A dynamic study on Ekman characteristics by using 1998 SCSMEX and TIPEX boundary layer data is made. The results are as follows: (1) Similar dynamical Ekman characteristics are observed in the Tibetan Plateau and in t...A dynamic study on Ekman characteristics by using 1998 SCSMEX and TIPEX boundary layer data is made. The results are as follows: (1) Similar dynamical Ekman characteristics are observed in the Tibetan Plateau and in the South China Sea and its surrounding area. (2) The thickness of the boundary layer is about 2250 m over the Tibetan Plateau, and considering its variation, the thickness could be up to 2250–2750 m. In the tropical southwest Pacific, the thickness of the boundary layer is about 2000 m, and the variation is smaller; a smaller thickness of the boundary layer is in the plain area of the Bohai Sea. (3) Because of the difference in elevation between the Tibetan Plateau and the tropical ocean area, the influence of the boundary layer on the atmosphere is quite different although the two areas have almost the same thickness for the boundary layer, the height where the friction forcing occurs is quite different. (4) The vertical structure of turbulence friction is quite different in the Plateau and in the tropical ocean area. Calculations by 1998 SCSMEX and TIPEX boundary layer data indicate that even in the lowest levels, eddy viscosity in the Tibetan Plateauan can be 2.3 times than in the tropical ocean area.展开更多
By using data from the Secondary Tibetan Plateau Science Experiment (TIPEX) in 1998, including enhanced soundings, surface observations, data from captive balloons, remote sensing, and Doppler radar (China and Japan c...By using data from the Secondary Tibetan Plateau Science Experiment (TIPEX) in 1998, including enhanced soundings, surface observations, data from captive balloons, remote sensing, and Doppler radar (China and Japan cooperative study of GAME/ Tibet), a monitoring study on the generation and moving track of the cumulus convective systems over the Tibetan Plateau is made, and the relationship between the evolution of cloud systems over the Tibetan Plateau and 1998 flooding in China is studied. The results are as follows. 1) Analyzing the image animation and Hovmoller diagram of satellite TBB data shows that the rainstorms for the Yangtze River in the last ten days of July 1998 can be tracked regionally to the Tibetan Plateau. 2) For the period of cloud clusters passing through the Amdo station (18–19 July), monitoring observations by Doppler radar is made. The monitoring of radar echoes shows that the developing, eastward motion, and strengthening of the echoes can be frequently observed in the middle of the Tibetan Plateau. An integrated analysis and tracking of the generation, disappearance, development, and eastward motion of these convective systems by using multiple instruments is very valuable for diagnosing and predicting the influence of the plateau systems on the downstream weather situation. 3) The integrated analysis of space-time cross sections of the enhanced upper air and surface observations from TIPEX during the intensified observation period shows that the frequent development of convective clouds over the Tibetan Plateau is related with the quasi-stationary convergence of surface winds. The dynamic convergence of surface winds, the vertical shear in the upper air, and transportation of water vapor due to increasing humidity over the Tibetan Plateau played an important role in the developing and strengthening of rainstorms over the Yangtze River in 1998. 4) Meso-sale filtration analysis of the vertical distribution of water vapor over the Tibetan Plateau indicates that alternating changes of high and low water vapor distribution over the Tibetan Plateau reveals clearly that the sub-synoptic scale waves exist, whose lifetime is on the order of the hours. The revelation of the eastward motion of mesoscale waves from the Tibetan Plateau indicates that the plateau systems obviously influenced the rainstorms over the Yangtze River valley in 1998.展开更多
