Photosynthesis is one the most important chemical reaction in plants,and it is the ultimate energy source of any living organisms.The light and dark reactions are two essential phases of photosynthesis.Light reaction ...Photosynthesis is one the most important chemical reaction in plants,and it is the ultimate energy source of any living organisms.The light and dark reactions are two essential phases of photosynthesis.Light reaction harvests light energy to synthesize ATP and NADPH through an electron transport chain,and as well as giving out O_(2);dark reaction fixes CO_(2) into six carbon sugars by utilizing NADPH and energy from ATP.Subsequently,plants convert optical energy into chemical energy for maintaining growth and development through absorbing light energy.Here,firstly,we highlighted the biological importance of photosynthesis,and hormones and metabolites,photosynthetic and regulating enzymes,and signaling components that collectively regulate photosynthesis in tomato.Next,we reviewed the advances in tomato photosynthesis,including two aspects of genetic basis and genetic improvement.Numerous genes regulating tomato photosynthesis are gradually uncovered,and the interaction network among those genes remains to be constructed.Finally,the photosynthesis occurring in fruit of tomato and the relationship between photosynthesis in leaf and fruit were discussed.Leaves and fruits are photosynthate sources and sinks of tomato respectively,and interaction between photosynthesis in leaf and fruit exists.Additionally,future perspectives that needs to be addressed on tomato photosynthesis were proposed.展开更多
Tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)is an important fruit and vegetable crop in worldwide.The fertility of tomato reproductive organs can be dramatically decreased when ambient temperatures rise above 35°C,reducing tomat...Tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)is an important fruit and vegetable crop in worldwide.The fertility of tomato reproductive organs can be dramatically decreased when ambient temperatures rise above 35°C,reducing tomato fruit yield.It is necessary to identify transcription factors(TFs)and target genes involved in heat stress response(HSR)signaling cascades in tomato flower buds to improve tomato plant thermotolerance.In this study,we profiled genes expressed in three developmental stages of tomato flower buds.Red and turquoise modules for heat stress(HS)were identified through gene co-expression network analysis,and the genes within these modules were enriched in HS-related pathways.By focusing on the TFs in the two modules,we identified several novel HSR-related TFs,including SlWRKY75,SlMYB117,and SlNAM.Furthermore,homology analysis illustrated a conserved signaling cascade in tomato.Lastly,we identified and experimentally validated four HSF-regulated genes,namely SlGrpE,SlERDJ3A,SlTIL,and SlPOM1,that likely modulate thermotolerance in plants.These results provide a high-resolution atlas of gene expression during tomato flower bud development under HS conditions,which is a valuable resource for uncovering potential regulatory networks associated with the HSR in tomato.展开更多
Tomato is an important economic crop all over the world.Volatile flavors in tomato fruit are key factors influencing consumer liking and commercial quality.However,the regulatory mechanism controlling the volatile fla...Tomato is an important economic crop all over the world.Volatile flavors in tomato fruit are key factors influencing consumer liking and commercial quality.However,the regulatory mechanism controlling the volatile flavors of tomatoes is still not clear.Here,we integrated the metabolome and transcriptome of the volatile flavors in tomato fruit to explore the regulatory mechanism of volatile flavor formation,using wild and cultivated tomatoes with significant differences in flavors.A total of 35 volatile flavor compounds were identified,based on the solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(SPME-GC-MS).The content of the volatiles,affecting fruit flavor,significantly increased in the transition from breaker to red ripe fruit stage.Moreover,the total content of the volatiles in wild tomatoes was much higher than that in the cultivated tomatoes.The content variations of all volatile flavors were clustered into 10 groups by hierarchical cluster and Pearson coefficient correlation(PCC)analysis.The fruit transcriptome was also patterned into 10 groups,with significant variations both from the mature green to breaker fruit stage and from the breaker to red ripe fruit stage.Combining the metabolome and the transcriptome of the same developmental stage of fruits by co-expression analysis,we found that the expression level of 1182 genes was highly correlated with the content of volatile flavor compounds,thereby constructing two regulatory pathways of important volatile flavors.One pathway is tetrahydrothiazolidine N-hydroxylase(SlTNH1)-dependent,which is regulated by two transcription factors(TFs)from the bHLH and AP2/ERF families,controlling the synthesis of 2-isobutylthiazole in amino acid metabolism.The other is lipoxygenase(Sl LOX)-dependent,which is regulated by one TF from the HD-Zip family,controlling the synthesis of hexanal and(Z)-2-heptenal in fatty acid metabolism.Dual-luciferase assay confirmed the binding of b HLH and AP2/ERF to their structural genes.The findings of this study provide new insights into volatile flavor formation in tomato fruit,which can be useful for tomato flavor improvement.展开更多
Tomato plant diseases often first manifest on the leaves,making the detection of tomato leaf diseases particularly crucial for the tomato cultivation industry.However,conventional deep learning models face challenges ...Tomato plant diseases often first manifest on the leaves,making the detection of tomato leaf diseases particularly crucial for the tomato cultivation industry.However,conventional deep learning models face challenges such as large model sizes and slow detection speeds when deployed on resource-constrained platforms and agricultural machinery.This paper proposes a lightweight model for detecting tomato leaf diseases,named LT-YOLO,based on the YOLOv8n architecture.First,we enhance the C2f module into a RepViT Block(RVB)with decoupled token and channel mixers to reduce the cost of feature extraction.Next,we incorporate a novel Efficient Multi-Scale Attention(EMA)mechanism in the deeper layers of the backbone to improve detection of critical disease features.Additionally,we design a lightweight detection head,LT-Detect,using Partial Convolution(PConv)to significantly reduce the classification and localization costs during detection.Finally,we introduce a Receptive Field Block(RFB)in the shallow layers of the backbone to expand the model’s receptive field,enabling effective detection of diseases at various scales.The improved model reduces the number of parameters by 43%and the computational load by 50%.Additionally,it achieves a mean Average Precision(mAP)of 90.9%on a publicly available dataset containing 3641 images of tomato leaf diseases,with only a 0.7%decrease compared to the baseline model.This demonstrates that the model maintains excellent accuracy while being lightweight,making it suitable for rapid detection of tomato leaf diseases.展开更多
