In the early years of the 20th century,Britain sought to compete with Russia for dominance in East Asia,and set its sights on the strategic location of Tibet.Smallpox virus epidemics have been documented in Tibet sinc...In the early years of the 20th century,Britain sought to compete with Russia for dominance in East Asia,and set its sights on the strategic location of Tibet.Smallpox virus epidemics have been documented in Tibet since the 7th century,and smallpox remained a major public health issue in Tibet until the early 20th century.The British colonizers learned from their experience of passing on biological science and technology in India and carried out a series of medical activities in Tibet,the most influential of which was the smallpox vaccination for the people of Gyantse and other places.This paper examines the history of the fight against smallpox in Tibet from 1900 to 1907,and studies the historical process of British colonial expansion in Tibet,as well as the interaction between the Qing government and the British invaders in medical and healthcare events such as vaccination in Tibet.展开更多
Based on the NOAA AVHRR-NDVI monthly data from 1981 to 2001, the spatial distribution and dynamic change of land cover along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway and Railway were studied. The results of the analytical data indic...Based on the NOAA AVHRR-NDVI monthly data from 1981 to 2001, the spatial distribution and dynamic change of land cover along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway and Railway were studied. The results of the analytical data indicate that the NDVI values in July, August and September are rather high during a year, and a linear trend by calculating NDVI of each pixel computed based on the average values of NDVI in July, August and September were obtained. The results are as follows： 1） Land cover of the study area by NDVI displays high at two sides of the area and low in the center, and agriculture area 〉 alpine meadow 〉 alpine grassland 〉 desert grassland. 2） In the study area, the amount ofpixels with high increase, slight increase, no change, slight decrease and high decrease account for 0.29%, 14.86%, 67.61%, 16.7% and 0.57% of the whole area, respectively. The increase of land cover pixels is mainly in the agriculture and alpine meadow and the decrease pixels mainly in the alpine grassland, desert grassland and hungriness. Grassland and hungriness contribute to the decrease mostly and artificial land and meadow contribute to the increase mostly. 3） In the area where human beings live, the changing trend is obvious, such as the valleys of Lhasa River and Huangshui River and area along the Yellow River; in the high altitude area with fewer people living, the changing trend is relatively low, like the area of Hoh Xil. 4） Human being＇s behaviors are a key factor followed by the climate changes affecting land cover.展开更多
Pinusdensata is one of the main constructive species for coniferous forests in southeast Tibet. P. densata forests are important water conservation forests in the drainage basins of the middle and lower reaches of Yal...Pinusdensata is one of the main constructive species for coniferous forests in southeast Tibet. P. densata forests are important water conservation forests in the drainage basins of the middle and lower reaches of Yalu Tsangpo River, Nyang River and Parlung Zangbo River. In this study, with P. densata forest distributed in southeast Tibet as research object, the seed rain, soil seed bank, seed germination and natural regeneration of P. densata were monitored and ana- lyzed by field investigation, located monitoring and indoor experimental analysis. The results showed that the average intensity of the seed rain of P. densata was 249.30±78.42 seeds/m2, in which the intensity of full seeds was 168.09±56.36 seeds/m2, the intensity of seeds damaged by worms was 41.11±20.25 seeds/m2, and the intensity of empty seeds was 40.10±21.04 seeds/m2. The intensity of the seed rain exhibited a single-peak trend of increasing at first and decreasing then over time. The spatial distribution patterns in the whole seed falling process and at different seed falling time all exhibited clumping distribution, and within in certain range, with the distance from the seed tree increasing, the diffusion intensity of the seed rain was weakened, exhibiting approximately normal distribution. In average density of P. densata seeds in the soil seed bank of P. densata was 231 seeds/m2, in which 62.77% of seeds were distributed in the litter layer, and 37.23% of seeds were distributed in the soil layer, and about 8% of seeds were lost during the pro- cess from seed rain to soil seed bank. Field sowing observation showed that the accumulated germination rate curve of P. densata fitted with Logistics equation y= 91.404/（1＋e66194.449）. The height structure, basal diameter structure and age structure of seedlings and young trees of P. densata were all of reverse ＂J＂ type, indicating good natural regeneration of P. densata. This study would provide a science basis for protection and resource management of P. densata, and further enrich the eval- uation content of national ecological safety curtain of the Tibet plateau.展开更多
