Background: Pediatric brain tumors (PBT) are among the most common childhood neoplasms worldwide, but their management in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) remains under-documented. Limited access to specialize...Background: Pediatric brain tumors (PBT) are among the most common childhood neoplasms worldwide, but their management in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) remains under-documented. Limited access to specialized care, diagnostic tools, and adjuvant therapies poses significant challenges in sub-Saharan Africa, including Togo. Objective: This study reviews the management of pediatric brain tumors in Togo. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study in the neurosurgery department at Sylvanus Olympio Teaching Hospital between November 2017 and December 2022. Demographic, clinical, radiographic, operative, pathology, and outcome data were collected and analyzed. Results: Eighteen patients had histologically verified brain tumors. Ages ranged from 1 to 15 years (mean: 7.73 ± 4.28), with a sex ratio of 1. Symptoms of raised intracranial pressure were present in 83.4% of cases. The mean interval to presentation was 22 ± 5.32 months. Tumors were supratentorial in 66.7% of cases. Total tumor removal was achieved in 61.1%. Astrocytoma was the most common histological diagnosis, followed by ependymoma and medulloblastoma. Five patients (27.8%) died within the first month post-surgery. The estimated 5-year survival rate was 43% ± 5.4%. Conclusion: Delayed diagnosis, insufficient infrastructure, and limited access to radiotherapy and chemotherapy contribute to poor outcomes. Improving neurosurgical capacity, infrastructure, and financial support could enhance survival and outcomes for pediatric brain tumor patients in Togo.展开更多
Objective: We aim to analyze the surgical nursery of abdominal wall hernias in adults between two poorly fitted medical environments, the Regional Hospital Center of Tsévié (RHC-T) and the Prefectural Hospit...Objective: We aim to analyze the surgical nursery of abdominal wall hernias in adults between two poorly fitted medical environments, the Regional Hospital Center of Tsévié (RHC-T) and the Prefectural Hospital Center of Kpalimé (PHC-K) in Togo. Methodology: It was a retrospective, descriptive and comparative study carried out over five years (2018-2022) focusing on abdominal wall hernias in adults. Information was gathered from the patients’clinical notes and registers on the frequency of hernias, the anatomo-clinical forms of hernias, the type of anesthesia, the hernia repair technique and the postoperative evolution. Results: Of the 1022 and 1026 operations performed, 312 and 412 were hernial repairs, representing 30.5% and 41.2% of operations at RHC-T and PHC-K respectively (p = 0.001). The inguinal hernia was the most often found in 83.7% (n = 261) at RHC-T versus 76.6% (n = 324) at PHC-K. Herniorrhaphy was the most frequently used repair method, in 93.6% (n = 292) of patients at RHC-T and in 91.3% (n = 376) at PHC-K (p = 0.11). Postoperative complications were noted in 5.1% of cases (n = 16) at RHC-T versus 3.5% of cases (n = 15) at PHC-K (p = 0.307). These complications included scrotal hematomas, surgical areas infections, and orchitis. We recorded 1.3% (n = 4) and 0.8% (n = 3) deaths at RHC-T and PHC-K respectively (p = 0.496). Conclusion: There is homogeneity in the treatment of hernia in these two hospitals in Togo.展开更多
Objective:To assess the seasonality of the bacterial meningitis and the antibiotic resistance of incriminated bacteria over the last three years in the northern Togo.Methods:From January 2007 to January 2010,533 cereb...Objective:To assess the seasonality of the bacterial meningitis and the antibiotic resistance of incriminated bacteria over the last three years in the northern Togo.Methods:From January 2007 to January 2010,533 cerebrospinal fluids(CSF) samples were collected from patients suspected of meningitis in the Regional Hospital of Dapaong(northern Togo).After microscopic examination,samples were cultured for bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility. Results:The study included 533 patients(306 male and 227 female) aged from 1 day to 55 years [average age(13.00±2.07) years].Bacterial isolation and identification were attempted for 254/533 (47.65%) samples.The bacteria]species identified were:Neisseria meningitidis A(N.meningitidis A)(58.27%),Neisseria meningitidis W135(N,meningitidis W135)(7.09%),Streptococcus pneumoniae(S.pneumoniae)(26.77%),Haemophilus influenza B(H.influenza B)(6.30%) and Enterobacteriaceae(1.57%).The results indicated that bacterial meningitis occur from November to May with a peak in February for H.influenzae and S.pneumoniae and March for Neisseriaceae. The distribution of positive CSF with regards to the age showed that subjects between 6 and 12 years followed by subjects of 0 to 5 years were most affected with respective frequencies of 67.82%and 56.52%(P【0.001).Susceptibility tests revealed that bacteria have developed resistance to several antibiotics including aminosides(resistance rate】20%for both bacterial strains),macrolides(resistance rate】30%for H.influenzae) quinolones(resistance rate】15% for H.influenzae and N.meningitidis W135).Over three years,the prevalence of S.pneumoniae significantly increased from 8.48%to 73.33%(P【0.001),while the changes in the prevalence of H.influenzae B were not statistically significant:4.24%,vs.8.89%,(P= 0.233).Conclusions: Our results indicate that data in African countries differ depending on geographical location in relation to the African meningitis belt.This underlines the importance of epidemiological surveillance of bacterial meningitis.展开更多
Remote-sensing data for protected areas in northern Togo, obtained in three different years （2007, 2000, and 1987）, were used to assess and map changes in land cover and land use for this drought prone zone. The nor...Remote-sensing data for protected areas in northern Togo, obtained in three different years （2007, 2000, and 1987）, were used to assess and map changes in land cover and land use for this drought prone zone. The normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） was applied to the images to map changes in vegetation. An unsupervised classification, followed by classes recoding, filtering, identifications, area computing and post-classification process were applied to the composite of the three years of NDVI images. Maximum likelihood classification was applied to the 2007 image （ETM＋2007） using a supervised classification process. Seven vegetation classes were defined from training data sets. The seven classes included the following biomes： riparian forest, dry forest, flooded vegetation, wooded savanna, fallows, parkland, and water. For these classes, the overall accuracy and the overall kappa statistic for the classi- fied map were 72.5% and 0.67, respectively. Data analyses indicated a great change in land resources; especially between 1987 and 2000 proba- bly due to the impact of democratization process social, economic, and political disorder from 1990. Wide-scale loss of vegetation occurred during this period. However, areas of vegetation clearing and regrowth were more visible between 2000 and 2007. The main source of confusion in the contingency matrix was due to heterogeneity within certain classes. It could also be due to spectral homogeneity among the classes. This research provides a baseline for future ecological landscape research and for the next management program in the area.展开更多
The research was done in the Atacora Mountain chain in Togo which tended to assess the change of vegetation cover during a 24-year period.It also aims to evaluate the dynamic of the net primary productivity(NPP) of th...The research was done in the Atacora Mountain chain in Togo which tended to assess the change of vegetation cover during a 24-year period.It also aims to evaluate the dynamic of the net primary productivity(NPP) of the living plants over the same period.The Landsat imagery covering three different periods(1987, 2000, and 2011) was pre-processed to correct atmospheric and radiometric parameters as well as gapfilling the 2011 SCL-off images.Then, the vegetation indices such as NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index), SR(simple ratiovegetation index), SAVI(soil-adjusted vegetation index), and CASA(carnegie- ames- stanford approach)model for NPP were applied on these images after masking the study area.The results showed a quiet decrease in the vegetation cover.The vegetation loss was more significant from 2000 to 2011 than from1987 to 2000, and anthropogenic activities can be deemed as the main cause of the vegetation loss.The biomass assessment by NPP computation also showed a decrease over the time.Similar to the change of the vegetation cover, the ecosystem net productivity was very low in 2011 compared to 2000 and 1987.It seems that the general health condition of thevegetation, including its potentiality in carbon sinking,was negatively affected in this area, which has already been under threatened.A perpetual monitoring of these ecosystems by means of efficient techniques could enhance the sustainable management tools of in the framework of reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation(REDD).展开更多