Flowering is one of the most important phenological periods,as it determines the timing of fruit maturation and seed dispersal.To date,both nitric oxide(NO)and DNA demethylation have been reported to regulate flowerin...Flowering is one of the most important phenological periods,as it determines the timing of fruit maturation and seed dispersal.To date,both nitric oxide(NO)and DNA demethylation have been reported to regulate flowering in plants.However,there is no compelling experimental evidence for a relationship between NO and DNA demethylation during plant flowering.In this study,an NO donor and a DNA methylation inhibitor were used to investigate the involvement of DNA demethylation in NO-mediated tomato(Solanum lycopersicum cv.Micro-Tom)flowering.The results showed that the promoting effect of NO on tomato flowering was dose-dependent,with the greatest positive effect observed at 10μmol L^(-1) of the NO donor S-nitrosoglutathione(GSNO).Treatment with 50μmol L^(-1) of the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacitidine(5-AzaC)also significantly promoted tomato flowering.Moreover,GSNO and 5-AzaC increased the peroxidase(POD)and catalase(CAT)activities and cytokinin(CTK)and proline contents,while they reduced the gibberellic acid(GA3)and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)contents.Co-treatment with GSNO and 5-AzaC accelerated the positive effects of GSNO and 5-AzaC in promoting tomato flowering.Meanwhile,compared with a GSNO or 5-AzaC treatment alone,co-treatment with GSNO+5-AzaC significantly increased the global DNA demethylation levels in different tissues of tomato.The results also indicate that DNA demethylation may be involved in NO-induced flowering.The expression of flowering genes was significantly altered by the GSNO+5-AzaC treatment.Five of these flowering induction genes,ARGONAUTE 4(AGO4A),SlSP3D/SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS(SFT),MutS HOMOLOG 1(MSH1),ZINC FINGER PROTEIN 2(ZFP2),and FLOWERING LOCUS D(FLD),were selected as candidate genes for further study.An McrBC-PCR analysis showed that DNA demethylation of the SFT gene in the apex and the FLD gene in the stem might be involved in NO-induced flowering.Therefore,this study shows that NO might promote tomato flowering by mediating the DNA demethylation of flowering induction genes,and it provides direct evidence for a synergistic effect of NO and DNA demethylation in promoting tomato flowering.展开更多
Aim: This study was carried out in order to evaluate the potential of bacteriophages in controlling tomato bacterial wilt disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. Study design: A purposive sampling technique was used...Aim: This study was carried out in order to evaluate the potential of bacteriophages in controlling tomato bacterial wilt disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. Study design: A purposive sampling technique was used to collect samples from bacterial wilt hot spot tomato growing areas in Kenya. Place and duration of study: The research work was done at Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, between June 2020 and July 2021. Methodology: Thirty diseased plants and corresponding soil were collected from five counties, Nyeri, Kajiado, Nyandarua, Kiambu and Taita Taveta. Bacteria were isolated and characterized, and then used as hosts to propagate the phages. Tests done were gram stain, oxidation test, potassium hydroxide solubility test, H2S production test catalase test, NaCl test and sugar fermentation test. Molecular analysis and phenotyping were also done in order to identify the bacteria. The bacteriophages were then isolated through a double overlay method using R. solanacearum as the host. They were characterized and assayed in a greenhouse setting to determine their effectiveness in controlling bacterial wilt. Results: Six host bacteria were isolated and all belonged to biovar II. Four phages were observed based on morphology. Upon characterization the phages were stable at 30˚C, PH range between 6 - 7 and tolerance of more than an hour under UV light. In the greenhouse experiment, treatment of plants with bacteriophage prevented wilting after subsequent inoculation with the pathogen. A bacteriophage mix of SN1 and WT1 were used for efficacy tests due to their efficiency in plating and infection. Phage SN1 and WT1 exhibited high lytic activity and relatively high thermotolerance and acid tolerance, thereby showing great potential in the biocontrol of bacterial wilt infection across a variety of conditions. Conclusion: The results obtained in this research show that bacteriophages offer potential for the biocontrol of bacterial wilt.展开更多
This paper investigates and analyzes the general situation of the tomato seed production industry in Lintong District,Xi'an City.Development strategies and suggestions are proposed to address existing problems.The...This paper investigates and analyzes the general situation of the tomato seed production industry in Lintong District,Xi'an City.Development strategies and suggestions are proposed to address existing problems.These include strengthening technological innovation and variety R&D,promoting industrial standardization and intelligent upgrading,enhancing brand building and market expansion,improving policy support and industrial chain coordination,strengthening intellectual property protection and talent cultivation,and expanding sales channels to promote industrial transformation and upgrading.展开更多
As we all are aware of the deleterious and ill effects of various chemical pesticides and inorganic fertilizers,the agricultural community has to move towards an alternative having a sustainable and eco-friendly appro...As we all are aware of the deleterious and ill effects of various chemical pesticides and inorganic fertilizers,the agricultural community has to move towards an alternative having a sustainable and eco-friendly approach.Thus in this study,we analyzed the efficiency of growth promoting microorganism products(GPMPs)using Tricuran-P(Trichoderma harzianum T-22);Nitroxin(Azospirilium and Azotobacter rhizobacteria in combination);Effective Micro-Organisms(EM)(photosynthetic bacteria,lactobacillus,Streptomyces,Actinomycetes,yeast,etc.);Phytohumic;Formycine Gold PX 20%;and Fenamiphos(Nemacur)on the tomato growth and physico-chemical properties of the plant and the soil at a greenhouse condition in interaction with root-knot nematodes(RKNs),Meloidogyne javanica pathosystem along with irrigation water at the interval of every three weeks for three times.The results showed that the lowest second-stage juveniles(J2)reproduction factor rate in the soil was related to Nemacur 18%and Tricuran-P 19%,followed by Formycine with 30%reduction in comparison to inoculated controls,respectively.Increasing the concentration of Formycine led to a significant decrease in the reproduction factor rate of J2 in the soil and the roots.Furthermore,in the biomass traits,the treatments showed a significant effect on the related traits,which were increased with the Formycine increase in the growth parameters of the biomass traits.The results of the effect of different treatments on physico-chemical traits of the soil indicated that the treatments had a significant difference on all the relevant traits except the concentration of phosphorus(P_(2)O_(5))and potassium(K_(2)O).Whereas,the content of elements in the tomato plants showed a significant difference on all the evaluated traits.At the same time,the correlation between the attributes in the tomato plant with the soil indicated that the plant’s N had a positive and significant correlation with Organic Carbon(OC),total N,P_(2)O_(5),K_(2)O and the soil moisture;and a negative and significant correlation with the soil’s EC(electrical conductivity).Moreover,the content of K,Ca,and Mg of the plant had a positive and significant correlation with the soil moisture,and a negative and significant correlation with the soil’s EC.Cumulatively,GPMPs not only are enable to shift over the soil environments in the favor of the plant growth,but also similarly modulate immunity against RKNs,by virtue of which Formycine and others can compete relatively compared to Fenamiphos(Nemacur)and other relevant GPMPs in this research.展开更多