This study investigates classification and diurnal variations of the precipitation echoes over the central Tibetan Plateau based on the observations collected from a C-band vertically-pointing frequency-modulated cont...This study investigates classification and diurnal variations of the precipitation echoes over the central Tibetan Plateau based on the observations collected from a C-band vertically-pointing frequency-modulated continuous-wave(C-FMCW)radar during the Third Tibetan Plateau Atmospheric Scientific Experiment(TIPEX-Ⅲ)2014-Intensive Observation Period(2014-IOP).The results show that 51.32%of the vertical profiles have valid echoes with reflectivity>–10 dBZ,and 35.06% of the valid echo profiles produce precipitation at the ground(precipitation profiles);stratiform precipitation with an evident bright-band signature,weak convective precipitation,and strong convective precipitation account for 52.03%,42.98%,and 4.99% of the precipitation profiles,respectively.About 59.84% of the precipitation occurs in the afternoon to midnight,while 40.16% of the precipitation with weaker intensity is observed in the nocturnal hours and in the morning.Diurnal variation of occurrence frequency of precipitation shows a major peak during 2100–2200 LST(local solar time)with 59.02%being the stratiform precipitation;the secondary peak appears during 1300–1400 LST with 59.71% being the weak convective precipitation;the strong convective precipitation occurs mostly(81.83%)in the afternoon and evening with two peaks over 1200–1300 and 1700–1800 LST,respectively.Starting from approximately 1100 LST,precipitation echoes develop with enhanced vertical air motion,elevated echo top,and increasing radar reflectivity.Intense upward air motion occurs most frequently in 1700–1800 LST with a secondary peak in 1100–1400 LST,while the tops of precipitation echoes and intense upward air motion reach their highest levels during 1600–1800 LST.The atmospheric conditions in the early morning are disadvantageous for convective initiation and development.Around noon,the convective available potential energy(CAPE)increases markedly,convective inhibition(CIN)is generally small,and a super-dry-adiabatic layer is present near the surface(0–400 m).In the early evening,some larger values of CAPE,level of neutral buoyancy,and total precipitable water are present,suggesting more favorable thermodynamic and water vapor conditions.展开更多
利用第三次青藏高原大气科学试验中青藏高原西部新增3个探空站(狮泉河、申扎、改则)的探空资料,基于中尺度数值(WRF)模式和GSI同化系统,选取2015年夏季南疆两次不同类型(南亚高压双体型和单体型)的强降水过程进行同化敏感试验,以初步评...利用第三次青藏高原大气科学试验中青藏高原西部新增3个探空站(狮泉河、申扎、改则)的探空资料,基于中尺度数值(WRF)模式和GSI同化系统,选取2015年夏季南疆两次不同类型(南亚高压双体型和单体型)的强降水过程进行同化敏感试验,以初步评估新增3个站探空资料同化对南疆夏季降水预报的影响。从初始场物理量的增量场来看,同化高原3个站探空资料对两次过程的初始场均有一定改进,对南亚双体型过程的改进较显著,这可能与其偏南气流及上下游效应较强有关。中、高层物理量的增量中心均出现在高原中、西部,分别对应申扎和狮泉河两站,并向周边地区逐渐减小,南疆地区表现为弱的正或负增量。虽然高原探空资料均在600 h Pa以上,通过动力调整对低层物理量也有一定影响。同化后低层的散度和湿度增量中心出现在高原西南侧,南疆地区变化较小。随着模式时间积分,各高度上的物理量和降水影响系统调整效果逐渐显著,总体使得200 h Pa副热带长波槽有所加深、南疆上空的偏南急流得到加强,500 h Pa低值系统强度有所减弱,850 h Pa的散度和湿度在南疆地区均有显著调整,但低层散度和湿度在南疆西部强降水中心调整相对较小。从降水预报结果来看,同化高原3个站探空资料后,对两次过程的小量级降水评分显著提高,即对降水落区预报能力有所提高;但对强降水中心结果影响不大,即对局地性强降水的预报能力仍有所欠缺。展开更多
In order to investigate the formation of the negative vorticity region over the northeast side of the Qinghai Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau,four sets of numerical experiments have been performed in this paper with a quasig...In order to investigate the formation of the negative vorticity region over the northeast side of the Qinghai Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau,four sets of numerical experiments have been performed in this paper with a quasigeostrophic barotropical model considering large-scale topography,diabatic heating and dissipation.The diabatic heating in the model contains a constant forcing and time- varying forcing.The time-varying characters are determined by the continuous evolution of the sensible heat flux at Damxung Station (30°29′N,91°06′E) from 31 May to 4 June 1998.Results suggest that there are three types of processes significantly contributing to the formation of the negative vorticity region over the northeast side of the Qinghai Xizang Plateau,and they are the advection of the anticyclonic vortex at the upstream by the basic flow,the energy dispersion of the cyclonic vortex over the south side of the Plateau,and the strengthening of anticyclonic systems produced by the thermal forcing of the Plateau.展开更多
基金the research item of the Second Tibetan Plateau Experiment.