The standard methods for regression analyses of clustered riverine larval habitat data of Simulium damnosum s.l.a major black-fly vector of onchoceriasis,postulate models relating observational ecological-sampled para...The standard methods for regression analyses of clustered riverine larval habitat data of Simulium damnosum s.l.a major black-fly vector of onchoceriasis,postulate models relating observational ecological-sampled parameter estimators to prolific habitats without accounting for residual intra-cluster error correlation effects.Generally,this correlation comes from two sources:(1)the design of the random effects and their assumed covariance from the multiple levels within the regression model and(2)the correlation structure of the residuals.Unfortunately,inconspicuous errors in residual intracluster correlation estimates can overstate precision in forecasted S.damnosum s.l.riverine larval habitat explanatory attributes regardless how they are treated(e.g.independent,autoregressive,Toeplitz,etc.).In this research,the geographical locations for multiple riverine-based S.damnosum s.l.larval ecosystem habitats sampled from two preestablished epidemiological sites in Togo were identified and recorded from July 2009 to June 2010.Initially,the data were aggregated into PROC GENMOD.An agglomerative hierarchical residual cluster-based analysis was then performed.The sampled clustered study site data was then analyzed for statistical correlations using monthly biting rates(MBR).Euclidean distance measurements and terrain-related geomorphological statistics were then generated in ArcGIS.A digital overlay was then performed also in ArcGIS using the georeferenced ground coordinates of high and low density clusters stratified by annual biting rates(ABR).The data was overlain onto multitemporal sub-meter pixel resolution satellite data(i.e.QuickBird 0.61m wavbands).Orthogonal spatial filter eigenvectors were then generated in SAS/Geographic Information Systems(GIS).Univariate and nonlinear regression-based models(i.e.logistic,Poisson,and negative binomial)were also employed to determine probability distributions and to identify statistically significant parameter estimators from the sampled data.Thereafter,Durbin–Watson statistics were used to test the null hypothesis that the regression residuals were not autocorrelated against the alternative that the residuals followed an autoregressive process in AUTOREG.Bayesian uncertainty matrices were also constructed employing normal priors for each of the sampled estimators in PROC MCMC.The residuals revealed both spatially structured and unstructured error effects in the high and low ABR-stratified clusters.The analyses also revealed that the estimators,levels of turbidity,and presence of rocks were statistically significant for the high-ABR-stratified clusters,while the estimators distance between habitats and floating vegetation were important for the low-ABR-stratified cluster.Varying and constant coefficient regression models,ABRstratified GIS-generated clusters,sub-meter resolution satellite imagery,a robust residual intra-cluster diagnostic test,MBR-based histograms,eigendecomposition spatial filter algorithms,and Bayesian matrices can enable accurate autoregressive estimation of latent uncertainity affects and other residual error probabilities(i.e.heteroskedasticity)for testing correlations between georeferenced S.damnosum s.l.riverine larval habitat estimators.The asymptotic distribution of the resulting residual adjusted intra-cluster predictor error autocovariate coefficients can thereafter be established while estimates of the asymptotic variance can lead to the construction of approximate confidence intervals for accurately targeting productive S.damnosum s.l.habitats based on spatiotemporal field-sampled count data.展开更多
These days, human activities in the savanna and the remaining dry and riparian forests of the Sudanian ecoregions continue to have their impact. These anthropogenic practices are still the main cause of disturbances i...These days, human activities in the savanna and the remaining dry and riparian forests of the Sudanian ecoregions continue to have their impact. These anthropogenic practices are still the main cause of disturbances in these areas. In order to investigate and assess the importance of these disturbances, caused by people bordering on protected areas and to determine the relation between these activities and the environment in which they are carried out, 220 samples were selected in the three main protected areas of northern Togo. The investigation was mainly qualitative, considering the floristic sampling of this drought area; any anthropogenic activities observed were recorded. A simple investigative questionnaire about the activities of rural people in the reserved areas was distributed to individuals encountered in the study area. Each sample in the investigation ended with a site description of its ecologi- cal characterization, i.e., soil features, topography, fauna footprints, dominant plant species and GPS position; we also took photo- graphs of the site. Data processing was entirely based on descriptive statistics and a factor analysis. The results show that eight kinds of human activities, i.e., the use of pastures, tree cutting, bush fires, charcoal production, harvesting of plant material, fanning, honey harvesting and hunting, were noted to be serious disturbances to the integrity of the ecosystems. Among these disturbances, three are recurrent in all the sampled areas of which the use of pastures accounts for 31.88%, tree cutting for 30.35% and bush fires for 30.13%. Fire and pasture disturbances are closely linked and are responsible for the current features of the savanna area of the region. Tree cutting is more a direct function of the need for the production of wood fuel, generally used by city populations. Hunting, farm- ing and honey production are of lesser importance in the area and therefore, do not pose a significantly negative effect on the growth of fauna and flora. Knowledge of these disturbances in the context of requalification and a renewed demarcation of protected areas in Togo is essential for their sustainable management.展开更多
From providing funds for the global fight against infectious diseases,to actively participating in global health security actions,to strengthening mutual cooperation in the field of health,and providing medical treatm...From providing funds for the global fight against infectious diseases,to actively participating in global health security actions,to strengthening mutual cooperation in the field of health,and providing medical treatment,training and scholarships to countries in need,China’s foreign aid on global poverty alleviation is increasingly diversified and expanding in scale.Indeed,China is playing an increasingly important leading role in the global health agenda.It is worth mentioning that over the years,artemisinin compound have saved millions of lives all over the world,especially in poverty-stricken areas.China’s work mode of malaria elimination has also been written into WHO’s technical documents and recommended to other countries.Since 2007,Chinese medical staff has carried out the Artemisinin Compound Malaria Control Project in Comoros,bringing Chinese prevention and treatment programs to the local area.By 2014,Comoros had achieved zero deaths from malaria,and the number of cases had dropped by 98%.Now,this program is also extended to Togo,another African country.This article preliminarily summarizes the malaria profile in Togo and introduces China-Togo Cooperative Artemisinin Malaria Control Demonstration Project to provide a reference for better anti-malaria assistance in Togo,and also shows one of the substantive actions of China’s participation in global health governance,which contributes Chinese wisdom and offers Chinese solutions to global poverty alleviation.展开更多