Unlike most plants, members of the genus Solanum produce cholesterol and use this as a precursor for steroidal glycoalkaloids. The production of the compounds begins as a branch from brassinosteroid biosynthesis, whic...Unlike most plants, members of the genus Solanum produce cholesterol and use this as a precursor for steroidal glycoalkaloids. The production of the compounds begins as a branch from brassinosteroid biosynthesis, which produces cholesterol that is further modified to produce steroidal glycoalkaloids. During the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, genetic engineering could alter the formation of cholesterol from provitamin D3(7-dehydrocholesterol) and produce vitamin D3. Cholesterol is a precursor for many steroidal glycoalkaloids, including a-tomatine and esculeoside A. Alpha-tomatine is consumed by mammals and it can reduce cholesterol content and improve LDL:HDL ratio. When there is a high a-tomatine content, the fruit will have a bitter flavor, which together with other steroidal glycoalkaloids serving as protective and defensive compounds for tomato against insect, fungal, and bacterial pests. These compounds also affect the rhizosphere bacteria by recruiting beneficial bacteria. One of the steroidal glycoalkaloids, esculeoside A increases while fruit ripening. This review focuses on recent studies that uncovered key reactions of the production of cholesterol and steroidal glycoalkaloids in tomato connecting to human health, fruit flavor, and plant defense and the potential application for tomato crop improvement.展开更多
Grafting is an effective technique for increasing the resistance of vegetables to biotic and abiotic stresses.It has been widely applied to produce solanaceous and melon vegetables.Temperature is an important external...Grafting is an effective technique for increasing the resistance of vegetables to biotic and abiotic stresses.It has been widely applied to produce solanaceous and melon vegetables.Temperature is an important external factor affecting graft formation.However,the molecular mechanism by which external ambient temperature affects tomato graft formation remains unclear.In this study,we demonstrated that elevating ambient temperature during grafting to 35℃ for more than 24 h after grafting accelerated vascular reconnection.We generated self-or heterografted combinations between phyB1B2 and pif4 loss-of-function mutant and wild-type plants,and were mutants unresponsive to graft formation at elevated ambient temperature.In addition,elevated ambient temperature induced SlPIF4 expression during grafting.SlPIF4 directly binds the promoters of auxin biosynthesis genes SlYUCCAs and activates their expression.Further investigation revealed auxin accumulation in the graft junction under elevated ambient temperature.The results illuminate the mechanism by which the PHYB-PIF4-auxin module promotes tomato graft formation in response to elevated ambient temperature.展开更多
Ta Ngao is the local name in Loc Thanh Village,Bao Lam District,Lam Dong Province.This district is a place that has rich mineral resources in the province with 10%in the total mineral resource value of Southeast.With ...Ta Ngao is the local name in Loc Thanh Village,Bao Lam District,Lam Dong Province.This district is a place that has rich mineral resources in the province with 10%in the total mineral resource value of Southeast.With a waterfall of 7 stages,it seems to be one beautiful site,a big resource for hydroelectricity generation.Besides,there are some natural landscapes and human resource for many forms;this is a conversing place of many peoples;therefore,we have a strong potential to develop the tourism.It is a wild area,everyone plants a little;therefore,here,it has not vegetables.The soil and the efficiency of the trees do not care.Here,we examined the heavy metals on the tomatoes and we studied fertilizers,and we want to improve the soil,to serve the product for the people better.展开更多
Root-knot nematodes(RKNs)are the most widespread soil-borne obligate endoparasites.They can infect the roots of many crops and cause significant yield losses.The only commercially available RKN-resistant gene in tomat...Root-knot nematodes(RKNs)are the most widespread soil-borne obligate endoparasites.They can infect the roots of many crops and cause significant yield losses.The only commercially available RKN-resistant gene in tomatoes,Mi-1.2,fails at soil temperatures above 28℃.We cloned the heat-stable RKN-resistant gene,Mi-9,from a gene cluster composed of seven nucleotide-binding sites and leucine-rich repeat(NBS-LRR)type resistant genes in Solanum arcunum accession LA2157.Screening nematode infections in individual and combinatorial knockouts of five NBS-LRR genes showed that Mi-9 Candidate 4(MiC-4)alone is sufficient to confer heat-stable RKN resistance.Our study identifies a new source of heat-stable resistance to RKN in tomatoes for challenging environmental conditions.We also showcase a roadmap for rapid characterization of resistance genes by combining comparative genomics and genome editing,with the potential to be utilized in other crops.展开更多
Dendrobium officinale is an orchid herb distinguished by its exceptional drought resistance capabilities.The remarkable drought tolerance of D.officinale stems from its structural and compositional features,including ...Dendrobium officinale is an orchid herb distinguished by its exceptional drought resistance capabilities.The remarkable drought tolerance of D.officinale stems from its structural and compositional features,including thick leaves and stems containing abundant polysaccharides and colloidal substances.Despite these adaptations,the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for enhanced drought tolerance remain inadequately understood.This study subjected D.officinale to water restriction for periods ranging from 1 to 6 months,conducting physiological and RNA sequencing analyses to elucidate its long-term dehydration response mechanisms and identify drought-protective genes.Following 6 months of dehydration,D.officinale maintained viability,demonstrated by rapid growth resumption after merely 2 d of rehydration.Transcriptome analysis of D.officinale plants under 1-month dehydration revealed differential gene expression across various processes,predominantly in stress responses,photosynthesis,phytohormone signaling,carbon metabolism,and fructose/mannose pathways.Among these,PEROXIDASE4(POD4)and NAC37 showed significant upregulation and were selected for further investigation of their roles in drought protection.Transgenic tomato plants overexpressing D.officinale’s POD4 and NAC37 genes exhibited superior drought tolerance compared to controls,displaying enhanced vigor,increased fruit production,higher respiration rates,elevated chlorophyll levels,and reduced oxidative damage.This research demonstrates the value of exploring underutilized species for drought-tolerance genes and identifies POD4 and NAC37 as promising candidates for improving drought tolerance through breeding programs.展开更多
CONSTANS(CO)and CONSTANS-LIKE(COL)transcription factors are known to regulate a series of cellular processes,including the transition from vegetative growth to flower development in plants.However,their role in regula...CONSTANS(CO)and CONSTANS-LIKE(COL)transcription factors are known to regulate a series of cellular processes,including the transition from vegetative growth to flower development in plants.However,their role in regulating the fruit chlorophyll content is poorly understood.In this study,SlCOL1,the tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)ortholog of Arabidopsis CONSTANS,was shown to play key roles in controlling fruit chlorophyll.The suppression of SlCOL1 expression led to a reduction in the chlorophyll content of immature green fruit,while the overexpression of SlCOL1 increased it.An analysis of protein-protein interactions indicated that SlCOL1 forms a complex with GOLDEN2-LIKE(GLK2),which promotes the stability of its protein.The overexpression of SlCOL1in the glk2 null mutation background of tomato failed to promote chlorophyll accumulation in the immature green fruit,which suggests that GLK2 is required for the function of SlCOL1 in regulating chlorophyll content.These results shed new light on the mechanisms used by COL1 and GLK2 to regulate fruit development and chlorophyll accumulation in tomato.展开更多
Tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)has become a model for the study of fleshy fruits.Comprehending the regulatory mechanisms of fleshy fruit ripening is important.Transcription factors(TFs),hormones,and epigenetic regulation...Tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)has become a model for the study of fleshy fruits.Comprehending the regulatory mechanisms of fleshy fruit ripening is important.Transcription factors(TFs),hormones,and epigenetic regulation mainly regulate tomato fruit ripening,and the initiation of ripening requires ethylene and ripening-related TFs,such as NAC,MADS-box,RIN,GH3,HD-ZIP,and basic helix-loop-helix.In this review,we summarize recent research progress on these TFs in the regulation of tomato fruit ripening and highlight the crosstalk mechanisms of ethylene and ripening-related TFs.By affecting ethylene synthesis and signaling,TFs regulate softening and color changes in tomato fruits,thereby influencing fruit quality.Our review contributes to a systematic understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of tomato fruit ripening and provides a basis for developing or modeling complex ripening regulatory networks.展开更多
Secondary salinization is a major environmental factor that causes a stress response and growth inhibition in plants in protected agriculture.The positive effect of a low red to far-red light ratio(R:FR)in salt tolera...Secondary salinization is a major environmental factor that causes a stress response and growth inhibition in plants in protected agriculture.The positive effect of a low red to far-red light ratio(R:FR)in salt tolerance through antioxidant defense has been reported,while the underlying model remains obscure.In this study,we used physiological and genetic approaches to investigate the relationship between H_(2)O_(2) signaling and low R:FR-induced salt tolerance and antioxidant capacity in tomato seedlings.This study found that low R:FR treatment with calcium nitrate stress(SL treatment)enhanced the growth of plants and increased the net photosynthetic rate 5 days after stress compared with a higher R:FR ratio and calcium nitrate stress(S treatment).With transcriptomic analysis of tomato leaves at 5 d,compared with CK,most of glutaredoxin genes and antioxidant enzymes were upregulated by S treatment,which were upregulated further by SL treatment.Compared to the S treatment,within 5 days,the H_(2)O_(2) level was increased faster before 24 h and it was slowed down after 24 h by SL treatment,with less H_(2)O_(2) accumulation at 5 d than that of S treatment.The enhancement of gene expression of RBOH genes were also shown at 24 h under SL.It was found that stomatal conductance followed the dynamic change of H_(2)O_(2),with a rapid closure of stomata of a decrease at 3 h and an increase after 9 h in SL treatment compared to S treatment,respectively.There was same trend of stomata opening degrees of tomato leaves observed by optical microscope.However,the inhibitor of H_(2)O_(2) production(DPI pretreatment)weakened the positive effect of low R:FR on the regulation of stomatal movement.In addition,SL treatment increased the antioxidant enzyme activities and proline content and decreased the MDA content as compared to the S treatment,while the enhancement of ROS homeostasis was reduced by the DPI pretreatment.In conclusion,low R:FR improved redox homeostasis and stomatal status under calcium nitrate stress through H_(2)O_(2)signaling,improving the adaptation of tomato seedlings to soil salinization stress.展开更多
Tomato reproductive success and yield are particularly vulnerable to the negative effect of heat stress leading to stigma exsertion(protrusion)and lower pollen viability,both interfering with fertilization.Thus,unders...Tomato reproductive success and yield are particularly vulnerable to the negative effect of heat stress leading to stigma exsertion(protrusion)and lower pollen viability,both interfering with fertilization.Thus,understanding the regulation of these two traits in tomato is crucial for the yield and quality of the crop.Here,we found that knocking out the tomato MADS-domain transcription factor FRUITFULL2(FUL2)function leads to a higher incidence of parthenocarpy in tomato.This phenotype was primarily due to impeded selfpollination as a consequence of the higher frequency of stigma exsertion and lower fertilization rates due to reduced pollen quality.Stigma exsertion in ful2 mutants,in contrast to heat stress-induced exsertion,was caused by style elongation,particularly in the younger flowers of a truss.Interestingly,Quantitative Trait Loci for style elongation,stigma exsertion,and pollen viability map close to the position of FUL2 on chromosome 3,making it a candidate gene underlying these QTLs.At the molecular level,ful2 mutant styles have higher expression of Style2.1 and SE3.1,which are known as positive regulators of style length.In addition,after reducing the impact of style exsertion and low pollen quality by manual pollination with wild-type pollen,ful2 mutants exhibited reduced fruit size independent of seed number.This study reveals the contributions of flower number,style length,and pollen quality,as affected by FUL2,to tomato fertility and fruit size.展开更多
The increasing conversion of agricultural land to organic farming requires the development of specifically adapted cultivars.So far,in tomato there is lack of research for selection of germplasm suitable for sustainab...The increasing conversion of agricultural land to organic farming requires the development of specifically adapted cultivars.So far,in tomato there is lack of research for selection of germplasm suitable for sustainable agroecosystems.In this study,we investigated the genotypic and environmental factors affecting the variation of plant,fruits,and root traits in 39 tomato genotypes grown under organic farming conditions.Four independent experiments were conducted in Italy and Spain across two consecutive seasons in 2019 and 2020.For all traits,the factorial linear regression model to estimate the main effects of genotype(G),location(L),year of cultivation(Y)and their interactions,revealed highly significant(P<0.001)variations,with the G factor being largely predominant for most traits.The implementation of the“which-won-where”,“mean performance versus stability”and“discriminative vs representativeness”patterns in the GGE(Genotype plus Genotype by Environment interaction)analysis,allowed the identification of superior cultivars with high stability across the testing environments.Genomic characterization with 30890 high quality SNPs from dd RADseq genotyping analysis,revealed that a specific cluster of cherry tomato accessions were low performing in terms of yield and fruit weight,on the contrary,showed a high content of soluble solids,which in agreement with GGE analysis.Results of this study provide a framework for the potential use of this locally adapted tomato germplasm to address the needs of more sustainable agriculture.展开更多