This study aimed to explore artificial propagation techniques for Glyptosternum maculatum that is endemic in the Yarlung Zangbo River. Total 86 female fish in weight of 0.065-0.250 kg were selected, and the average we...This study aimed to explore artificial propagation techniques for Glyptosternum maculatum that is endemic in the Yarlung Zangbo River. Total 86 female fish in weight of 0.065-0.250 kg were selected, and the average weight of every 15 fish was 0.30 kg. Oxytocic drugs were injected into the base of pectoral fins of the female fish. The results showed that the total amount of female fish with artificial insemination was 59. The gloss weight of the fertilized eggs was 897.5 g with total amount of 57 440, thus the average fecundity was 1 194 eggs/fish. The fecundity showed a positive correlation with body weight （P〈0.01）. The average induction ratio and fertilization rate were 69% and 73.5%, respectively. The optimum water temperature for hatching of the fertilized eggs was 13-14 ℃ with dissolved oxygen of 6.0- 7.2 mg/L. The accumulated temperature for embryonic development of G. maculatum ranged from 2 592 to 2 916℃·h. This set of completely artificial propagation techniques has a very important significance for the artificial breeding of G. maculatum.展开更多
Taking Terminalia chebula Retz. as the control product, the polyphenolic contents of the processed products in Tibetian, Rubia cordifolia L. processed Terminalia chebula Retz. and Euphorbia fischeriana Steud processed...Taking Terminalia chebula Retz. as the control product, the polyphenolic contents of the processed products in Tibetian, Rubia cordifolia L. processed Terminalia chebula Retz. and Euphorbia fischeriana Steud processed Terminalia chebula Retz. were analyzed by HPLC. Polyphenolic contents increased from 4.54% to 5.69% and 7.46%, respectively, which may lead to the change in their pharmacological effects.展开更多
The Bangbu gold deposit is a large orogenic gold deposit in Tibet formed during the AlpineHimalayan collision. Ore bodies（auriferous quartz veins） are controlled by the E-W-trending Qusong-Cuogu-Zhemulang brittle-du...The Bangbu gold deposit is a large orogenic gold deposit in Tibet formed during the AlpineHimalayan collision. Ore bodies（auriferous quartz veins） are controlled by the E-W-trending Qusong-Cuogu-Zhemulang brittle-ductile shear zone. Quartz veins at the deposit can be divided into three types： pre-metallogenic hook-like quartz veins, metallogenic auriferous quartz veins, and postmetallogenic N-S quartz veins. Four stages of mineralization in the auriferous quartz veins have been identified：（1） Stage S1 quartz＋coarse-grained sulfides,（2） Stage S2 gold＋fine-grained sulfides,（3） Stage S3 quartz＋carbonates, and（4） Stage S4 quartz＋ greigite. Fluid inclusions indicate the oreforming fluid was CO_2-N_2-CH_4 rich with homogenization temperatures of 170–261°C, salinities 4.34–7.45 wt% Na Cl equivalent. δ^（18）Ofluid（3.98‰–7.18‰） and low δDV-SMOW（-90‰ to-44‰） for auriferous quartz veins suggest ore-forming fluids were mainly metamorphic in origin, with some addition of organic matter. Quartz vein pyrite has δ^（34）SV-CDT values of 1.2‰–3.6‰（an average of 2.2‰）, whereas pyrite from phyllite has δ^（34）SV-CDT 5.7‰–9.9‰（an average of 7.4‰）. Quartz vein pyrites yield 206Pb/204 Pb ratios of 18.662–18.764, 207Pb/204 Pb 15.650–15.683, and ^（208）Pb/204 Pb 38.901–39.079. These isotopic data indicate Bangbu ore-forming materials were probably derived from the Langjiexue accretionary wedge. 40Ar/39 Ar ages for sericite from auriferous sulfide-quartz veins yield a plateau age of 49.52 ± 0.52 Ma, an isochron age of 50.3 ± 0.31 Ma, suggesting that auriferous veins were formed during the main collisional period of the Tibet-Himalayan orogen（-65–41 Ma）.展开更多
To study the change of the content of chebulinic acid in Terminalia chebula Retz. by different processing methods in Tibet. We taking chebulinic acid as an indicator, the contents in Terminalia chebula Retz. and its p...To study the change of the content of chebulinic acid in Terminalia chebula Retz. by different processing methods in Tibet. We taking chebulinic acid as an indicator, the contents in Terminalia chebula Retz. and its processed products were analyzed by using HPLC. Also, the change rule was explored. Compared with Terminalia chebula Retz., the contents of chebulinic acid have decreased after processing, declining 50.18% for the Rubia cordifolia L. processed product, while 11.2% reduce for the Euphorbia fischeriana Steud processed product. After the specific preparation process in Tibet, the contents of chebulinic acid have reduced significantly, which may lead to different pharmacological effects.展开更多
[Objective] This study was to provide theoretical basis for getting sustainable development of rural energy in Tibet into reality.[Method] By reviewing the rural energy resources in Tibet,we analyzed the characteristi...[Objective] This study was to provide theoretical basis for getting sustainable development of rural energy in Tibet into reality.[Method] By reviewing the rural energy resources in Tibet,we analyzed the characteristics and potential of rural biomass utilization in Tibet,and further put forward the sustainable countermeasures on the firewood substitution in Tibet.[Results] Renewable energies including hydraulic,geothermal,solar and wind resources are abundant in Tibet,while there is just a few of fossil energy resources such as oil and coal,with uneven distribution and poor exploration conditions.Traditional consumption of biomass energy resource accounts for a large proportion of the total energy consumption in Tibetan rural districts,which causes potential damage to the fragile ecological environment on the Tibetan Plateau.The excessive use of biomass energy destroyed the vegetation and evoked the environment deterioration such as the intensification of the water and soil loss and the declining of the soil fertility.[Conclusion] It is essential for Tibet to change its rural energy consumption structure,implement the Tibetan firewood alternative energy strategy and try to make full use of renewable energy such as solar energy,wind energy,hydro-energy instead of native vegetation and animal＇s droppings in order to reduce the adverse impacts of the irrational energy consumption on the ecological environment in Tibet.展开更多