In this study, historical landscape dynamics were investigated to（i） map the land use/cover types for the years 1972, 1987, 2000 and 2014;（ii） determine the types and processes of landscape dynamics; and（iii） as...In this study, historical landscape dynamics were investigated to（i） map the land use/cover types for the years 1972, 1987, 2000 and 2014;（ii） determine the types and processes of landscape dynamics; and（iii） assess the landscape fragmentation and habitat loss over time. Supervised classification of multi-temporal Landsat images was used through a pixel-based approach. Post–classification methods included systematic and random change detection, trajectories analysis and landscape fragmentation assessment. The overall accuracies（and Kappa statistics） were of 68.86%（0.63）, 91.32%（0.79）, 90.66%（0.88） and 91.88%（0.89） for 1972, 1987, 2000 and 2014, respectively. The spatio-temporal analyses indicated that forests, woodlands and savannahs dominated the landscapes during the four dates, though constant areal decreases were observed. The most important dynamic process was the decline of woodlands with an average annual net loss rate of –2%. Meanwhile, the most important land transformation occurred during the transition 2000–2014, due to anthropogenic pressures. Though the most important loss of vegetation greenness occurred in the unprotected areas, the overall analyses of change indicated a declining trend of land cover quality and an increasing landscape fragmentation. Sustainable conservation strategies should be promoted while focusing restoration attention on degraded lands and fragmented ecosystems in order to support rural livelihood and biodiversity conservation.展开更多
Among the numerous problems that are facing cotton farmers, climate change is one of the most important still out of their control. Adaptation appears to be one of the best alternatives. The objective of this research...Among the numerous problems that are facing cotton farmers, climate change is one of the most important still out of their control. Adaptation appears to be one of the best alternatives. The objective of this research is to assess the impact of climate change on cotton production in the Savannah region of Togo. The study was conducted with 172 cotton farmers sampled randomly in many stages in order to determine the impact of climate change on cotton production. The impact assessment of climate change on cotton production was carried out using ATE (Average Treatment Effect) and ATET (Average Treatment Effect on the Treated) models introduced by Rubin in 1974. The results show that climate change has a significant negative impact at 1% level on cotton production observed with an average decrease per farmer of 2330 kg, on the yield efficiency with an average decrease of 515 kg/ha and on the income level with an average decrease of US $745 per farmer. Climate change reduces the level of soil fertility, favours pest resistance and leads to an increase in consumption of cotton production inputs per unit of area. The study also reveals a low level of adaptation of cotton farmers to climate change. The expansion of cultivated areas remains the main reaction of cotton farmers to climate’s negative effects. Raising producers’ awareness on the reality of climate change and adopting adaptation techniques and strategies would greatly improve cotton farmers’ adaptive capacity and positively affect cotton production in Savannah region, and Togo in general.展开更多
The Kabye and Kpaza Massifs correspond to two main granulitic suites in the suture zone of the Pan-African Dahomeyide orogenic belt, in northern Togo. The Kabye Massif is composed of an important west verging nappe pi...The Kabye and Kpaza Massifs correspond to two main granulitic suites in the suture zone of the Pan-African Dahomeyide orogenic belt, in northern Togo. The Kabye Massif is composed of an important west verging nappe pile subdivided into two petrographic units. The nappes in its western petrographic unit are made up of leucocratic garnetbearing granulites defined as the “Lassa-Soumdina Granulites” (GLS). The eastern petrographic unit consists of mela-nocratic granulites, with metagabbroic structures, called the “Ketao-Sirka Granulites” (GKS). These two petrographic units are separated by the Panalo Mylonitic Zone (ZMP). This major west verging zone includes a syn-Dn + 2 dextral shear contact. The Kpaza Massif comprises nappes of melanocratic granulites (GKM), comparable to the GKS of the Kabye Massif. All these granulitic nappes include boudins of pyroxenites or meta-anorthosites, and ultramafic rocks represented by serpentinites, talcschists, actinolite- and chlorite-schists which generally mark thrust soles. The GLS nappes are thrust over the Kara-Niamtougou orthogneissic unit (UKN) which is considered as the easternmost structural unit of the Dahomeyide external zone. On the other hand, the GKS nappes underlie those of the Binah meta-volcano sedimentary Complex (CB) which belongs to the Dahomeyide internal zone. As regards the Kpaza Massif, it occurs as a geologic window tectonically enclosed in the Mono Complex nappes (CM) corresponding to the southern part of the CB. The organization of the Kabye and Kpaza Massifs, as west verging nappe piles, and their relationships with the surrounding structural units express the tangential and folding tectonics that structured the Pan-African belt in northern Togo. The microstructures and mineral parageneses of the granulites and associated rocks in these two massifs indicate a polyphase tectono-metamorphic evolution: a syn-Dn granulitization (collision phase);a syn-Dn + 1 amphibolitization (obduction or tangential phase);and a syn- to post-Dn + 2 greenschist facies retrogressive metamorphism (post-nappe folding phase).展开更多
The aim of this work is to evaluate the role of Ultrasound-Doppler in the hemodynamic study of hepatic vessels during the liver cirrhosis in Togo. Method: This was an analytic cross-sectional study that measured the v...The aim of this work is to evaluate the role of Ultrasound-Doppler in the hemodynamic study of hepatic vessels during the liver cirrhosis in Togo. Method: This was an analytic cross-sectional study that measured the velocimetric parameters of hepatic vessels in cirrhotic patients and in non-cirrhotic patients. Results: The velocimetric parameters of the hepatic artery, the portal vein, and the hepatic veins were measured in 50 cirrhotic patients and 50 non-cirrhotic The caliber of the portal vein was significantly increased in cirrhotic patients compared to non-cirrhotic patients with 13.11 ± 2.16 mm versus 11.45 ± 1.02 (p Conclusion: The hemodynamic study of the hepatic vessels can and must rightly be a diagnostic argument for liver cirrhosis.展开更多
Trend analysis was performed for the long-term measured pan evaporation and estimated pan coefficient for 4 meteorological stations during 1976-2011 in Togo. Measured pan evaporation was recorded at four meteorologica...Trend analysis was performed for the long-term measured pan evaporation and estimated pan coefficient for 4 meteorological stations during 1976-2011 in Togo. Measured pan evaporation was recorded at four meteorological stations in Togo for the global period of 1976 to 2011 at Lome, Tabligbo, Atakpame, and Sokode. ETo was estimated using the Penman-Monteith model. The Mann-Kendall test was used for trend analysis. The results showed that annual Epan varied from 1803 to 2081 mm at Lome, from 1294 to 1496 mm at Tabligbo, from 1605 to 1974 mm at Atakpame and from 1839 to 1990 mm at Sokode. It had significant increasing trend at Lome, Tabligbo, and Sokode and a negative trend at Atakpame. Monthly Epan varied from 137 to 197 mm at Lome, 89 to 149 mm at Tabligbo, 137 to 214 mm at Atakpame and from 137 to 190 mm at Sokode. At Lome, Kpan varied from 0.61 to 1.17 and averaged 0.81. At Tabligbo, Kpan varied from 0.59 to 0.98 and averaged 0.75. At Atakpame, Kpan varied from 0.5 to 2.0 and averaged 1.12. At Sokode, Kpan varied from 0.43 to 1.92 and averaged 0.98. Monthly mean Kpan is recommended for use in hydrological studies, irrigation scheduling and water management in Togo.展开更多