Tomato is a model system for studying fleshy fruit development.After fertilization,cell division and expansion in the pericarp are crucial for fruit development and determine the final fruit size.TKN3 was found to be ...Tomato is a model system for studying fleshy fruit development.After fertilization,cell division and expansion in the pericarp are crucial for fruit development and determine the final fruit size.TKN3 was found to be expressed in the tomato ovary wall/pericarp of zero to two days post-anthesis fruits as a KNOX I class member,but its function in fruit development was elusive.Here,we found that mutations of TKN3 by CRISPR/Cas9 caused fruit developmental defects,and fruit weight was dramatically reduced in the tkn3cr mutant.Histological observation of fruit pericarps revealed that mutation of TKN3 repressed cell expansion after fertilization,leading to flattened cells in the mesocarp and thereby thinner pericarps in red fruits.Moreover,tkn3cr mutants also displayed pleiotropic phenotypes including enlarged leaves and floral organs,indicating conserved functions in meristem maintenance and leaf development.Yeast two-hybrid and BiFC assays further showed that TKN3 could interact with Solyc10g086640(a homolog of Arabidopsis PNY),which has a similar expression pattern as TKN3.Genome-wide identification of genes regulated by TKN3 indicated that the auxin and gibberellin(GA)pathways might mediate the function of TKN3.Our works revealed that TKN3 controls cell expansion in pericarps,and provides new insights into the roles of KNOX proteins in fruit development.展开更多
The plant growth process is accompanied by dynamic changes in the microtubules,and the rearrangement of microtubules is regulated by diverse microtubule-associated proteins(MAPs).Plant MAP65s have been exhaustively ch...The plant growth process is accompanied by dynamic changes in the microtubules,and the rearrangement of microtubules is regulated by diverse microtubule-associated proteins(MAPs).Plant MAP65s have been exhaustively characterized in some species,but the information about MAP65 family members in tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)is limited.In this study,nine SlMAP65 family genes were identified in the tomato genome.Then a systematic analysis that considered the physio-chemical properties,evolution,conserved motifs,domains,gene structure,and cis-regulatory elements of SlMAP65 family members was conducted.The family member Sl MAP65-1,which had the highest expression,was knocked out by CRISPR/Cas9.The tomato fruit of slmap65-1 loss of function lines showed an elongated morphology,and the data indicated that SlMAP65-1 is involved in fruit morphogenesis at the early fruit development stage.These results provide new insights for fruit morphogenesis-related research and future functional studies of the SlMAP65 family members in tomato.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research&Development Plan(Grants Nos.2022YFF10030022022YFD1200502)+7 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.3237269631991182)Wuhan Biological Breeding Major Project(Grant No.2022021302024852)Key Project of Hubei Hongshan Laboratory(2021hszd007)HZAU-AGIS Cooperation Fund(Grant No.SZYJY2023022)Funds for High Quality Development of Hubei Seed Industry(HBZY2023B004)Hubei Agriculture Research System(2023HBSTX4-06)Hubei Key Research&Development Plan(Grants Nos.2022BBA0066,2022BBA0062)。
文摘Photosynthesis is one the most important chemical reaction in plants,and it is the ultimate energy source of any living organisms.The light and dark reactions are two essential phases of photosynthesis.Light reaction harvests light energy to synthesize ATP and NADPH through an electron transport chain,and as well as giving out O_(2);dark reaction fixes CO_(2) into six carbon sugars by utilizing NADPH and energy from ATP.Subsequently,plants convert optical energy into chemical energy for maintaining growth and development through absorbing light energy.Here,firstly,we highlighted the biological importance of photosynthesis,and hormones and metabolites,photosynthetic and regulating enzymes,and signaling components that collectively regulate photosynthesis in tomato.Next,we reviewed the advances in tomato photosynthesis,including two aspects of genetic basis and genetic improvement.Numerous genes regulating tomato photosynthesis are gradually uncovered,and the interaction network among those genes remains to be constructed.Finally,the photosynthesis occurring in fruit of tomato and the relationship between photosynthesis in leaf and fruit were discussed.Leaves and fruits are photosynthate sources and sinks of tomato respectively,and interaction between photosynthesis in leaf and fruit exists.Additionally,future perspectives that needs to be addressed on tomato photosynthesis were proposed.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32072571)the 111 Project(Grant No.B17043)the Construction of Beijing Science,and Technology Innovation and Service Capacity in Top Subjects(Grant No.CEFF-PXM2019_014207_000032)。
文摘Tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)is an important fruit and vegetable crop in worldwide.The fertility of tomato reproductive organs can be dramatically decreased when ambient temperatures rise above 35°C,reducing tomato fruit yield.It is necessary to identify transcription factors(TFs)and target genes involved in heat stress response(HSR)signaling cascades in tomato flower buds to improve tomato plant thermotolerance.In this study,we profiled genes expressed in three developmental stages of tomato flower buds.Red and turquoise modules for heat stress(HS)were identified through gene co-expression network analysis,and the genes within these modules were enriched in HS-related pathways.By focusing on the TFs in the two modules,we identified several novel HSR-related TFs,including SlWRKY75,SlMYB117,and SlNAM.Furthermore,homology analysis illustrated a conserved signaling cascade in tomato.Lastly,we identified and experimentally validated four HSF-regulated genes,namely SlGrpE,SlERDJ3A,SlTIL,and SlPOM1,that likely modulate thermotolerance in plants.These results provide a high-resolution atlas of gene expression during tomato flower bud development under HS conditions,which is a valuable resource for uncovering potential regulatory networks associated with the HSR in tomato.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32120103010,32002050)Beijing Joint Research Program for Germplasm Innovation and New Variety Breeding(Grant No.G20220628003-03)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences。
文摘Tomato is an important economic crop all over the world.Volatile flavors in tomato fruit are key factors influencing consumer liking and commercial quality.However,the regulatory mechanism controlling the volatile flavors of tomatoes is still not clear.Here,we integrated the metabolome and transcriptome of the volatile flavors in tomato fruit to explore the regulatory mechanism of volatile flavor formation,using wild and cultivated tomatoes with significant differences in flavors.A total of 35 volatile flavor compounds were identified,based on the solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(SPME-GC-MS).The content of the volatiles,affecting fruit flavor,significantly increased in the transition from breaker to red ripe fruit stage.Moreover,the total content of the volatiles in wild tomatoes was much higher than that in the cultivated tomatoes.The content variations of all volatile flavors were clustered into 10 groups by hierarchical cluster and Pearson coefficient correlation(PCC)analysis.The fruit transcriptome was also patterned into 10 groups,with significant variations both from the mature green to breaker fruit stage and from the breaker to red ripe fruit stage.Combining the metabolome and the transcriptome of the same developmental stage of fruits by co-expression analysis,we found that the expression level of 1182 genes was highly correlated with the content of volatile flavor compounds,thereby constructing two regulatory pathways of important volatile flavors.One pathway is tetrahydrothiazolidine N-hydroxylase(SlTNH1)-dependent,which is regulated by two transcription factors(TFs)from the bHLH and AP2/ERF families,controlling the synthesis of 2-isobutylthiazole in amino acid metabolism.The other is lipoxygenase(Sl LOX)-dependent,which is regulated by one TF from the HD-Zip family,controlling the synthesis of hexanal and(Z)-2-heptenal in fatty acid metabolism.Dual-luciferase assay confirmed the binding of b HLH and AP2/ERF to their structural genes.The findings of this study provide new insights into volatile flavor formation in tomato fruit,which can be useful for tomato flavor improvement.