The risk posed by natural disasters can be largely reflected by hazard and vulnerability.The analysis of long-term hazard series can reveal the mechanisms by which risk changes.Drought disasters are one of the main ty...The risk posed by natural disasters can be largely reflected by hazard and vulnerability.The analysis of long-term hazard series can reveal the mechanisms by which risk changes.Drought disasters are one of the main types of disaster in the Tibet Region (TR) of China.In this study,using statistical drought disasters data in the TR from 1912 to 2012 and socio-economic statistics for five periods between 1965 and 2015,and adopting standard statistical analyses,a wavelet analysis,and a risk assessment model,we first construct the index system for drought disaster risk assessment,and then assess the risk of drought disasters and analyze the mechanisms of changes in risk.The results showed that the occurrence of drought in the TR had three distinct cycles during this study periods,with durations of 5,15,and 27 years respectively.The frequency of drought in the TR showed increasing trends,and the cycle of drought had been prolonged.From 1965 to 2015,the risk of drought disaster in the TR is significantly increased with the growth rate of 6.8% in high-risk area.In addition,the severity of drought had enhanced,especially in Qamdo.The increased vulnerability locally and significantly enhanced hazard of drought disaster,with a shrinkage of 16.3% in the low-value area and an expansion of 7.4% in the high-value area,being the determinants of drought disaster risk.Therefore,agricultural areas of the TR are the focal locations where risk of drought disaster needs to be managed.展开更多
As the important component of the eastern Tethys tectonic region,the Jinsha River-Ailao Mountain suture zone is often considered to be an ophiolitic mé1ange belt.However,the P-T-t path and chronological framework...As the important component of the eastern Tethys tectonic region,the Jinsha River-Ailao Mountain suture zone is often considered to be an ophiolitic mé1ange belt.However,the P-T-t path and chronological framework of the metamorphic evolution in the collisional orogenetic process of this zone are still poorly understood owing to the lack of metamorphism research of symbolic high-pressure rocks.During a regional geological survey on a scale of 1:50000 in Gonjo County,Tibet Autonomous Region involved in this paper,(retrograde)eclogites lenses of different scales were found in Jinsha River suture zone,eastern Tibet for the first time.The(retrograde)eclogites can be divided into garnet-albite-chlorite-actinolite schists and eclogites according to retrograde degrees.The mainly mineral components of eclogites include garnet(45%-50%),clinopyroxene(about 25%),and hornblende(5%-10%)primarily,and biotite,quartz,rutile,and muscovite secondarily.According to the data of electron probe micro analysis(EPMA),clinopyroxenes feature high content of Na2O(5.6%-6%)and corresponding jadeite(Jd)molecules of 37%-44%,and they fall within the omphacite region in Quad-Jd-Ae diagram.The temperature and pressure of the metamorphism at peak are P≈2.2-2.34 GPa and T≈622-688℃respectively as measured with geobarometry Grt-Omp-Phe and geothermometer Grt-Omp.This will provide a new reference for the understanding of Paleo-Tethyan evolution.In this paper,two samples of eclogites were chosen for LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating and their 206pb/238U ages obtained are 240±3 Ma and 244±1 Ma respectively.Furthermore,the zircons feature extremely low Th/U ratio(<0.01),extremely low content ofNb,Ta,and HREE,and invisible negative Eu anomaly.Therefore,the genesis of the zircons shall be eclogites-facies metamorphism,indicating that the 240-245 Ma determined in this paper shall be the age of eclogites-facies metamorphism and may represent the westward subduction-collision epoch of Paleo-Tethys Ocean located between Zhongza Block and Qamdo Block.展开更多
Habitat use by Galliformes in an ornithologically unexplored region,a forest area in southeastern Tibet,was investigated during the summer and autumn periods of 1995.A total of seven species were recorded,most of whic...Habitat use by Galliformes in an ornithologically unexplored region,a forest area in southeastern Tibet,was investigated during the summer and autumn periods of 1995.A total of seven species were recorded,most of which preferred habitats on south-facing slopes and avoided those on north-facing slopes where conditions were relatively humid.A hybrid population of White (Crossoptilon crossoptilon) versus Tibetan Eared-pheasants (C.harmani) was predominant among the Galliforme community,followed by Blood Pheasants (Ithaginis cruentus) and Chinese Grouse (Bonasa sewerzowi).A further investigation in 2001 showed that on account of little human activity in the distant primary forests,the birds suffered less of a threat from hunting and habitat disturbance.展开更多