文摘A dynamic study on Ekman characteristics by using 1998 SCSMEX and TIPEX boundary layer data is made. The results are as follows: (1) Similar dynamical Ekman characteristics are observed in the Tibetan Plateau and in the South China Sea and its surrounding area. (2) The thickness of the boundary layer is about 2250 m over the Tibetan Plateau, and considering its variation, the thickness could be up to 2250–2750 m. In the tropical southwest Pacific, the thickness of the boundary layer is about 2000 m, and the variation is smaller; a smaller thickness of the boundary layer is in the plain area of the Bohai Sea. (3) Because of the difference in elevation between the Tibetan Plateau and the tropical ocean area, the influence of the boundary layer on the atmosphere is quite different although the two areas have almost the same thickness for the boundary layer, the height where the friction forcing occurs is quite different. (4) The vertical structure of turbulence friction is quite different in the Plateau and in the tropical ocean area. Calculations by 1998 SCSMEX and TIPEX boundary layer data indicate that even in the lowest levels, eddy viscosity in the Tibetan Plateauan can be 2.3 times than in the tropical ocean area.
基金the research item of the Second Tibetan Plateau Experiment.
文摘By using data from the Secondary Tibetan Plateau Science Experiment (TIPEX) in 1998, including enhanced soundings, surface observations, data from captive balloons, remote sensing, and Doppler radar (China and Japan cooperative study of GAME/ Tibet), a monitoring study on the generation and moving track of the cumulus convective systems over the Tibetan Plateau is made, and the relationship between the evolution of cloud systems over the Tibetan Plateau and 1998 flooding in China is studied. The results are as follows. 1) Analyzing the image animation and Hovmoller diagram of satellite TBB data shows that the rainstorms for the Yangtze River in the last ten days of July 1998 can be tracked regionally to the Tibetan Plateau. 2) For the period of cloud clusters passing through the Amdo station (18–19 July), monitoring observations by Doppler radar is made. The monitoring of radar echoes shows that the developing, eastward motion, and strengthening of the echoes can be frequently observed in the middle of the Tibetan Plateau. An integrated analysis and tracking of the generation, disappearance, development, and eastward motion of these convective systems by using multiple instruments is very valuable for diagnosing and predicting the influence of the plateau systems on the downstream weather situation. 3) The integrated analysis of space-time cross sections of the enhanced upper air and surface observations from TIPEX during the intensified observation period shows that the frequent development of convective clouds over the Tibetan Plateau is related with the quasi-stationary convergence of surface winds. The dynamic convergence of surface winds, the vertical shear in the upper air, and transportation of water vapor due to increasing humidity over the Tibetan Plateau played an important role in the developing and strengthening of rainstorms over the Yangtze River in 1998. 4) Meso-sale filtration analysis of the vertical distribution of water vapor over the Tibetan Plateau indicates that alternating changes of high and low water vapor distribution over the Tibetan Plateau reveals clearly that the sub-synoptic scale waves exist, whose lifetime is on the order of the hours. The revelation of the eastward motion of mesoscale waves from the Tibetan Plateau indicates that the plateau systems obviously influenced the rainstorms over the Yangtze River valley in 1998.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91437104 and 41605107)Basic Research Funds of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(2017Z006)