文摘Tomato plant diseases often first manifest on the leaves,making the detection of tomato leaf diseases particularly crucial for the tomato cultivation industry.However,conventional deep learning models face challenges such as large model sizes and slow detection speeds when deployed on resource-constrained platforms and agricultural machinery.This paper proposes a lightweight model for detecting tomato leaf diseases,named LT-YOLO,based on the YOLOv8n architecture.First,we enhance the C2f module into a RepViT Block(RVB)with decoupled token and channel mixers to reduce the cost of feature extraction.Next,we incorporate a novel Efficient Multi-Scale Attention(EMA)mechanism in the deeper layers of the backbone to improve detection of critical disease features.Additionally,we design a lightweight detection head,LT-Detect,using Partial Convolution(PConv)to significantly reduce the classification and localization costs during detection.Finally,we introduce a Receptive Field Block(RFB)in the shallow layers of the backbone to expand the model’s receptive field,enabling effective detection of diseases at various scales.The improved model reduces the number of parameters by 43%and the computational load by 50%.Additionally,it achieves a mean Average Precision(mAP)of 90.9%on a publicly available dataset containing 3641 images of tomato leaf diseases,with only a 0.7%decrease compared to the baseline model.This demonstrates that the model maintains excellent accuracy while being lightweight,making it suitable for rapid detection of tomato leaf diseases.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32360743,32072559,and31860568)the National Key Research and Development Program,China(2018YFD1000800)the Fostering Foundation for the Excellent Ph D Dissertation of Gansu Agricultural University,China(YB2022004)。
文摘Flowering is one of the most important phenological periods,as it determines the timing of fruit maturation and seed dispersal.To date,both nitric oxide(NO)and DNA demethylation have been reported to regulate flowering in plants.However,there is no compelling experimental evidence for a relationship between NO and DNA demethylation during plant flowering.In this study,an NO donor and a DNA methylation inhibitor were used to investigate the involvement of DNA demethylation in NO-mediated tomato(Solanum lycopersicum cv.Micro-Tom)flowering.The results showed that the promoting effect of NO on tomato flowering was dose-dependent,with the greatest positive effect observed at 10μmol L^(-1) of the NO donor S-nitrosoglutathione(GSNO).Treatment with 50μmol L^(-1) of the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacitidine(5-AzaC)also significantly promoted tomato flowering.Moreover,GSNO and 5-AzaC increased the peroxidase(POD)and catalase(CAT)activities and cytokinin(CTK)and proline contents,while they reduced the gibberellic acid(GA3)and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)contents.Co-treatment with GSNO and 5-AzaC accelerated the positive effects of GSNO and 5-AzaC in promoting tomato flowering.Meanwhile,compared with a GSNO or 5-AzaC treatment alone,co-treatment with GSNO+5-AzaC significantly increased the global DNA demethylation levels in different tissues of tomato.The results also indicate that DNA demethylation may be involved in NO-induced flowering.The expression of flowering genes was significantly altered by the GSNO+5-AzaC treatment.Five of these flowering induction genes,ARGONAUTE 4(AGO4A),SlSP3D/SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS(SFT),MutS HOMOLOG 1(MSH1),ZINC FINGER PROTEIN 2(ZFP2),and FLOWERING LOCUS D(FLD),were selected as candidate genes for further study.An McrBC-PCR analysis showed that DNA demethylation of the SFT gene in the apex and the FLD gene in the stem might be involved in NO-induced flowering.Therefore,this study shows that NO might promote tomato flowering by mediating the DNA demethylation of flowering induction genes,and it provides direct evidence for a synergistic effect of NO and DNA demethylation in promoting tomato flowering.
文摘Aim: This study was carried out in order to evaluate the potential of bacteriophages in controlling tomato bacterial wilt disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. Study design: A purposive sampling technique was used to collect samples from bacterial wilt hot spot tomato growing areas in Kenya. Place and duration of study: The research work was done at Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, between June 2020 and July 2021. Methodology: Thirty diseased plants and corresponding soil were collected from five counties, Nyeri, Kajiado, Nyandarua, Kiambu and Taita Taveta. Bacteria were isolated and characterized, and then used as hosts to propagate the phages. Tests done were gram stain, oxidation test, potassium hydroxide solubility test, H2S production test catalase test, NaCl test and sugar fermentation test. Molecular analysis and phenotyping were also done in order to identify the bacteria. The bacteriophages were then isolated through a double overlay method using R. solanacearum as the host. They were characterized and assayed in a greenhouse setting to determine their effectiveness in controlling bacterial wilt. Results: Six host bacteria were isolated and all belonged to biovar II. Four phages were observed based on morphology. Upon characterization the phages were stable at 30˚C, PH range between 6 - 7 and tolerance of more than an hour under UV light. In the greenhouse experiment, treatment of plants with bacteriophage prevented wilting after subsequent inoculation with the pathogen. A bacteriophage mix of SN1 and WT1 were used for efficacy tests due to their efficiency in plating and infection. Phage SN1 and WT1 exhibited high lytic activity and relatively high thermotolerance and acid tolerance, thereby showing great potential in the biocontrol of bacterial wilt infection across a variety of conditions. Conclusion: The results obtained in this research show that bacteriophages offer potential for the biocontrol of bacterial wilt.
基金Supported by Research Project on Food Detection Technology Innovation and Standard Integration 2024(YNXM-2024-FW-019).
文摘This paper investigates and analyzes the general situation of the tomato seed production industry in Lintong District,Xi'an City.Development strategies and suggestions are proposed to address existing problems.These include strengthening technological innovation and variety R&D,promoting industrial standardization and intelligent upgrading,enhancing brand building and market expansion,improving policy support and industrial chain coordination,strengthening intellectual property protection and talent cultivation,and expanding sales channels to promote industrial transformation and upgrading.
文摘As we all are aware of the deleterious and ill effects of various chemical pesticides and inorganic fertilizers,the agricultural community has to move towards an alternative having a sustainable and eco-friendly approach.Thus in this study,we analyzed the efficiency of growth promoting microorganism products(GPMPs)using Tricuran-P(Trichoderma harzianum T-22);Nitroxin(Azospirilium and Azotobacter rhizobacteria in combination);Effective Micro-Organisms(EM)(photosynthetic bacteria,lactobacillus,Streptomyces,Actinomycetes,yeast,etc.);Phytohumic;Formycine Gold PX 20%;and Fenamiphos(Nemacur)on the tomato growth and physico-chemical properties of the plant and the soil at a greenhouse condition in interaction with root-knot nematodes(RKNs),Meloidogyne javanica pathosystem along with irrigation water at the interval of every three weeks for three times.The results showed that the lowest second-stage juveniles(J2)reproduction factor rate in the soil was related to Nemacur 18%and Tricuran-P 19%,followed by Formycine with 30%reduction in comparison to inoculated controls,respectively.Increasing the concentration of Formycine led to a significant decrease in the reproduction factor rate of J2 in the soil and the roots.Furthermore,in the biomass traits,the treatments showed a significant effect on the related traits,which were increased with the Formycine increase in the growth parameters of the biomass traits.The results of the effect of different treatments on physico-chemical traits of the soil indicated that the treatments had a significant difference on all the relevant traits except the concentration of phosphorus(P_(2)O_(5))and potassium(K_(2)O).Whereas,the content of elements in the tomato plants showed a significant difference on all the evaluated traits.At the same time,the correlation between the attributes in the tomato plant with the soil indicated that the plant’s N had a positive and significant correlation with Organic Carbon(OC),total N,P_(2)O_(5),K_(2)O and the soil moisture;and a negative and significant correlation with the soil’s EC(electrical conductivity).Moreover,the content of K,Ca,and Mg of the plant had a positive and significant correlation with the soil moisture,and a negative and significant correlation with the soil’s EC.Cumulatively,GPMPs not only are enable to shift over the soil environments in the favor of the plant growth,but also similarly modulate immunity against RKNs,by virtue of which Formycine and others can compete relatively compared to Fenamiphos(Nemacur)and other relevant GPMPs in this research.
文摘Unlike most plants, members of the genus Solanum produce cholesterol and use this as a precursor for steroidal glycoalkaloids. The production of the compounds begins as a branch from brassinosteroid biosynthesis, which produces cholesterol that is further modified to produce steroidal glycoalkaloids. During the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, genetic engineering could alter the formation of cholesterol from provitamin D3(7-dehydrocholesterol) and produce vitamin D3. Cholesterol is a precursor for many steroidal glycoalkaloids, including a-tomatine and esculeoside A. Alpha-tomatine is consumed by mammals and it can reduce cholesterol content and improve LDL:HDL ratio. When there is a high a-tomatine content, the fruit will have a bitter flavor, which together with other steroidal glycoalkaloids serving as protective and defensive compounds for tomato against insect, fungal, and bacterial pests. These compounds also affect the rhizosphere bacteria by recruiting beneficial bacteria. One of the steroidal glycoalkaloids, esculeoside A increases while fruit ripening. This review focuses on recent studies that uncovered key reactions of the production of cholesterol and steroidal glycoalkaloids in tomato connecting to human health, fruit flavor, and plant defense and the potential application for tomato crop improvement.