This study aimed to identify the role of natural and anthropogenic influence on geochemical processes controlling groundwater salinization in the middle portion of the Mono River basin, Togo. Multivariate statistical ...This study aimed to identify the role of natural and anthropogenic influence on geochemical processes controlling groundwater salinization in the middle portion of the Mono River basin, Togo. Multivariate statistical analysis, geochemical masse balance modeling, and conventional graphical methods were applied to the chemical dataset obtained from 110 groundwater samples collected during two campaigns (March-May 2011 and April 2014). The results showed that groundwater is predominantly fresh, acidic to circumneutral and mixed cations-<span style="white-space:nowrap;">HCO<sup>-</sup><sub style="margin-left:-7px;">3</sub> </span>water types. The proportion of ions (Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Cl<sup>-</sup> and <span style="white-space:nowrap;">SO<sup>2-</sup><sub style="margin-left:-7px;">4</sub></span>) occurring ubiquitously in a saline environment increases substantially with TDS. Two factors, defined as natural and anthropogenic, account for 76.5% of the hydrochemical dataset variance. Based on the hierarchical cluster analysis, groundwater samples are classified into four clusters that corroborate the factor analysis results and illustrate different hydrochemical evolution stages along a topographically-driven groundwater flow path. The primary natural process contributing to cations and bicarbonate ions is the weathering of silicate minerals and possibly secondary carbonates by infiltrating water enriched with soil CO<sub>2</sub> gas. Groundwater salinization indicators including Cl<sup>-</sup>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">SO<sup>2-</sup><sub style="margin-left:-7px;">4</sub> and <span style="white-space:nowrap;">NO<sup>-</sup><sub style="margin-left:-7px;">3</sub></span></span>, originate from potential sources such as human and animal wastes, agrochemicals, and deforestation. Thermodynamic equilibrium conditions ranged from saturation to oversaturation with respect to quartz, chalcedony, amorphous silica, calcite, dolomite, sepiolite, and talc. In conjunction with the lowering of CO<sub>2</sub> partial pressure and evaporation, these conditions restrict acidic hydrolysis of primary silicates but magnify the groundwater salinization process in the lower elevation areas where soil crusts’ formation is favorable. This study showed the effective use of multivariate statistical analysis and complementary techniques in identifying the significant factors and processes controlling groundwater chemistry.展开更多
Catfishes belonging to the genus <em>Chrysichthys</em> are generally important fish species in inland water bodies of Africa because of their high commercial value. Among them, <em>C.</em> <...Catfishes belonging to the genus <em>Chrysichthys</em> are generally important fish species in inland water bodies of Africa because of their high commercial value. Among them, <em>C.</em> <em>nigrodigitatus</em> could represent, at certain periods of the year the highest biomass of the littoral ichthyofauna, accounting for 17 to 43.8% of total catches. In this paper, its diet in the hydrosystem Lake Togo-Lagoon of Aného was investigated focusing on how differences in diet and food consumption are related to size, season and sexual maturity. A total of 195 males and 137 females were sampled from January to December 2017. The digestive tract of each individual was dissected and its content was analyzed, using indexes of stomach contents analysis method. Diet variability in relation to season and biometric <em></em>parameters was also studied. About 99 stomachs were empty with an overall vacuity index of 29.82%. However, vacuity index was found to vary in relation to fish size and months. The fish has been found to be omnivorous with a carnivorous tendency consuming a wide range of prey items (H = 3.34). Juvenile and adult freshwater clams (<em>Galatea paradoxa</em>) were the numerical dominant preys (%N = 44%) while the penaeid shrimps (<em>Farfantepenaeus notialis</em>) with an annual frequency of occurrence (Fo) of 49.36% and all species confused of fish (33.91%) were the most preferred preys. The index of relative importance (IRI) reveals that freshwater clam (40.49%), penaeid shrimps (35.85%) and all species confused of fish (14.58%) were the most important preys of <em>C. nigrodigitatus</em>. The dominance of Malacostraca and Mollusca in the diet of <em>C. nigrodigitatus</em> in the hydrosystem Lake Togo-Lagoon of Aného is likely one of the more important considerations for future management plans.展开更多
Attacks by swarm of bees realize arrays of mass poisoning. We report the case of a 9 years old boy whoes severity was related to the large number of bees which was about 400 and their locations spread throughout the s...Attacks by swarm of bees realize arrays of mass poisoning. We report the case of a 9 years old boy whoes severity was related to the large number of bees which was about 400 and their locations spread throughout the skin surface with a preponderance to the cephalic end. Complications were hemolytic anemia, kidney failure and convulsions. The outcome was favorable with symptomatic care and hemodialysis.展开更多
The study was conducted to monitor the concentration of pesticide residues in three staple vegetables (tomato, cabbage, lettuce) collected from 12 prefectures belonging to 4 agro-ecological regions of Togo. A total of...The study was conducted to monitor the concentration of pesticide residues in three staple vegetables (tomato, cabbage, lettuce) collected from 12 prefectures belonging to 4 agro-ecological regions of Togo. A total of 150 samples of ripe tomato, cabbage and lettuce were collected from the study areas and analyzed for 20 OCPs (organochlorine pesticides) residues, which can be grouped into DDTs, Drins, Heptachlors, Chlordanes and HCHs. The data revealed that 100% of the analyzed vegetable samples were contaminated by one or more pesticide residues;83.32% and 100% were below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) set par European Union and FAO/WHO respectively whereas 16.68% were above the EU (MRLs) adopted values. Overall, cabbage contained the highest number of samples with pesticide residues above the MRLs followed by tomato, whilst none of lettuce samples contained pesticide residues above the MRLs. It is therefore proposed to perform continuous monitoring studies of pesticide residues in vegetables cultivated in Togo.展开更多
The purpose of this study is to analyze the behavior of mortars from the sands of Togo in order to optimize their traction resistance. 3660 4 cm × 4 cm × 16 cm test tubes of mortars are prepared from the san...The purpose of this study is to analyze the behavior of mortars from the sands of Togo in order to optimize their traction resistance. 3660 4 cm × 4 cm × 16 cm test tubes of mortars are prepared from the sands of 20 extraction sites in Togo with variations in water and cement while keeping the water-cement ratio constant (<i>E</i>/<i>C</i> = 0.5). It emerges a quadratically increasing evolution of resistance in flexural at 28 days of age (<i>σ<sub>f</sub></i>) for cement-sand (<i>C</i>/<i>S</i>) and water-sand (<i>E</i>/<i>S</i>) ratios varying respectively by the interval [0.0370, 0.3580] to [0.1977, 0.5120] and [0.0185, 0.1792] to [0.0988, 0.2605]. The resistances become stationary beyond these values (<i>σ<sub>f</sub></i> ≈ 3.4750 MPa to 7.9010 MPa). For structures whose resistance in traction is desired, three formulas of sand mortars from Togo are therefore defined: rich mortars (<i>C</i>/<i>S</i> > 0.5120 and <i>E</i>/<i>S</i> > 0.2605), lean (<i>C</i>/<i>S</i> < 0.0370 and <i>E</i>/<i>S</i> < 0.0185) and normal (0.0370 < <i>C</i>/<i>S</i> < 0.5120 and 0.0185 < <i>E</i>/<i>S</i> < 0.2605).展开更多
The application of remote sensing in understanding tree species structural diversity and land use patterns relationship is imperative for reforestation and biodiversity conservation efforts. This study assesses land u...The application of remote sensing in understanding tree species structural diversity and land use patterns relationship is imperative for reforestation and biodiversity conservation efforts. This study assesses land use patterns and tree species structural diversity in previously reforested hilly sandstone regions of northern Togo. The physical height, and diameter at breast height(DBH) more than 5 cm of all tree species in each given plot were measured in summer 2017. A total of 75 plots of 900 m^2 installed along the toposequence were recorded. In addition, a semi-supervised classification of Landsat 8 images in January of 2018, was also used to classify the land use patterns. 36 tree species and 19 families were recorded for the entire study area. Meanwhile, 19 tree species and 15 families were recorded for the previously afforested zones. The most abundant species included the Sterculiaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Meliaceae, and Mimosaceae. The trees stand structure represented 8.61 ± 0.57 m, 11.28 ± 1.76 cm, and 0.018 ± 0.009 m^2 per hectare for height, diameter and basal area respectively. Major land use patterns were tree and shrub savannahs, parklands and croplands which represented over 60% of the landscape. It is necessary to examine the regeneration and vegetative multiplication potentials of the most frequent and abundant tree species for any eventual future afforestation programs in these hilly sandstone regions of northern Togo.展开更多
