girdle function.
文摘The asymmetric behaviour of the mid tone has been reported in the Yoruboid literature and previous accounts of tone behaviour in Iṣẹkírìsuggest that a low tone is always deleted in favour of others at word boundary.However,synchronic data have shown that this is not the case.This paper investigates tonal asymmetry and the non-participation of the mid tone in some phonological processes in Iṣẹkírì.The study adopts an Optimality Theory(OT)version that incorporates the grounding conditions to develop constraints of implicational statements into faithfulness constraints.Data are elicited from eight speakers of the language,recordings are with the aid of a digital audio device and the tool used for our acoustic measurement is Praat 6.0.30.The analysis reveals that tonal asymmetry in this language always deletes the Mid-tone at word boundary and not the Low tone,also noting that the Low tone may be deleted in some cases.The lack of participation of the M tone in some phonological processes such as vowel elision,glide formation and vowel assimilation reveals the unstable nature of this tone in Iṣẹkírì.This paper concludes that the M tone is in asymmetry to the H and L tones in Iṣẹkírìand demonstrates the need for more perceptual and acoustic studies of tonal behaviour in Iṣẹkírì.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50908004,51178013)
文摘This paper presents a method to characterize asphalt pavement macrotexture using the gray-tone difference matrix （GTDM）and discusses the potentials of the GTDM indicators for skid resistance evaluation.There are 37 field sites included in the data collection,which cover 6 types of asphalt pavement surfaces. The mean profile depth derived from 3-D macrotexture measurements （MPD3 ） has a significant relationship with the mean texture depth （MTD ）,which can be described by a logarithm model with R2 of 0.962.There is no significant linear relationship between the friction coefficient at a speed of 60 km/h （DFT60 ）and macrotexture indicators.A nonlinear model with British pendulum number （BPN ） incorporated can relate DFT60 to MTD or indicator fcon .A comparison with MTD shows that GTDM-based fcon has a potential to be a macrotexture indicator for skid resistance evaluation,which describes the general height difference and the average local height difference of pavement macrotexture. A relatively high fcon is helpful for improving asphalt pavement skid resistance.
基金support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61401360)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (3102017zy026)+1 种基金the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China (2016JM6017)the Scientific Research Program Funded by Shaanxi Provincial Education Department (16JK1702)
文摘In this paper, a novel signal-to-clipping noise ratio and least squares approximation tone reservation scheme(SCR-LSA TR) is proposed to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems. During the SCR procedure, only the element with the maximal amplitude is picked for processing, which not only decreases the algorithm complexity, but also helps to overcome the BER deterioration. With the LSA method, the amplitude of the peak-cancelling signals can approximate to that of the original clipping noise as much as possible. Through the combination of the optimization factor in the LSA method, the classic SCR method can achieve better PAPR reduction with faster convergence. Simulation results show that the proposed SCR-LSA TR scheme has less in-band distortion and smaller out-of-band spectral radiation. The BER of the proposed scheme shows a better performance especially under the 16-QAM over the additive white Gaussian noise channel.