基金supported by China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(Grant No.CARS23-B10)The Major Science and Technology Projects in Hainan Province(Grant No.ZDKJ2021005)+1 种基金Key R&D projects in Shandong Province(Grant No.LJNY202106)Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(Grant No.IVF-BRF2023006)。
文摘Grafting is an effective technique for increasing the resistance of vegetables to biotic and abiotic stresses.It has been widely applied to produce solanaceous and melon vegetables.Temperature is an important external factor affecting graft formation.However,the molecular mechanism by which external ambient temperature affects tomato graft formation remains unclear.In this study,we demonstrated that elevating ambient temperature during grafting to 35℃ for more than 24 h after grafting accelerated vascular reconnection.We generated self-or heterografted combinations between phyB1B2 and pif4 loss-of-function mutant and wild-type plants,and were mutants unresponsive to graft formation at elevated ambient temperature.In addition,elevated ambient temperature induced SlPIF4 expression during grafting.SlPIF4 directly binds the promoters of auxin biosynthesis genes SlYUCCAs and activates their expression.Further investigation revealed auxin accumulation in the graft junction under elevated ambient temperature.The results illuminate the mechanism by which the PHYB-PIF4-auxin module promotes tomato graft formation in response to elevated ambient temperature.
文摘Ta Ngao is the local name in Loc Thanh Village,Bao Lam District,Lam Dong Province.This district is a place that has rich mineral resources in the province with 10%in the total mineral resource value of Southeast.With a waterfall of 7 stages,it seems to be one beautiful site,a big resource for hydroelectricity generation.Besides,there are some natural landscapes and human resource for many forms;this is a conversing place of many peoples;therefore,we have a strong potential to develop the tourism.It is a wild area,everyone plants a little;therefore,here,it has not vegetables.The soil and the efficiency of the trees do not care.Here,we examined the heavy metals on the tomatoes and we studied fertilizers,and we want to improve the soil,to serve the product for the people better.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFA0900600 and 2021YFF1000103-5)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA24030503)。
文摘Root-knot nematodes(RKNs)are the most widespread soil-borne obligate endoparasites.They can infect the roots of many crops and cause significant yield losses.The only commercially available RKN-resistant gene in tomatoes,Mi-1.2,fails at soil temperatures above 28℃.We cloned the heat-stable RKN-resistant gene,Mi-9,from a gene cluster composed of seven nucleotide-binding sites and leucine-rich repeat(NBS-LRR)type resistant genes in Solanum arcunum accession LA2157.Screening nematode infections in individual and combinatorial knockouts of five NBS-LRR genes showed that Mi-9 Candidate 4(MiC-4)alone is sufficient to confer heat-stable RKN resistance.Our study identifies a new source of heat-stable resistance to RKN in tomatoes for challenging environmental conditions.We also showcase a roadmap for rapid characterization of resistance genes by combining comparative genomics and genome editing,with the potential to be utilized in other crops.
基金supported by the Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(2022CFB009)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31900242).
文摘Dendrobium officinale is an orchid herb distinguished by its exceptional drought resistance capabilities.The remarkable drought tolerance of D.officinale stems from its structural and compositional features,including thick leaves and stems containing abundant polysaccharides and colloidal substances.Despite these adaptations,the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for enhanced drought tolerance remain inadequately understood.This study subjected D.officinale to water restriction for periods ranging from 1 to 6 months,conducting physiological and RNA sequencing analyses to elucidate its long-term dehydration response mechanisms and identify drought-protective genes.Following 6 months of dehydration,D.officinale maintained viability,demonstrated by rapid growth resumption after merely 2 d of rehydration.Transcriptome analysis of D.officinale plants under 1-month dehydration revealed differential gene expression across various processes,predominantly in stress responses,photosynthesis,phytohormone signaling,carbon metabolism,and fructose/mannose pathways.Among these,PEROXIDASE4(POD4)and NAC37 showed significant upregulation and were selected for further investigation of their roles in drought protection.Transgenic tomato plants overexpressing D.officinale’s POD4 and NAC37 genes exhibited superior drought tolerance compared to controls,displaying enhanced vigor,increased fruit production,higher respiration rates,elevated chlorophyll levels,and reduced oxidative damage.This research demonstrates the value of exploring underutilized species for drought-tolerance genes and identifies POD4 and NAC37 as promising candidates for improving drought tolerance through breeding programs.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32360766,32072595 and 32202512)the Earmarked Fund for CARS(CARS-23-A13)。
文摘CONSTANS(CO)and CONSTANS-LIKE(COL)transcription factors are known to regulate a series of cellular processes,including the transition from vegetative growth to flower development in plants.However,their role in regulating the fruit chlorophyll content is poorly understood.In this study,SlCOL1,the tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)ortholog of Arabidopsis CONSTANS,was shown to play key roles in controlling fruit chlorophyll.The suppression of SlCOL1 expression led to a reduction in the chlorophyll content of immature green fruit,while the overexpression of SlCOL1 increased it.An analysis of protein-protein interactions indicated that SlCOL1 forms a complex with GOLDEN2-LIKE(GLK2),which promotes the stability of its protein.The overexpression of SlCOL1in the glk2 null mutation background of tomato failed to promote chlorophyll accumulation in the immature green fruit,which suggests that GLK2 is required for the function of SlCOL1 in regulating chlorophyll content.These results shed new light on the mechanisms used by COL1 and GLK2 to regulate fruit development and chlorophyll accumulation in tomato.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32360743,32072559,31860568,31560563 and 31160398)the National Key Research and Development Program(Grant No.2018YFD1000800).
文摘Tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)has become a model for the study of fleshy fruits.Comprehending the regulatory mechanisms of fleshy fruit ripening is important.Transcription factors(TFs),hormones,and epigenetic regulation mainly regulate tomato fruit ripening,and the initiation of ripening requires ethylene and ripening-related TFs,such as NAC,MADS-box,RIN,GH3,HD-ZIP,and basic helix-loop-helix.In this review,we summarize recent research progress on these TFs in the regulation of tomato fruit ripening and highlight the crosstalk mechanisms of ethylene and ripening-related TFs.By affecting ethylene synthesis and signaling,TFs regulate softening and color changes in tomato fruits,thereby influencing fruit quality.Our review contributes to a systematic understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of tomato fruit ripening and provides a basis for developing or modeling complex ripening regulatory networks.