This study assessed the extreme temperatures trends and changes over Mono River Basin under the highest greenhouse gas emission scenario RCP8.5. Simulations of five (5) regional climate models (RCMs) provided by Afric...This study assessed the extreme temperatures trends and changes over Mono River Basin under the highest greenhouse gas emission scenario RCP8.5. Simulations of five (5) regional climate models (RCMs) provided by Africa-CORDEX program were selected from the eighth (8) considered. Future trends in temperature percentiles, including extremes, are used to assess changes in the distribution of daily temperature over Mono Basin in Togo. Changes of temperature and Extreme low (high) temperatures from the baseline period 1961-2010 were computed for future (2051-2100). This analysis reveals that in the north of the basin, for the positive trends, the maximum is 0.82°C·year-1 given by model MPI-ESM2 at Tchamba while the strongest negative change is 0.26°C·year-1 given by model MIROC at Sotouboua. In the south of the basin, the strongest negative trend is of 0.03°C·year-1 given by model (A) CNRM-CMA5. The maximum ones of the trends for models-mean are all positive except at Anié. Higher percentiles of minimum and maximum temperature will increase at a greater rate than the lower percentiles during dry and rainy seasons (with differences more pronounced for maximum values) over the north. Concerning future changes, almost all the RCMs predicted an increase of maximum and minimum temperatures over most parts of the Mono Basin, particularly in the north. Finally, results predicted an increase of TX90P (TX10P) and TN90P (TN10P) from 10% to 45% (13% to 40%) and 0% to 35% (12% Mean value), respectively over Mono Basin.展开更多
文摘Background: Pediatric brain tumors (PBT) are among the most common childhood neoplasms worldwide, but their management in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) remains under-documented. Limited access to specialized care, diagnostic tools, and adjuvant therapies poses significant challenges in sub-Saharan Africa, including Togo. Objective: This study reviews the management of pediatric brain tumors in Togo. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study in the neurosurgery department at Sylvanus Olympio Teaching Hospital between November 2017 and December 2022. Demographic, clinical, radiographic, operative, pathology, and outcome data were collected and analyzed. Results: Eighteen patients had histologically verified brain tumors. Ages ranged from 1 to 15 years (mean: 7.73 ± 4.28), with a sex ratio of 1. Symptoms of raised intracranial pressure were present in 83.4% of cases. The mean interval to presentation was 22 ± 5.32 months. Tumors were supratentorial in 66.7% of cases. Total tumor removal was achieved in 61.1%. Astrocytoma was the most common histological diagnosis, followed by ependymoma and medulloblastoma. Five patients (27.8%) died within the first month post-surgery. The estimated 5-year survival rate was 43% ± 5.4%. Conclusion: Delayed diagnosis, insufficient infrastructure, and limited access to radiotherapy and chemotherapy contribute to poor outcomes. Improving neurosurgical capacity, infrastructure, and financial support could enhance survival and outcomes for pediatric brain tumor patients in Togo.
文摘Objective: We aim to analyze the surgical nursery of abdominal wall hernias in adults between two poorly fitted medical environments, the Regional Hospital Center of Tsévié (RHC-T) and the Prefectural Hospital Center of Kpalimé (PHC-K) in Togo. Methodology: It was a retrospective, descriptive and comparative study carried out over five years (2018-2022) focusing on abdominal wall hernias in adults. Information was gathered from the patients’clinical notes and registers on the frequency of hernias, the anatomo-clinical forms of hernias, the type of anesthesia, the hernia repair technique and the postoperative evolution. Results: Of the 1022 and 1026 operations performed, 312 and 412 were hernial repairs, representing 30.5% and 41.2% of operations at RHC-T and PHC-K respectively (p = 0.001). The inguinal hernia was the most often found in 83.7% (n = 261) at RHC-T versus 76.6% (n = 324) at PHC-K. Herniorrhaphy was the most frequently used repair method, in 93.6% (n = 292) of patients at RHC-T and in 91.3% (n = 376) at PHC-K (p = 0.11). Postoperative complications were noted in 5.1% of cases (n = 16) at RHC-T versus 3.5% of cases (n = 15) at PHC-K (p = 0.307). These complications included scrotal hematomas, surgical areas infections, and orchitis. We recorded 1.3% (n = 4) and 0.8% (n = 3) deaths at RHC-T and PHC-K respectively (p = 0.496). Conclusion: There is homogeneity in the treatment of hernia in these two hospitals in Togo.
文摘Objective:To assess the seasonality of the bacterial meningitis and the antibiotic resistance of incriminated bacteria over the last three years in the northern Togo.Methods:From January 2007 to January 2010,533 cerebrospinal fluids(CSF) samples were collected from patients suspected of meningitis in the Regional Hospital of Dapaong(northern Togo).After microscopic examination,samples were cultured for bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility. Results:The study included 533 patients(306 male and 227 female) aged from 1 day to 55 years [average age(13.00±2.07) years].Bacterial isolation and identification were attempted for 254/533 (47.65%) samples.The bacteria]species identified were:Neisseria meningitidis A(N.meningitidis A)(58.27%),Neisseria meningitidis W135(N,meningitidis W135)(7.09%),Streptococcus pneumoniae(S.pneumoniae)(26.77%),Haemophilus influenza B(H.influenza B)(6.30%) and Enterobacteriaceae(1.57%).The results indicated that bacterial meningitis occur from November to May with a peak in February for H.influenzae and S.pneumoniae and March for Neisseriaceae. The distribution of positive CSF with regards to the age showed that subjects between 6 and 12 years followed by subjects of 0 to 5 years were most affected with respective frequencies of 67.82%and 56.52%(P【0.001).Susceptibility tests revealed that bacteria have developed resistance to several antibiotics including aminosides(resistance rate】20%for both bacterial strains),macrolides(resistance rate】30%for H.influenzae) quinolones(resistance rate】15% for H.influenzae and N.meningitidis W135).Over three years,the prevalence of S.pneumoniae significantly increased from 8.48%to 73.33%(P【0.001),while the changes in the prevalence of H.influenzae B were not statistically significant:4.24%,vs.8.89%,(P= 0.233).Conclusions: Our results indicate that data in African countries differ depending on geographical location in relation to the African meningitis belt.This underlines the importance of epidemiological surveillance of bacterial meningitis.
基金supported by the Chinese Ministry of Sciences and Technology--the host of China-Africa Science and Technology Partnership Program(CASTEP)the National Special Research Program for Forestry Welfare of China(201104009)
文摘Remote-sensing data for protected areas in northern Togo, obtained in three different years （2007, 2000, and 1987）, were used to assess and map changes in land cover and land use for this drought prone zone. The normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） was applied to the images to map changes in vegetation. An unsupervised classification, followed by classes recoding, filtering, identifications, area computing and post-classification process were applied to the composite of the three years of NDVI images. Maximum likelihood classification was applied to the 2007 image （ETM＋2007） using a supervised classification process. Seven vegetation classes were defined from training data sets. The seven classes included the following biomes： riparian forest, dry forest, flooded vegetation, wooded savanna, fallows, parkland, and water. For these classes, the overall accuracy and the overall kappa statistic for the classi- fied map were 72.5% and 0.67, respectively. Data analyses indicated a great change in land resources; especially between 1987 and 2000 proba- bly due to the impact of democratization process social, economic, and political disorder from 1990. Wide-scale loss of vegetation occurred during this period. However, areas of vegetation clearing and regrowth were more visible between 2000 and 2007. The main source of confusion in the contingency matrix was due to heterogeneity within certain classes. It could also be due to spectral homogeneity among the classes. This research provides a baseline for future ecological landscape research and for the next management program in the area.
