A three-dimensional model of the Logone Birni Basin (LBB) is presented by combining gravity and magnetic data and constrained by broad seismic profiles. The 3-D model has revealed the distribution of the stratigraphic...A three-dimensional model of the Logone Birni Basin (LBB) is presented by combining gravity and magnetic data and constrained by broad seismic profiles. The 3-D model has revealed the distribution of the stratigraphic formations as well as the top basement variation. Detailed structure of different stratigraphic sequences is presented for the first time for this basin and some of the sequences correlate with established sequences of the neighboring basins. The sediments pill consists of six sedimentary units dating from the Neocomian to the Quartenary. The Makary subbasin or Northern Logone Birni Basin (NLBB) is the deepest part of the basin and may hold good prospect for hydrocarbon generation and accumulation. However, the limited presence of faults and intrusive bodies decreases the possibility of thermal degeneration, contrary to the Central Logone Birni Basin (CLBB) where conditions seem to be fulfilled for possible hydrocarbon generation and maturity. The complexity of the structural pattern of the model is further enhanced by the presences of volcanic bodies, some of which lay directly on basement or interbedded with the sediments layers mainly in the CLBB.展开更多
The conversion of bone waste obtained from meat processing in slaughterhouses is of great significance across the world, with rising concerns about its utilization in developing countries. In Nigeria, for instance, th...The conversion of bone waste obtained from meat processing in slaughterhouses is of great significance across the world, with rising concerns about its utilization in developing countries. In Nigeria, for instance, there are fewer successful strategies to transform bone waste into high-value products. While most research papers have concentrated on revealing the environmental, aesthetic, and catastrophic health problems associated with the current slaughterhouse waste disposal in developing countries, this paper presents an engineering approach to managing slaughterhouse solid wastes that majorly consist of bones and horns. A medium-size bone milling machine was designed and fabricated with well-detailed design principles to make it reproducible in any industrial capacity. 3D modeling and simulation were employed to evaluate the machine design and performance. Static simulations performed show that the machine can withstand values of 219.313 kPa, 12.7 exp 7 MPa and 2182.5 Nm for the shaft bending moment, hammer pressure, and output torque, respectively. The machine is 98% efficient on performance evaluation, milling 250 kg of treated sun-dried cow bones in an average time of 10 min 2 sec. This paper also recommends workable means for the installation and utilization of the bone milling machine in slaughterhouses across Nigeria.展开更多
Objective:To develop a downloadable three-dimensional(3D)study tool of the membranous labyrinth in order to facilitate the study of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo(BPPV).Background:The diagnosis and treatment of ...Objective:To develop a downloadable three-dimensional(3D)study tool of the membranous labyrinth in order to facilitate the study of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo(BPPV).Background:The diagnosis and treatment of BPPV depend on an understanding of the anatomy of the vestibular labyrinth and its position relative to the head.To date,many illustrations have been made to explain principles of diagnosis and treatment of BPPV,but few have been based on anatomical studies of the membranous labyrinth.Methods:A previously reported 3D model of a human labyrinth was transposed to a 3D development software to allow the creation of markers along the semicircular ducts and utricle.These markers represent otoliths at different positions during movement of the model within the 3D environment.User-friendly tools were created to navigate the model,to allow clear documentation and communication of studied problems,and to study the model across relevant planes.The final model can be downloaded and is available for general useat https://bppvviewer.com/download/.Results:The model allows visualization of true membranous labyrinth anatomy in both ears simultaneously.The dependent portion of each semicircular duct,the planes of the cristae,and the position of the utricle can easily be visualized in any head position.Moveable markers can mark the expected progress of otolith debris with changes in head position and images can be captured to document simulations in various draw styles.Conclusion:This simple model could offer insights that lead to more accurate diagnosis and treatment of BPPV.It may also be useful as a tool to teach BPPV.展开更多