基金support from the Study on Vegetable Science of Farmland System in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(Grant No.2019QZKK0303)funded by the Sichuan International Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation/Hong Kong Macao Taiwan Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Project(Grant No.2022YFH0071)。
文摘Secondary salinization is a major environmental factor that causes a stress response and growth inhibition in plants in protected agriculture.The positive effect of a low red to far-red light ratio(R:FR)in salt tolerance through antioxidant defense has been reported,while the underlying model remains obscure.In this study,we used physiological and genetic approaches to investigate the relationship between H_(2)O_(2) signaling and low R:FR-induced salt tolerance and antioxidant capacity in tomato seedlings.This study found that low R:FR treatment with calcium nitrate stress(SL treatment)enhanced the growth of plants and increased the net photosynthetic rate 5 days after stress compared with a higher R:FR ratio and calcium nitrate stress(S treatment).With transcriptomic analysis of tomato leaves at 5 d,compared with CK,most of glutaredoxin genes and antioxidant enzymes were upregulated by S treatment,which were upregulated further by SL treatment.Compared to the S treatment,within 5 days,the H_(2)O_(2) level was increased faster before 24 h and it was slowed down after 24 h by SL treatment,with less H_(2)O_(2) accumulation at 5 d than that of S treatment.The enhancement of gene expression of RBOH genes were also shown at 24 h under SL.It was found that stomatal conductance followed the dynamic change of H_(2)O_(2),with a rapid closure of stomata of a decrease at 3 h and an increase after 9 h in SL treatment compared to S treatment,respectively.There was same trend of stomata opening degrees of tomato leaves observed by optical microscope.However,the inhibitor of H_(2)O_(2) production(DPI pretreatment)weakened the positive effect of low R:FR on the regulation of stomatal movement.In addition,SL treatment increased the antioxidant enzyme activities and proline content and decreased the MDA content as compared to the S treatment,while the enhancement of ROS homeostasis was reduced by the DPI pretreatment.In conclusion,low R:FR improved redox homeostasis and stomatal status under calcium nitrate stress through H_(2)O_(2)signaling,improving the adaptation of tomato seedlings to soil salinization stress.
基金supported by a fellowship from the China Scholarship Council(CSC),award nr.202106300012 to X.W.from EU-RISE Evofruland:grant agreement no.101007738 to X.W.
文摘Tomato reproductive success and yield are particularly vulnerable to the negative effect of heat stress leading to stigma exsertion(protrusion)and lower pollen viability,both interfering with fertilization.Thus,understanding the regulation of these two traits in tomato is crucial for the yield and quality of the crop.Here,we found that knocking out the tomato MADS-domain transcription factor FRUITFULL2(FUL2)function leads to a higher incidence of parthenocarpy in tomato.This phenotype was primarily due to impeded selfpollination as a consequence of the higher frequency of stigma exsertion and lower fertilization rates due to reduced pollen quality.Stigma exsertion in ful2 mutants,in contrast to heat stress-induced exsertion,was caused by style elongation,particularly in the younger flowers of a truss.Interestingly,Quantitative Trait Loci for style elongation,stigma exsertion,and pollen viability map close to the position of FUL2 on chromosome 3,making it a candidate gene underlying these QTLs.At the molecular level,ful2 mutant styles have higher expression of Style2.1 and SE3.1,which are known as positive regulators of style length.In addition,after reducing the impact of style exsertion and low pollen quality by manual pollination with wild-type pollen,ful2 mutants exhibited reduced fruit size independent of seed number.This study reveals the contributions of flower number,style length,and pollen quality,as affected by FUL2,to tomato fertility and fruit size.
基金supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant No.774244(Breeding for resilient,efficient and sustainable organic vegetable productionBRESOV)by‘RGV-FAO'project funded by the Italian Ministry of Agriculture,Food Sovereignty and Forests。
文摘The increasing conversion of agricultural land to organic farming requires the development of specifically adapted cultivars.So far,in tomato there is lack of research for selection of germplasm suitable for sustainable agroecosystems.In this study,we investigated the genotypic and environmental factors affecting the variation of plant,fruits,and root traits in 39 tomato genotypes grown under organic farming conditions.Four independent experiments were conducted in Italy and Spain across two consecutive seasons in 2019 and 2020.For all traits,the factorial linear regression model to estimate the main effects of genotype(G),location(L),year of cultivation(Y)and their interactions,revealed highly significant(P<0.001)variations,with the G factor being largely predominant for most traits.The implementation of the“which-won-where”,“mean performance versus stability”and“discriminative vs representativeness”patterns in the GGE(Genotype plus Genotype by Environment interaction)analysis,allowed the identification of superior cultivars with high stability across the testing environments.Genomic characterization with 30890 high quality SNPs from dd RADseq genotyping analysis,revealed that a specific cluster of cherry tomato accessions were low performing in terms of yield and fruit weight,on the contrary,showed a high content of soluble solids,which in agreement with GGE analysis.Results of this study provide a framework for the potential use of this locally adapted tomato germplasm to address the needs of more sustainable agriculture.
基金supported by The National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFF1003002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32120103010)the Project of Yuandu Industry Leading talent。
文摘Tomato is a model system for studying fleshy fruit development.After fertilization,cell division and expansion in the pericarp are crucial for fruit development and determine the final fruit size.TKN3 was found to be expressed in the tomato ovary wall/pericarp of zero to two days post-anthesis fruits as a KNOX I class member,but its function in fruit development was elusive.Here,we found that mutations of TKN3 by CRISPR/Cas9 caused fruit developmental defects,and fruit weight was dramatically reduced in the tkn3cr mutant.Histological observation of fruit pericarps revealed that mutation of TKN3 repressed cell expansion after fertilization,leading to flattened cells in the mesocarp and thereby thinner pericarps in red fruits.Moreover,tkn3cr mutants also displayed pleiotropic phenotypes including enlarged leaves and floral organs,indicating conserved functions in meristem maintenance and leaf development.Yeast two-hybrid and BiFC assays further showed that TKN3 could interact with Solyc10g086640(a homolog of Arabidopsis PNY),which has a similar expression pattern as TKN3.Genome-wide identification of genes regulated by TKN3 indicated that the auxin and gibberellin(GA)pathways might mediate the function of TKN3.Our works revealed that TKN3 controls cell expansion in pericarps,and provides new insights into the roles of KNOX proteins in fruit development.
基金supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(32302623 and 32172639)。
文摘The plant growth process is accompanied by dynamic changes in the microtubules,and the rearrangement of microtubules is regulated by diverse microtubule-associated proteins(MAPs).Plant MAP65s have been exhaustively characterized in some species,but the information about MAP65 family members in tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)is limited.In this study,nine SlMAP65 family genes were identified in the tomato genome.Then a systematic analysis that considered the physio-chemical properties,evolution,conserved motifs,domains,gene structure,and cis-regulatory elements of SlMAP65 family members was conducted.The family member Sl MAP65-1,which had the highest expression,was knocked out by CRISPR/Cas9.The tomato fruit of slmap65-1 loss of function lines showed an elongated morphology,and the data indicated that SlMAP65-1 is involved in fruit morphogenesis at the early fruit development stage.These results provide new insights for fruit morphogenesis-related research and future functional studies of the SlMAP65 family members in tomato.