基金the Chinese Ministry of Sciences and Technology,the host of China-Africa Science and Technology Partnership Program(CASTEP)the special fund of forestry industry for public welfare projects(200904022)
文摘The research was done in the Atacora Mountain chain in Togo which tended to assess the change of vegetation cover during a 24-year period.It also aims to evaluate the dynamic of the net primary productivity(NPP) of the living plants over the same period.The Landsat imagery covering three different periods(1987, 2000, and 2011) was pre-processed to correct atmospheric and radiometric parameters as well as gapfilling the 2011 SCL-off images.Then, the vegetation indices such as NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index), SR(simple ratiovegetation index), SAVI(soil-adjusted vegetation index), and CASA(carnegie- ames- stanford approach)model for NPP were applied on these images after masking the study area.The results showed a quiet decrease in the vegetation cover.The vegetation loss was more significant from 2000 to 2011 than from1987 to 2000, and anthropogenic activities can be deemed as the main cause of the vegetation loss.The biomass assessment by NPP computation also showed a decrease over the time.Similar to the change of the vegetation cover, the ecosystem net productivity was very low in 2011 compared to 2000 and 1987.It seems that the general health condition of thevegetation, including its potentiality in carbon sinking,was negatively affected in this area, which has already been under threatened.A perpetual monitoring of these ecosystems by means of efficient techniques could enhance the sustainable management tools of in the framework of reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation(REDD).
基金This work was produced by the US National Institute of Health/Fogarty International Center under SR01TW008508.
文摘The standard methods for regression analyses of clustered riverine larval habitat data of Simulium damnosum s.l.a major black-fly vector of onchoceriasis,postulate models relating observational ecological-sampled parameter estimators to prolific habitats without accounting for residual intra-cluster error correlation effects.Generally,this correlation comes from two sources:(1)the design of the random effects and their assumed covariance from the multiple levels within the regression model and(2)the correlation structure of the residuals.Unfortunately,inconspicuous errors in residual intracluster correlation estimates can overstate precision in forecasted S.damnosum s.l.riverine larval habitat explanatory attributes regardless how they are treated(e.g.independent,autoregressive,Toeplitz,etc.).In this research,the geographical locations for multiple riverine-based S.damnosum s.l.larval ecosystem habitats sampled from two preestablished epidemiological sites in Togo were identified and recorded from July 2009 to June 2010.Initially,the data were aggregated into PROC GENMOD.An agglomerative hierarchical residual cluster-based analysis was then performed.The sampled clustered study site data was then analyzed for statistical correlations using monthly biting rates(MBR).Euclidean distance measurements and terrain-related geomorphological statistics were then generated in ArcGIS.A digital overlay was then performed also in ArcGIS using the georeferenced ground coordinates of high and low density clusters stratified by annual biting rates(ABR).The data was overlain onto multitemporal sub-meter pixel resolution satellite data(i.e.QuickBird 0.61m wavbands).Orthogonal spatial filter eigenvectors were then generated in SAS/Geographic Information Systems(GIS).Univariate and nonlinear regression-based models(i.e.logistic,Poisson,and negative binomial)were also employed to determine probability distributions and to identify statistically significant parameter estimators from the sampled data.Thereafter,Durbin–Watson statistics were used to test the null hypothesis that the regression residuals were not autocorrelated against the alternative that the residuals followed an autoregressive process in AUTOREG.Bayesian uncertainty matrices were also constructed employing normal priors for each of the sampled estimators in PROC MCMC.The residuals revealed both spatially structured and unstructured error effects in the high and low ABR-stratified clusters.The analyses also revealed that the estimators,levels of turbidity,and presence of rocks were statistically significant for the high-ABR-stratified clusters,while the estimators distance between habitats and floating vegetation were important for the low-ABR-stratified cluster.Varying and constant coefficient regression models,ABRstratified GIS-generated clusters,sub-meter resolution satellite imagery,a robust residual intra-cluster diagnostic test,MBR-based histograms,eigendecomposition spatial filter algorithms,and Bayesian matrices can enable accurate autoregressive estimation of latent uncertainity affects and other residual error probabilities(i.e.heteroskedasticity)for testing correlations between georeferenced S.damnosum s.l.riverine larval habitat estimators.The asymptotic distribution of the resulting residual adjusted intra-cluster predictor error autocovariate coefficients can thereafter be established while estimates of the asymptotic variance can lead to the construction of approximate confidence intervals for accurately targeting productive S.damnosum s.l.habitats based on spatiotemporal field-sampled count data.
基金supported by the Chinese and Togolese governments under the direction of Beijing Forestry University and Universitéde Lomé
文摘These days, human activities in the savanna and the remaining dry and riparian forests of the Sudanian ecoregions continue to have their impact. These anthropogenic practices are still the main cause of disturbances in these areas. In order to investigate and assess the importance of these disturbances, caused by people bordering on protected areas and to determine the relation between these activities and the environment in which they are carried out, 220 samples were selected in the three main protected areas of northern Togo. The investigation was mainly qualitative, considering the floristic sampling of this drought area; any anthropogenic activities observed were recorded. A simple investigative questionnaire about the activities of rural people in the reserved areas was distributed to individuals encountered in the study area. Each sample in the investigation ended with a site description of its ecologi- cal characterization, i.e., soil features, topography, fauna footprints, dominant plant species and GPS position; we also took photo- graphs of the site. Data processing was entirely based on descriptive statistics and a factor analysis. The results show that eight kinds of human activities, i.e., the use of pastures, tree cutting, bush fires, charcoal production, harvesting of plant material, fanning, honey harvesting and hunting, were noted to be serious disturbances to the integrity of the ecosystems. Among these disturbances, three are recurrent in all the sampled areas of which the use of pastures accounts for 31.88%, tree cutting for 30.35% and bush fires for 30.13%. Fire and pasture disturbances are closely linked and are responsible for the current features of the savanna area of the region. Tree cutting is more a direct function of the need for the production of wood fuel, generally used by city populations. Hunting, farm- ing and honey production are of lesser importance in the area and therefore, do not pose a significantly negative effect on the growth of fauna and flora. Knowledge of these disturbances in the context of requalification and a renewed demarcation of protected areas in Togo is essential for their sustainable management.
基金support from Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Plan of China(Grant No.2020A0505090009&Grant No.2021A0505030060)Project of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China(Grant No.GZYYGJ2020030).
文摘From providing funds for the global fight against infectious diseases,to actively participating in global health security actions,to strengthening mutual cooperation in the field of health,and providing medical treatment,training and scholarships to countries in need,China’s foreign aid on global poverty alleviation is increasingly diversified and expanding in scale.Indeed,China is playing an increasingly important leading role in the global health agenda.It is worth mentioning that over the years,artemisinin compound have saved millions of lives all over the world,especially in poverty-stricken areas.China’s work mode of malaria elimination has also been written into WHO’s technical documents and recommended to other countries.Since 2007,Chinese medical staff has carried out the Artemisinin Compound Malaria Control Project in Comoros,bringing Chinese prevention and treatment programs to the local area.By 2014,Comoros had achieved zero deaths from malaria,and the number of cases had dropped by 98%.Now,this program is also extended to Togo,another African country.This article preliminarily summarizes the malaria profile in Togo and introduces China-Togo Cooperative Artemisinin Malaria Control Demonstration Project to provide a reference for better anti-malaria assistance in Togo,and also shows one of the substantive actions of China’s participation in global health governance,which contributes Chinese wisdom and offers Chinese solutions to global poverty alleviation.