Tumor development and metastasis are facilitated by the complex interactions between cancer cells and theirmicroenvironment,which comprises stromal cells and extracellular matrix(ECM)components,among other factors.Str...Tumor development and metastasis are facilitated by the complex interactions between cancer cells and theirmicroenvironment,which comprises stromal cells and extracellular matrix(ECM)components,among other factors.Stromal cells can adopt new phenotypes to promote tumor cell invasion.Adeep understanding of the signaling pathways involved in cell-to-cell and cell-to-ECM interactions is needed to design effective intervention strategies that might interrupt these interactions.In this review,we describe the tumor microenvironment(TME)components and associated therapeutics.We discuss the clinical advances in the prevalent and newly discovered signaling pathways in the TME,the immune checkpoints and immunosuppressive chemokines,and currently used inhibitors targeting these pathways.These include both intrinsic and non-autonomous tumor cell signaling pathways in the TME:protein kinase C(PKC)signaling,Notch,and transforming growth factor(TGF-β)signaling,Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER)stress response,lactate signaling,Metabolic reprogramming,cyclic GMP–AMP synthase(cGAS)–stimulator of interferon genes(STING)and Siglec signaling pathways.We also discuss the recent advances in Programmed Cell Death Protein 1(PD-1),Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Associated Protein 4(CTLA4),T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3(TIM-3)and Lymphocyte Activating Gene 3(LAG3)immune checkpoint inhibitors along with the C-C chemokine receptor 4(CCR4)-C-C class chemokines 22(CCL22)/and 17(CCL17),C-C chemokine receptor type 2(CCR2)-chemokine(C-Cmotif)ligand 2(CCL2),C-C chemokine receptor type 5(CCR5)-chemokine(C-C motif)ligand 3(CCL3)chemokine signaling axis in the TME.In addition,this review provides a holistic understanding of the TME as we discuss the three-dimensional and microfluidic models of the TME,which are believed to recapitulate the original characteristics of the patient tumor and hence may be used as a platform to study new mechanisms and screen for various anti-cancer therapies.We further discuss the systemic influences of gut microbiota in TME reprogramming and treatment response.Overall,this review provides a comprehensive analysis of the diverse and most critical signaling pathways in the TME,highlighting the associated newest and critical preclinical and clinical studies along with their underlying biology.We highlight the importance of the most recent technologies of microfluidics and lab-on-chip models for TME research and also present an overview of extrinsic factors,such as the inhabitant human microbiome,which have the potential to modulate TME biology and drug responses.展开更多
The artfcte of Verard et el. （2015） proposed an important academic probtem ＂to reconstruct the altitude of otdtands and the water depth of pataeo-oceans of anywhere on the globe and at any geological time＂. Their ...The artfcte of Verard et el. （2015） proposed an important academic probtem ＂to reconstruct the altitude of otdtands and the water depth of pataeo-oceans of anywhere on the globe and at any geological time＂. Their heuristic method and model stimutated my deep thinking of this probtem. I have written an editorial ＂Hope to be from model to practice＂ in Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 63 of JoP. These two papers, especiatly the Verard et el.＇s paper, attracted enthusiastic discussions. Up to now, we have received 2 discussion articles and the repty articte of Dr. Christian Verard. This paper is a preliminary review of the above papers. Criticisms and further discussions are heartily wetcome.展开更多
文摘A three-dimensional model of the Logone Birni Basin (LBB) is presented by combining gravity and magnetic data and constrained by broad seismic profiles. The 3-D model has revealed the distribution of the stratigraphic formations as well as the top basement variation. Detailed structure of different stratigraphic sequences is presented for the first time for this basin and some of the sequences correlate with established sequences of the neighboring basins. The sediments pill consists of six sedimentary units dating from the Neocomian to the Quartenary. The Makary subbasin or Northern Logone Birni Basin (NLBB) is the deepest part of the basin and may hold good prospect for hydrocarbon generation and accumulation. However, the limited presence of faults and intrusive bodies decreases the possibility of thermal degeneration, contrary to the Central Logone Birni Basin (CLBB) where conditions seem to be fulfilled for possible hydrocarbon generation and maturity. The complexity of the structural pattern of the model is further enhanced by the presences of volcanic bodies, some of which lay directly on basement or interbedded with the sediments layers mainly in the CLBB.
文摘The conversion of bone waste obtained from meat processing in slaughterhouses is of great significance across the world, with rising concerns about its utilization in developing countries. In Nigeria, for instance, there are fewer successful strategies to transform bone waste into high-value products. While most research papers have concentrated on revealing the environmental, aesthetic, and catastrophic health problems associated with the current slaughterhouse waste disposal in developing countries, this paper presents an engineering approach to managing slaughterhouse solid wastes that majorly consist of bones and horns. A medium-size bone milling machine was designed and fabricated with well-detailed design principles to make it reproducible in any industrial capacity. 3D modeling and simulation were employed to evaluate the machine design and performance. Static simulations performed show that the machine can withstand values of 219.313 kPa, 12.7 exp 7 MPa and 2182.5 Nm for the shaft bending moment, hammer pressure, and output torque, respectively. The machine is 98% efficient on performance evaluation, milling 250 kg of treated sun-dried cow bones in an average time of 10 min 2 sec. This paper also recommends workable means for the installation and utilization of the bone milling machine in slaughterhouses across Nigeria.