An understanding of soil microbial communities is crucial in roadside soil environmental assessments.The 16S rRNA se quencing of a stressed microbial community in soil adjacent to the Qinghai-Tibet Highway(QTH)reveale...An understanding of soil microbial communities is crucial in roadside soil environmental assessments.The 16S rRNA se quencing of a stressed microbial community in soil adjacent to the Qinghai-Tibet Highway(QTH)revealed that the accu mulation of heavy metals(over about 10 years)has affected the diversity of bacterial abundance and microbial community structure.The proximity of a sampling site to the QTH/Qinghai-Tibet Railway(QTR),which is effectively a measure of the density of human engineering,was the dominant factor influencing bacterial community diversity.The diversity of bacterial communities shows that 16S rRNA gene abundance decreased in relation to proximity to the QTH and QTR in both alpine wetland and meadow areas.The dominant phyla across all samples were Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria.The concentration of Cr and Cd in the soil were positively correlated with proximity to the QTH and QTR(MC/WC sam pling sites),and Ni,Co,and V were positively correlated with proximity to the QTH and QTR(MA/WA sampling sites).The results presented in this study provide an insight into the relationships among heavy metals and soil microbial commu nities,and have important implications for assessing and predicting the impacts of human-induced activities from the QTH and QTR in such an extreme and fragile environment.展开更多
Based on temperature data of meteorological stations from 1971 to 2008 in Tibet,the temporal and spatial variation of maximum andminimum temperature in Tibet was analyzed.The results showed that both maximum temperatu...Based on temperature data of meteorological stations from 1971 to 2008 in Tibet,the temporal and spatial variation of maximum andminimum temperature in Tibet was analyzed.The results showed that both maximum temperature andminimum temperature increased distinctly,the warming amplitude of winter was the highest among the four seasons,and next came spring.The increment ofminimum temperature was visibly over that of maximum temperature,particularlyminimum temperature in winter with significant increment.For spatial variation,maximum temperature in most stations increased except particular stations,while theminimum temperature in all stations rose.In addition,the space variation law ofminimum temperature,being more obvious thanminimum temperature,increased from southeast to northwest with different spatial changes in various seasons.From decadal variation,both maximum andminimum temperature appeared increase from 1970s to the first eight years in the 21st century,and the rise ofminimum temperature was significant greater than maximum temperature.The increase of maximum andminimum temperature was the highest from 2001 to 2008,whereas the lowest in 1970s.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to explore the optimal levels of different factors influencing oat yield in Lhasa, Tibet. [Method] Orthogonal test was conducted to analyze oat cultivation technology in Tibet. [Result] Qingyi...[Objective] The aim was to explore the optimal levels of different factors influencing oat yield in Lhasa, Tibet. [Method] Orthogonal test was conducted to analyze oat cultivation technology in Tibet. [Result] Qingyin No.2 and Baiyan No. 8 were proved the optimal species to be grown in Lhasa with optimal sowing quantity at 150-180 kg/hm2. Sowing term is an extremely significant factor affecting growing season, and species and N fertilizer are significant factors. Al factors have none significant effects on hay yield. [Conclusion] The research provides theoretical refer-ences and technological supports for large-scale planting.展开更多
The population situation of Tibetan Snowcock (Tetragallus tibetanus) has been surveyed by line transect sampling in Tibet from 1987 to 1989. The total length of samplings is 4444km, which were arranged in an area of 1...The population situation of Tibetan Snowcock (Tetragallus tibetanus) has been surveyed by line transect sampling in Tibet from 1987 to 1989. The total length of samplings is 4444km, which were arranged in an area of 1 million.km2. 783 snowcocks were recorded in 35 line transects of 408km in the effective length. From these data, the densities of the snowcocks were estimated from negative exponential density distribution and jackknife method. The average density is 1.4523 cocks/ km2 and varies from 5.6580 to 0.0697 indiv. -km2. The population size of the snowcocks is 187.303±24.781 cocks in Tibet. In this paper, the author also discussed how to locate the line transect samplings, determine the observation width, choose possible shapes of the detection function and calculate the habitat size.展开更多
Polygonatum cirrhifolium is a rare and endangered Tibetan medicinal plant. In this paper,resource status of P. cirrhifolium from 13 counties of Tibet Plateau was investigated by combining field investigation with labo...Polygonatum cirrhifolium is a rare and endangered Tibetan medicinal plant. In this paper,resource status of P. cirrhifolium from 13 counties of Tibet Plateau was investigated by combining field investigation with laboratory analysis,and sustainable utilization countermeasures were analyzed. Results showed that( 1) distribution area sequence of P. cirrhifolium in each county was Gongbo'gvamda County > Chayu County > Lang County > Milin County > Maizhokunggar County > Zuogong County > Mangkang County > Jiali County > Dingqing County > Duilongdeqing County > Baqing County = Suo County = Nimu County. Its total distribution area was 458 723. 81 hm2,and it was not distributed in Baqing County,Nimu County and Suo County.( 2) Average dry weight per plant of P. cirrhifolium medicinal part in each county had the bellow sequence: Duilongdeqing County > Gongbo'gvamda County > Maizhokunggar County > Zuogong County > Dingqing County > Lang County > Mangkang County > Milin County > Jiali County > Chayu County > Baqing County = Nimu County = Suo County,and it reached 46. 48 g/plant in Duilongdeqing County.(3) Biomass of P. cirrhifolium medicinal part in each county had the bellow sequence: Duilongdeqing County > Gongbo'gvamda County > Maizhokunggar County > Lang County > Dingqing County > Zuogong County > Jiali County > Mangkang County > Milin County >Chayu County > Nimu County = Suo County = Baqing County,and it reached 300. 