文摘This study investigates classification and diurnal variations of the precipitation echoes over the central Tibetan Plateau based on the observations collected from a C-band vertically-pointing frequency-modulated continuous-wave(C-FMCW)radar during the Third Tibetan Plateau Atmospheric Scientific Experiment(TIPEX-Ⅲ)2014-Intensive Observation Period(2014-IOP).The results show that 51.32%of the vertical profiles have valid echoes with reflectivity>–10 dBZ,and 35.06% of the valid echo profiles produce precipitation at the ground(precipitation profiles);stratiform precipitation with an evident bright-band signature,weak convective precipitation,and strong convective precipitation account for 52.03%,42.98%,and 4.99% of the precipitation profiles,respectively.About 59.84% of the precipitation occurs in the afternoon to midnight,while 40.16% of the precipitation with weaker intensity is observed in the nocturnal hours and in the morning.Diurnal variation of occurrence frequency of precipitation shows a major peak during 2100–2200 LST(local solar time)with 59.02%being the stratiform precipitation;the secondary peak appears during 1300–1400 LST with 59.71% being the weak convective precipitation;the strong convective precipitation occurs mostly(81.83%)in the afternoon and evening with two peaks over 1200–1300 and 1700–1800 LST,respectively.Starting from approximately 1100 LST,precipitation echoes develop with enhanced vertical air motion,elevated echo top,and increasing radar reflectivity.Intense upward air motion occurs most frequently in 1700–1800 LST with a secondary peak in 1100–1400 LST,while the tops of precipitation echoes and intense upward air motion reach their highest levels during 1600–1800 LST.The atmospheric conditions in the early morning are disadvantageous for convective initiation and development.Around noon,the convective available potential energy(CAPE)increases markedly,convective inhibition(CIN)is generally small,and a super-dry-adiabatic layer is present near the surface(0–400 m).In the early evening,some larger values of CAPE,level of neutral buoyancy,and total precipitable water are present,suggesting more favorable thermodynamic and water vapor conditions.
文摘利用第三次青藏高原大气科学试验中青藏高原西部新增3个探空站(狮泉河、申扎、改则)的探空资料,基于中尺度数值(WRF)模式和GSI同化系统,选取2015年夏季南疆两次不同类型(南亚高压双体型和单体型)的强降水过程进行同化敏感试验,以初步评估新增3个站探空资料同化对南疆夏季降水预报的影响。从初始场物理量的增量场来看,同化高原3个站探空资料对两次过程的初始场均有一定改进,对南亚双体型过程的改进较显著,这可能与其偏南气流及上下游效应较强有关。中、高层物理量的增量中心均出现在高原中、西部,分别对应申扎和狮泉河两站,并向周边地区逐渐减小,南疆地区表现为弱的正或负增量。虽然高原探空资料均在600 h Pa以上,通过动力调整对低层物理量也有一定影响。同化后低层的散度和湿度增量中心出现在高原西南侧,南疆地区变化较小。随着模式时间积分,各高度上的物理量和降水影响系统调整效果逐渐显著,总体使得200 h Pa副热带长波槽有所加深、南疆上空的偏南急流得到加强,500 h Pa低值系统强度有所减弱,850 h Pa的散度和湿度在南疆地区均有显著调整,但低层散度和湿度在南疆西部强降水中心调整相对较小。从降水预报结果来看,同化高原3个站探空资料后,对两次过程的小量级降水评分显著提高,即对降水落区预报能力有所提高;但对强降水中心结果影响不大,即对局地性强降水的预报能力仍有所欠缺。
基金the National Key Projects TIPEX 973 China Heavy Rainfall
文摘In order to investigate the formation of the negative vorticity region over the northeast side of the Qinghai Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau,four sets of numerical experiments have been performed in this paper with a quasigeostrophic barotropical model considering large-scale topography,diabatic heating and dissipation.The diabatic heating in the model contains a constant forcing and time- varying forcing.The time-varying characters are determined by the continuous evolution of the sensible heat flux at Damxung Station (30°29′N,91°06′E) from 31 May to 4 June 1998.Results suggest that there are three types of processes significantly contributing to the formation of the negative vorticity region over the northeast side of the Qinghai Xizang Plateau,and they are the advection of the anticyclonic vortex at the upstream by the basic flow,the energy dispersion of the cyclonic vortex over the south side of the Plateau,and the strengthening of anticyclonic systems produced by the thermal forcing of the Plateau.