文摘Objective:To develop a downloadable three-dimensional(3D)study tool of the membranous labyrinth in order to facilitate the study of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo(BPPV).Background:The diagnosis and treatment of BPPV depend on an understanding of the anatomy of the vestibular labyrinth and its position relative to the head.To date,many illustrations have been made to explain principles of diagnosis and treatment of BPPV,but few have been based on anatomical studies of the membranous labyrinth.Methods:A previously reported 3D model of a human labyrinth was transposed to a 3D development software to allow the creation of markers along the semicircular ducts and utricle.These markers represent otoliths at different positions during movement of the model within the 3D environment.User-friendly tools were created to navigate the model,to allow clear documentation and communication of studied problems,and to study the model across relevant planes.The final model can be downloaded and is available for general useat https://bppvviewer.com/download/.Results:The model allows visualization of true membranous labyrinth anatomy in both ears simultaneously.The dependent portion of each semicircular duct,the planes of the cristae,and the position of the utricle can easily be visualized in any head position.Moveable markers can mark the expected progress of otolith debris with changes in head position and images can be captured to document simulations in various draw styles.Conclusion:This simple model could offer insights that lead to more accurate diagnosis and treatment of BPPV.It may also be useful as a tool to teach BPPV.
基金National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT),Grant/Award Number:NRF-2022R1A2C2005057。
文摘Tumor development and metastasis are facilitated by the complex interactions between cancer cells and theirmicroenvironment,which comprises stromal cells and extracellular matrix(ECM)components,among other factors.Stromal cells can adopt new phenotypes to promote tumor cell invasion.Adeep understanding of the signaling pathways involved in cell-to-cell and cell-to-ECM interactions is needed to design effective intervention strategies that might interrupt these interactions.In this review,we describe the tumor microenvironment(TME)components and associated therapeutics.We discuss the clinical advances in the prevalent and newly discovered signaling pathways in the TME,the immune checkpoints and immunosuppressive chemokines,and currently used inhibitors targeting these pathways.These include both intrinsic and non-autonomous tumor cell signaling pathways in the TME:protein kinase C(PKC)signaling,Notch,and transforming growth factor(TGF-β)signaling,Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER)stress response,lactate signaling,Metabolic reprogramming,cyclic GMP–AMP synthase(cGAS)–stimulator of interferon genes(STING)and Siglec signaling pathways.We also discuss the recent advances in Programmed Cell Death Protein 1(PD-1),Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Associated Protein 4(CTLA4),T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3(TIM-3)and Lymphocyte Activating Gene 3(LAG3)immune checkpoint inhibitors along with the C-C chemokine receptor 4(CCR4)-C-C class chemokines 22(CCL22)/and 17(CCL17),C-C chemokine receptor type 2(CCR2)-chemokine(C-Cmotif)ligand 2(CCL2),C-C chemokine receptor type 5(CCR5)-chemokine(C-C motif)ligand 3(CCL3)chemokine signaling axis in the TME.In addition,this review provides a holistic understanding of the TME as we discuss the three-dimensional and microfluidic models of the TME,which are believed to recapitulate the original characteristics of the patient tumor and hence may be used as a platform to study new mechanisms and screen for various anti-cancer therapies.We further discuss the systemic influences of gut microbiota in TME reprogramming and treatment response.Overall,this review provides a comprehensive analysis of the diverse and most critical signaling pathways in the TME,highlighting the associated newest and critical preclinical and clinical studies along with their underlying biology.We highlight the importance of the most recent technologies of microfluidics and lab-on-chip models for TME research and also present an overview of extrinsic factors,such as the inhabitant human microbiome,which have the potential to modulate TME biology and drug responses.
文摘The artfcte of Verard et el. （2015） proposed an important academic probtem ＂to reconstruct the altitude of otdtands and the water depth of pataeo-oceans of anywhere on the globe and at any geological time＂. Their heuristic method and model stimutated my deep thinking of this probtem. I have written an editorial ＂Hope to be from model to practice＂ in Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 63 of JoP. These two papers, especiatly the Verard et el.＇s paper, attracted enthusiastic discussions. Up to now, we have received 2 discussion articles and the repty articte of Dr. Christian Verard. This paper is a preliminary review of the above papers. Criticisms and further discussions are heartily wetcome.