52 kg/hm2 in Duilongdeqing County.(4) Reserve amount sequence of P. cirrhifolium in each county was Gongbo'gvamda County > Lang County > Maizhokunggar County > Chayu County > Zuogong County > Dingqing County > Milin County > Jiali County > Mangkang County > Duilongdeqing County > Baqing County = Nimu County = Suo County,and total reserve amount was 42 293. 96 t.(5) At medicinal function aspect,P. cirrhifolium is sweet,and has the effects of keeping fit,nourishing vitality,regenerating teeth and delaying senility.(6) For resource status of P. cirrhifolium,it is suggested establishing resource protection region and constructing germplasm resource bank; establishing plantation park and perfecting cultivation and planting techniques; deeply processing and extending industry chain of Tibetan medicine; updating concept and rationally developing and using.展开更多
Through investigating Tibetan courtyard landscapes in Linzhi City, Tibet, it was found that Tibetan courtyards attached more importance to flower plants and garden crops, focused on natural style and easy maintenance,...Through investigating Tibetan courtyard landscapes in Linzhi City, Tibet, it was found that Tibetan courtyards attached more importance to flower plants and garden crops, focused on natural style and easy maintenance, but not pruning; Tibetan courtyard landscaping valued shape, color, flower season and visual aesthetics of fl owers, tried to build "gardens" with fl ower confi guration as the major content, similar aesthetic concepts and landscaping style with European gardens; moreover, it paid more attention to plants, but not waterscape design; in Tibetan gardens, lawns occupied a secondary position next to fl owering plants, fruit trees and garden crops.展开更多
In this paper, I will briefly analyze the role of mass media in the development of Tibet tourism. Through some examples and some theoretical analysis we will mainly discuss the problems and the prospects of Tibet tour...In this paper, I will briefly analyze the role of mass media in the development of Tibet tourism. Through some examples and some theoretical analysis we will mainly discuss the problems and the prospects of Tibet tourism media. I sincerely hope this thesis will provide some good suggestions and views to the developing of Tibet tourism.展开更多
TIBET’S human rights issues always draw global attention and Western anti-China forces often use this topic as an excuse to stigmatize China.Nevertheless,misinformation for the purpose of political interference can n...TIBET’S human rights issues always draw global attention and Western anti-China forces often use this topic as an excuse to stigmatize China.Nevertheless,misinformation for the purpose of political interference can never be construed as facts.Through their field inspections and long-term in-depth research,experts and scholars worldwide,who truly care about Tibet’s development and respect Tibetan culture,have more objective evaluations of the status quo of Tibet’s social development and human rights protection,than politicians.展开更多
文摘In the early years of the 20th century,Britain sought to compete with Russia for dominance in East Asia,and set its sights on the strategic location of Tibet.Smallpox virus epidemics have been documented in Tibet since the 7th century,and smallpox remained a major public health issue in Tibet until the early 20th century.The British colonizers learned from their experience of passing on biological science and technology in India and carried out a series of medical activities in Tibet,the most influential of which was the smallpox vaccination for the people of Gyantse and other places.This paper examines the history of the fight against smallpox in Tibet from 1900 to 1907,and studies the historical process of British colonial expansion in Tibet,as well as the interaction between the Qing government and the British invaders in medical and healthcare events such as vaccination in Tibet.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China No.90202012+1 种基金 National Basic Research Program of China, No.2005CB422006 No. 2002CB412507
文摘Based on the NOAA AVHRR-NDVI monthly data from 1981 to 2001, the spatial distribution and dynamic change of land cover along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway and Railway were studied. The results of the analytical data indicate that the NDVI values in July, August and September are rather high during a year, and a linear trend by calculating NDVI of each pixel computed based on the average values of NDVI in July, August and September were obtained. The results are as follows： 1） Land cover of the study area by NDVI displays high at two sides of the area and low in the center, and agriculture area 〉 alpine meadow 〉 alpine grassland 〉 desert grassland. 2） In the study area, the amount ofpixels with high increase, slight increase, no change, slight decrease and high decrease account for 0.29%, 14.86%, 67.61%, 16.7% and 0.57% of the whole area, respectively. The increase of land cover pixels is mainly in the agriculture and alpine meadow and the decrease pixels mainly in the alpine grassland, desert grassland and hungriness. Grassland and hungriness contribute to the decrease mostly and artificial land and meadow contribute to the increase mostly. 3） In the area where human beings live, the changing trend is obvious, such as the valleys of Lhasa River and Huangshui River and area along the Yellow River; in the high altitude area with fewer people living, the changing trend is relatively low, like the area of Hoh Xil. 4） Human being＇s behaviors are a key factor followed by the climate changes affecting land cover.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of China(31460200)Natural Science Foundation of Tibet Autonomous Region(2016ZR-15-40)~~