基金funded by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF)hosted by the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology of Kumasi,Ghana+1 种基金the Laboratory of Botany and Plant Ecology (University of Lome, Togo) for fieldwork supportthe contribution of CGIAR-DS through the funding to Quang Bao Le
文摘In this study, historical landscape dynamics were investigated to（i） map the land use/cover types for the years 1972, 1987, 2000 and 2014;（ii） determine the types and processes of landscape dynamics; and（iii） assess the landscape fragmentation and habitat loss over time. Supervised classification of multi-temporal Landsat images was used through a pixel-based approach. Post–classification methods included systematic and random change detection, trajectories analysis and landscape fragmentation assessment. The overall accuracies（and Kappa statistics） were of 68.86%（0.63）, 91.32%（0.79）, 90.66%（0.88） and 91.88%（0.89） for 1972, 1987, 2000 and 2014, respectively. The spatio-temporal analyses indicated that forests, woodlands and savannahs dominated the landscapes during the four dates, though constant areal decreases were observed. The most important dynamic process was the decline of woodlands with an average annual net loss rate of –2%. Meanwhile, the most important land transformation occurred during the transition 2000–2014, due to anthropogenic pressures. Though the most important loss of vegetation greenness occurred in the unprotected areas, the overall analyses of change indicated a declining trend of land cover quality and an increasing landscape fragmentation. Sustainable conservation strategies should be promoted while focusing restoration attention on degraded lands and fragmented ecosystems in order to support rural livelihood and biodiversity conservation.
文摘Among the numerous problems that are facing cotton farmers, climate change is one of the most important still out of their control. Adaptation appears to be one of the best alternatives. The objective of this research is to assess the impact of climate change on cotton production in the Savannah region of Togo. The study was conducted with 172 cotton farmers sampled randomly in many stages in order to determine the impact of climate change on cotton production. The impact assessment of climate change on cotton production was carried out using ATE (Average Treatment Effect) and ATET (Average Treatment Effect on the Treated) models introduced by Rubin in 1974. The results show that climate change has a significant negative impact at 1% level on cotton production observed with an average decrease per farmer of 2330 kg, on the yield efficiency with an average decrease of 515 kg/ha and on the income level with an average decrease of US $745 per farmer. Climate change reduces the level of soil fertility, favours pest resistance and leads to an increase in consumption of cotton production inputs per unit of area. The study also reveals a low level of adaptation of cotton farmers to climate change. The expansion of cultivated areas remains the main reaction of cotton farmers to climate’s negative effects. Raising producers’ awareness on the reality of climate change and adopting adaptation techniques and strategies would greatly improve cotton farmers’ adaptive capacity and positively affect cotton production in Savannah region, and Togo in general.
文摘The Kabye and Kpaza Massifs correspond to two main granulitic suites in the suture zone of the Pan-African Dahomeyide orogenic belt, in northern Togo. The Kabye Massif is composed of an important west verging nappe pile subdivided into two petrographic units. The nappes in its western petrographic unit are made up of leucocratic garnetbearing granulites defined as the “Lassa-Soumdina Granulites” (GLS). The eastern petrographic unit consists of mela-nocratic granulites, with metagabbroic structures, called the “Ketao-Sirka Granulites” (GKS). These two petrographic units are separated by the Panalo Mylonitic Zone (ZMP). This major west verging zone includes a syn-Dn + 2 dextral shear contact. The Kpaza Massif comprises nappes of melanocratic granulites (GKM), comparable to the GKS of the Kabye Massif. All these granulitic nappes include boudins of pyroxenites or meta-anorthosites, and ultramafic rocks represented by serpentinites, talcschists, actinolite- and chlorite-schists which generally mark thrust soles. The GLS nappes are thrust over the Kara-Niamtougou orthogneissic unit (UKN) which is considered as the easternmost structural unit of the Dahomeyide external zone. On the other hand, the GKS nappes underlie those of the Binah meta-volcano sedimentary Complex (CB) which belongs to the Dahomeyide internal zone. As regards the Kpaza Massif, it occurs as a geologic window tectonically enclosed in the Mono Complex nappes (CM) corresponding to the southern part of the CB. The organization of the Kabye and Kpaza Massifs, as west verging nappe piles, and their relationships with the surrounding structural units express the tangential and folding tectonics that structured the Pan-African belt in northern Togo. The microstructures and mineral parageneses of the granulites and associated rocks in these two massifs indicate a polyphase tectono-metamorphic evolution: a syn-Dn granulitization (collision phase);a syn-Dn + 1 amphibolitization (obduction or tangential phase);and a syn- to post-Dn + 2 greenschist facies retrogressive metamorphism (post-nappe folding phase).
文摘The aim of this work is to evaluate the role of Ultrasound-Doppler in the hemodynamic study of hepatic vessels during the liver cirrhosis in Togo. Method: This was an analytic cross-sectional study that measured the velocimetric parameters of hepatic vessels in cirrhotic patients and in non-cirrhotic patients. Results: The velocimetric parameters of the hepatic artery, the portal vein, and the hepatic veins were measured in 50 cirrhotic patients and 50 non-cirrhotic The caliber of the portal vein was significantly increased in cirrhotic patients compared to non-cirrhotic patients with 13.11 ± 2.16 mm versus 11.45 ± 1.02 (p Conclusion: The hemodynamic study of the hepatic vessels can and must rightly be a diagnostic argument for liver cirrhosis.
文摘Trend analysis was performed for the long-term measured pan evaporation and estimated pan coefficient for 4 meteorological stations during 1976-2011 in Togo. Measured pan evaporation was recorded at four meteorological stations in Togo for the global period of 1976 to 2011 at Lome, Tabligbo, Atakpame, and Sokode. ETo was estimated using the Penman-Monteith model. The Mann-Kendall test was used for trend analysis. The results showed that annual Epan varied from 1803 to 2081 mm at Lome, from 1294 to 1496 mm at Tabligbo, from 1605 to 1974 mm at Atakpame and from 1839 to 1990 mm at Sokode. It had significant increasing trend at Lome, Tabligbo, and Sokode and a negative trend at Atakpame. Monthly Epan varied from 137 to 197 mm at Lome, 89 to 149 mm at Tabligbo, 137 to 214 mm at Atakpame and from 137 to 190 mm at Sokode. At Lome, Kpan varied from 0.61 to 1.17 and averaged 0.81. At Tabligbo, Kpan varied from 0.59 to 0.98 and averaged 0.75. At Atakpame, Kpan varied from 0.5 to 2.0 and averaged 1.12. At Sokode, Kpan varied from 0.43 to 1.92 and averaged 0.98. Monthly mean Kpan is recommended for use in hydrological studies, irrigation scheduling and water management in Togo.
文摘This study aimed to identify the role of natural and anthropogenic influence on geochemical processes controlling groundwater salinization in the middle portion of the Mono River basin, Togo. Multivariate statistical analysis, geochemical masse balance modeling, and conventional graphical methods were applied to the chemical dataset obtained from 110 groundwater samples collected during two campaigns (March-May 2011 and April 2014). The results showed that groundwater is predominantly fresh, acidic to circumneutral and mixed cations-<span style="white-space:nowrap;">HCO<sup>-</sup><sub style="margin-left:-7px;">3</sub> </span>water types. The proportion of ions (Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Cl<sup>-</sup> and <span style="white-space:nowrap;">SO<sup>2-</sup><sub style="margin-left:-7px;">4</sub></span>) occurring ubiquitously in a saline environment increases substantially with TDS. Two factors, defined as natural and anthropogenic, account for 76.5% of the hydrochemical dataset variance. Based on the hierarchical cluster analysis, groundwater samples are classified into four clusters that corroborate the factor analysis results and illustrate different hydrochemical evolution stages along a topographically-driven groundwater flow path. The primary natural process contributing to cations and bicarbonate ions is the weathering of silicate minerals and possibly secondary carbonates by infiltrating water enriched with soil CO<sub>2</sub> gas. Groundwater salinization indicators including Cl<sup>-</sup>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">SO<sup>2-</sup><sub style="margin-left:-7px;">4</sub> and <span style="white-space:nowrap;">NO<sup>-</sup><sub style="margin-left:-7px;">3</sub></span></span>, originate from potential sources such as human and animal wastes, agrochemicals, and deforestation. Thermodynamic equilibrium conditions ranged from saturation to oversaturation with respect to quartz, chalcedony, amorphous silica, calcite, dolomite, sepiolite, and talc. In conjunction with the lowering of CO<sub>2</sub> partial pressure and evaporation, these conditions restrict acidic hydrolysis of primary silicates but magnify the groundwater salinization process in the lower elevation areas where soil crusts’ formation is favorable. This study showed the effective use of multivariate statistical analysis and complementary techniques in identifying the significant factors and processes controlling groundwater chemistry.