文摘Pinusdensata is one of the main constructive species for coniferous forests in southeast Tibet. P. densata forests are important water conservation forests in the drainage basins of the middle and lower reaches of Yalu Tsangpo River, Nyang River and Parlung Zangbo River. In this study, with P. densata forest distributed in southeast Tibet as research object, the seed rain, soil seed bank, seed germination and natural regeneration of P. densata were monitored and ana- lyzed by field investigation, located monitoring and indoor experimental analysis. The results showed that the average intensity of the seed rain of P. densata was 249.30±78.42 seeds/m2, in which the intensity of full seeds was 168.09±56.36 seeds/m2, the intensity of seeds damaged by worms was 41.11±20.25 seeds/m2, and the intensity of empty seeds was 40.10±21.04 seeds/m2. The intensity of the seed rain exhibited a single-peak trend of increasing at first and decreasing then over time. The spatial distribution patterns in the whole seed falling process and at different seed falling time all exhibited clumping distribution, and within in certain range, with the distance from the seed tree increasing, the diffusion intensity of the seed rain was weakened, exhibiting approximately normal distribution. In average density of P. densata seeds in the soil seed bank of P. densata was 231 seeds/m2, in which 62.77% of seeds were distributed in the litter layer, and 37.23% of seeds were distributed in the soil layer, and about 8% of seeds were lost during the pro- cess from seed rain to soil seed bank. Field sowing observation showed that the accumulated germination rate curve of P. densata fitted with Logistics equation y= 91.404/（1＋e66194.449）. The height structure, basal diameter structure and age structure of seedlings and young trees of P. densata were all of reverse ＂J＂ type, indicating good natural regeneration of P. densata. This study would provide a science basis for protection and resource management of P. densata, and further enrich the eval- uation content of national ecological safety curtain of the Tibet plateau.
文摘This study aimed to explore artificial propagation techniques for Glyptosternum maculatum that is endemic in the Yarlung Zangbo River. Total 86 female fish in weight of 0.065-0.250 kg were selected, and the average weight of every 15 fish was 0.30 kg. Oxytocic drugs were injected into the base of pectoral fins of the female fish. The results showed that the total amount of female fish with artificial insemination was 59. The gloss weight of the fertilized eggs was 897.5 g with total amount of 57 440, thus the average fecundity was 1 194 eggs/fish. The fecundity showed a positive correlation with body weight （P〈0.01）. The average induction ratio and fertilization rate were 69% and 73.5%, respectively. The optimum water temperature for hatching of the fertilized eggs was 13-14 ℃ with dissolved oxygen of 6.0- 7.2 mg/L. The accumulated temperature for embryonic development of G. maculatum ranged from 2 592 to 2 916℃·h. This set of completely artificial propagation techniques has a very important significance for the artificial breeding of G. maculatum.
基金The Research Platform for the Project of the Application Basic Plan in Sichuan Province(Grant No.2014JY0113)the Project of Department of Science in Sichuan Province(Grant No.14ZA0003)
文摘Taking Terminalia chebula Retz. as the control product, the polyphenolic contents of the processed products in Tibetian, Rubia cordifolia L. processed Terminalia chebula Retz. and Euphorbia fischeriana Steud processed Terminalia chebula Retz. were analyzed by HPLC. Polyphenolic contents increased from 4.54% to 5.69% and 7.46%, respectively, which may lead to the change in their pharmacological effects.
基金funded by the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2011CB403104)Geological Survey Project of China(No.12120113037901)
文摘The Bangbu gold deposit is a large orogenic gold deposit in Tibet formed during the AlpineHimalayan collision. Ore bodies（auriferous quartz veins） are controlled by the E-W-trending Qusong-Cuogu-Zhemulang brittle-ductile shear zone. Quartz veins at the deposit can be divided into three types： pre-metallogenic hook-like quartz veins, metallogenic auriferous quartz veins, and postmetallogenic N-S quartz veins. Four stages of mineralization in the auriferous quartz veins have been identified：（1） Stage S1 quartz＋coarse-grained sulfides,（2） Stage S2 gold＋fine-grained sulfides,（3） Stage S3 quartz＋carbonates, and（4） Stage S4 quartz＋ greigite. Fluid inclusions indicate the oreforming fluid was CO_2-N_2-CH_4 rich with homogenization temperatures of 170–261°C, salinities 4.34–7.45 wt% Na Cl equivalent. δ^（18）Ofluid（3.98‰–7.18‰） and low δDV-SMOW（-90‰ to-44‰） for auriferous quartz veins suggest ore-forming fluids were mainly metamorphic in origin, with some addition of organic matter. Quartz vein pyrite has δ^（34）SV-CDT values of 1.2‰–3.6‰（an average of 2.2‰）, whereas pyrite from phyllite has δ^（34）SV-CDT 5.7‰–9.9‰（an average of 7.4‰）. Quartz vein pyrites yield 206Pb/204 Pb ratios of 18.662–18.764, 207Pb/204 Pb 15.650–15.683, and ^（208）Pb/204 Pb 38.901–39.079. These isotopic data indicate Bangbu ore-forming materials were probably derived from the Langjiexue accretionary wedge. 40Ar/39 Ar ages for sericite from auriferous sulfide-quartz veins yield a plateau age of 49.52 ± 0.52 Ma, an isochron age of 50.3 ± 0.31 Ma, suggesting that auriferous veins were formed during the main collisional period of the Tibet-Himalayan orogen（-65–41 Ma）.
基金The Research Platform for the Project of the Application Basic Plan in Sichuan Province(Grant No.2014JY0113)the Project of Department of Science in Sichuan Province(Grant No.14ZA0003)
文摘To study the change of the content of chebulinic acid in Terminalia chebula Retz. by different processing methods in Tibet. We taking chebulinic acid as an indicator, the contents in Terminalia chebula Retz. and its processed products were analyzed by using HPLC. Also, the change rule was explored. Compared with Terminalia chebula Retz., the contents of chebulinic acid have decreased after processing, declining 50.18% for the Rubia cordifolia L. processed product, while 11.2% reduce for the Euphorbia fischeriana Steud processed product. After the specific preparation process in Tibet, the contents of chebulinic acid have reduced significantly, which may lead to different pharmacological effects.
基金Supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences-Knowledge Innovation Program Key Direction Project(KZCX2-YW-310)National Basic Research Program of China(2010CB951702)~~
文摘[Objective] This study was to provide theoretical basis for getting sustainable development of rural energy in Tibet into reality.[Method] By reviewing the rural energy resources in Tibet,we analyzed the characteristics and potential of rural biomass utilization in Tibet,and further put forward the sustainable countermeasures on the firewood substitution in Tibet.[Results] Renewable energies including hydraulic,geothermal,solar and wind resources are abundant in Tibet,while there is just a few of fossil energy resources such as oil and coal,with uneven distribution and poor exploration conditions.Traditional consumption of biomass energy resource accounts for a large proportion of the total energy consumption in Tibetan rural districts,which causes potential damage to the fragile ecological environment on the Tibetan Plateau.The excessive use of biomass energy destroyed the vegetation and evoked the environment deterioration such as the intensification of the water and soil loss and the declining of the soil fertility.[Conclusion] It is essential for Tibet to change its rural energy consumption structure,implement the Tibetan firewood alternative energy strategy and try to make full use of renewable energy such as solar energy,wind energy,hydro-energy instead of native vegetation and animal＇s droppings in order to reduce the adverse impacts of the irrational energy consumption on the ecological environment in Tibet.
基金The Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,No.XDA20040200National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41271123,No.41261010
文摘The risk posed by natural disasters can be largely reflected by hazard and vulnerability.The analysis of long-term hazard series can reveal the mechanisms by which risk changes.Drought disasters are one of the main types of disaster in the Tibet Region (TR) of China.In this study,using statistical drought disasters data in the TR from 1912 to 2012 and socio-economic statistics for five periods between 1965 and 2015,and adopting standard statistical analyses,a wavelet analysis,and a risk assessment model,we first construct the index system for drought disaster risk assessment,and then assess the risk of drought disasters and analyze the mechanisms of changes in risk.The results showed that the occurrence of drought in the TR had three distinct cycles during this study periods,with durations of 5,15,and 27 years respectively.The frequency of drought in the TR showed increasing trends,and the cycle of drought had been prolonged.From 1965 to 2015,the risk of drought disaster in the TR is significantly increased with the growth rate of 6.8% in high-risk area.In addition,the severity of drought had enhanced,especially in Qamdo.The increased vulnerability locally and significantly enhanced hazard of drought disaster,with a shrinkage of 16.3% in the low-value area and an expansion of 7.4% in the high-value area,being the determinants of drought disaster risk.Therefore,agricultural areas of the TR are the focal locations where risk of drought disaster needs to be managed.
基金This research was jointly funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(41773026)geological survey project of China Geological Survey(DD20190053).