文摘Catfishes belonging to the genus <em>Chrysichthys</em> are generally important fish species in inland water bodies of Africa because of their high commercial value. Among them, <em>C.</em> <em>nigrodigitatus</em> could represent, at certain periods of the year the highest biomass of the littoral ichthyofauna, accounting for 17 to 43.8% of total catches. In this paper, its diet in the hydrosystem Lake Togo-Lagoon of Aného was investigated focusing on how differences in diet and food consumption are related to size, season and sexual maturity. A total of 195 males and 137 females were sampled from January to December 2017. The digestive tract of each individual was dissected and its content was analyzed, using indexes of stomach contents analysis method. Diet variability in relation to season and biometric <em></em>parameters was also studied. About 99 stomachs were empty with an overall vacuity index of 29.82%. However, vacuity index was found to vary in relation to fish size and months. The fish has been found to be omnivorous with a carnivorous tendency consuming a wide range of prey items (H = 3.34). Juvenile and adult freshwater clams (<em>Galatea paradoxa</em>) were the numerical dominant preys (%N = 44%) while the penaeid shrimps (<em>Farfantepenaeus notialis</em>) with an annual frequency of occurrence (Fo) of 49.36% and all species confused of fish (33.91%) were the most preferred preys. The index of relative importance (IRI) reveals that freshwater clam (40.49%), penaeid shrimps (35.85%) and all species confused of fish (14.58%) were the most important preys of <em>C. nigrodigitatus</em>. The dominance of Malacostraca and Mollusca in the diet of <em>C. nigrodigitatus</em> in the hydrosystem Lake Togo-Lagoon of Aného is likely one of the more important considerations for future management plans.
文摘Attacks by swarm of bees realize arrays of mass poisoning. We report the case of a 9 years old boy whoes severity was related to the large number of bees which was about 400 and their locations spread throughout the skin surface with a preponderance to the cephalic end. Complications were hemolytic anemia, kidney failure and convulsions. The outcome was favorable with symptomatic care and hemodialysis.
文摘The study was conducted to monitor the concentration of pesticide residues in three staple vegetables (tomato, cabbage, lettuce) collected from 12 prefectures belonging to 4 agro-ecological regions of Togo. A total of 150 samples of ripe tomato, cabbage and lettuce were collected from the study areas and analyzed for 20 OCPs (organochlorine pesticides) residues, which can be grouped into DDTs, Drins, Heptachlors, Chlordanes and HCHs. The data revealed that 100% of the analyzed vegetable samples were contaminated by one or more pesticide residues;83.32% and 100% were below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) set par European Union and FAO/WHO respectively whereas 16.68% were above the EU (MRLs) adopted values. Overall, cabbage contained the highest number of samples with pesticide residues above the MRLs followed by tomato, whilst none of lettuce samples contained pesticide residues above the MRLs. It is therefore proposed to perform continuous monitoring studies of pesticide residues in vegetables cultivated in Togo.
文摘The purpose of this study is to analyze the behavior of mortars from the sands of Togo in order to optimize their traction resistance. 3660 4 cm × 4 cm × 16 cm test tubes of mortars are prepared from the sands of 20 extraction sites in Togo with variations in water and cement while keeping the water-cement ratio constant (<i>E</i>/<i>C</i> = 0.5). It emerges a quadratically increasing evolution of resistance in flexural at 28 days of age (<i>σ<sub>f</sub></i>) for cement-sand (<i>C</i>/<i>S</i>) and water-sand (<i>E</i>/<i>S</i>) ratios varying respectively by the interval [0.0370, 0.3580] to [0.1977, 0.5120] and [0.0185, 0.1792] to [0.0988, 0.2605]. The resistances become stationary beyond these values (<i>σ<sub>f</sub></i> ≈ 3.4750 MPa to 7.9010 MPa). For structures whose resistance in traction is desired, three formulas of sand mortars from Togo are therefore defined: rich mortars (<i>C</i>/<i>S</i> > 0.5120 and <i>E</i>/<i>S</i> > 0.2605), lean (<i>C</i>/<i>S</i> < 0.0370 and <i>E</i>/<i>S</i> < 0.0185) and normal (0.0370 < <i>C</i>/<i>S</i> < 0.5120 and 0.0185 < <i>E</i>/<i>S</i> < 0.2605).
文摘The application of remote sensing in understanding tree species structural diversity and land use patterns relationship is imperative for reforestation and biodiversity conservation efforts. This study assesses land use patterns and tree species structural diversity in previously reforested hilly sandstone regions of northern Togo. The physical height, and diameter at breast height(DBH) more than 5 cm of all tree species in each given plot were measured in summer 2017. A total of 75 plots of 900 m^2 installed along the toposequence were recorded. In addition, a semi-supervised classification of Landsat 8 images in January of 2018, was also used to classify the land use patterns. 36 tree species and 19 families were recorded for the entire study area. Meanwhile, 19 tree species and 15 families were recorded for the previously afforested zones. The most abundant species included the Sterculiaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Meliaceae, and Mimosaceae. The trees stand structure represented 8.61 ± 0.57 m, 11.28 ± 1.76 cm, and 0.018 ± 0.009 m^2 per hectare for height, diameter and basal area respectively. Major land use patterns were tree and shrub savannahs, parklands and croplands which represented over 60% of the landscape. It is necessary to examine the regeneration and vegetative multiplication potentials of the most frequent and abundant tree species for any eventual future afforestation programs in these hilly sandstone regions of northern Togo.
文摘This study assessed the extreme temperatures trends and changes over Mono River Basin under the highest greenhouse gas emission scenario RCP8.5. Simulations of five (5) regional climate models (RCMs) provided by Africa-CORDEX program were selected from the eighth (8) considered. Future trends in temperature percentiles, including extremes, are used to assess changes in the distribution of daily temperature over Mono Basin in Togo. Changes of temperature and Extreme low (high) temperatures from the baseline period 1961-2010 were computed for future (2051-2100). This analysis reveals that in the north of the basin, for the positive trends, the maximum is 0.82°C·year-1 given by model MPI-ESM2 at Tchamba while the strongest negative change is 0.26°C·year-1 given by model MIROC at Sotouboua. In the south of the basin, the strongest negative trend is of 0.03°C·year-1 given by model (A) CNRM-CMA5. The maximum ones of the trends for models-mean are all positive except at Anié. Higher percentiles of minimum and maximum temperature will increase at a greater rate than the lower percentiles during dry and rainy seasons (with differences more pronounced for maximum values) over the north. Concerning future changes, almost all the RCMs predicted an increase of maximum and minimum temperatures over most parts of the Mono Basin, particularly in the north. Finally, results predicted an increase of TX90P (TX10P) and TN90P (TN10P) from 10% to 45% (13% to 40%) and 0% to 35% (12% Mean value), respectively over Mono Basin.