文摘As the important component of the eastern Tethys tectonic region,the Jinsha River-Ailao Mountain suture zone is often considered to be an ophiolitic mé1ange belt.However,the P-T-t path and chronological framework of the metamorphic evolution in the collisional orogenetic process of this zone are still poorly understood owing to the lack of metamorphism research of symbolic high-pressure rocks.During a regional geological survey on a scale of 1:50000 in Gonjo County,Tibet Autonomous Region involved in this paper,(retrograde)eclogites lenses of different scales were found in Jinsha River suture zone,eastern Tibet for the first time.The(retrograde)eclogites can be divided into garnet-albite-chlorite-actinolite schists and eclogites according to retrograde degrees.The mainly mineral components of eclogites include garnet(45%-50%),clinopyroxene(about 25%),and hornblende(5%-10%)primarily,and biotite,quartz,rutile,and muscovite secondarily.According to the data of electron probe micro analysis(EPMA),clinopyroxenes feature high content of Na2O(5.6%-6%)and corresponding jadeite(Jd)molecules of 37%-44%,and they fall within the omphacite region in Quad-Jd-Ae diagram.The temperature and pressure of the metamorphism at peak are P≈2.2-2.34 GPa and T≈622-688℃respectively as measured with geobarometry Grt-Omp-Phe and geothermometer Grt-Omp.This will provide a new reference for the understanding of Paleo-Tethyan evolution.In this paper,two samples of eclogites were chosen for LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating and their 206pb/238U ages obtained are 240±3 Ma and 244±1 Ma respectively.Furthermore,the zircons feature extremely low Th/U ratio(<0.01),extremely low content ofNb,Ta,and HREE,and invisible negative Eu anomaly.Therefore,the genesis of the zircons shall be eclogites-facies metamorphism,indicating that the 240-245 Ma determined in this paper shall be the age of eclogites-facies metamorphism and may represent the westward subduction-collision epoch of Paleo-Tethys Ocean located between Zhongza Block and Qamdo Block.
基金supported by the Tibetan Bureau of Science and Technologythe National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 39800016)the Tibet Important Bird Area Survey Programme organized by BirdLife International
文摘Habitat use by Galliformes in an ornithologically unexplored region,a forest area in southeastern Tibet,was investigated during the summer and autumn periods of 1995.A total of seven species were recorded,most of which preferred habitats on south-facing slopes and avoided those on north-facing slopes where conditions were relatively humid.A hybrid population of White (Crossoptilon crossoptilon) versus Tibetan Eared-pheasants (C.harmani) was predominant among the Galliforme community,followed by Blood Pheasants (Ithaginis cruentus) and Chinese Grouse (Bonasa sewerzowi).A further investigation in 2001 showed that on account of little human activity in the distant primary forests,the birds suffered less of a threat from hunting and habitat disturbance.
基金funded by a grant from the Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and the Engineering Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Nos. HHS-TSS-STS-1505 and 55Y855Z11, CAS "Light of West China" Program, Frontier Science Research Program of Chineses Academy of Scienc No. QYZDJ- SSW_SMC011
文摘An understanding of soil microbial communities is crucial in roadside soil environmental assessments.The 16S rRNA se quencing of a stressed microbial community in soil adjacent to the Qinghai-Tibet Highway(QTH)revealed that the accu mulation of heavy metals(over about 10 years)has affected the diversity of bacterial abundance and microbial community structure.The proximity of a sampling site to the QTH/Qinghai-Tibet Railway(QTR),which is effectively a measure of the density of human engineering,was the dominant factor influencing bacterial community diversity.The diversity of bacterial communities shows that 16S rRNA gene abundance decreased in relation to proximity to the QTH and QTR in both alpine wetland and meadow areas.The dominant phyla across all samples were Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria.The concentration of Cr and Cd in the soil were positively correlated with proximity to the QTH and QTR(MC/WC sam pling sites),and Ni,Co,and V were positively correlated with proximity to the QTH and QTR(MA/WA sampling sites).The results presented in this study provide an insight into the relationships among heavy metals and soil microbial commu nities,and have important implications for assessing and predicting the impacts of human-induced activities from the QTH and QTR in such an extreme and fragile environment.
文摘Based on temperature data of meteorological stations from 1971 to 2008 in Tibet,the temporal and spatial variation of maximum andminimum temperature in Tibet was analyzed.The results showed that both maximum temperature andminimum temperature increased distinctly,the warming amplitude of winter was the highest among the four seasons,and next came spring.The increment ofminimum temperature was visibly over that of maximum temperature,particularlyminimum temperature in winter with significant increment.For spatial variation,maximum temperature in most stations increased except particular stations,while theminimum temperature in all stations rose.In addition,the space variation law ofminimum temperature,being more obvious thanminimum temperature,increased from southeast to northwest with different spatial changes in various seasons.From decadal variation,both maximum andminimum temperature appeared increase from 1970s to the first eight years in the 21st century,and the rise ofminimum temperature was significant greater than maximum temperature.The increase of maximum andminimum temperature was the highest from 2001 to 2008,whereas the lowest in 1970s.
基金Supported by Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System(CARS-08-E-4)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to explore the optimal levels of different factors influencing oat yield in Lhasa, Tibet. [Method] Orthogonal test was conducted to analyze oat cultivation technology in Tibet. [Result] Qingyin No.2 and Baiyan No. 8 were proved the optimal species to be grown in Lhasa with optimal sowing quantity at 150-180 kg/hm2. Sowing term is an extremely significant factor affecting growing season, and species and N fertilizer are significant factors. Al factors have none significant effects on hay yield. [Conclusion] The research provides theoretical refer-ences and technological supports for large-scale planting.
文摘The population situation of Tibetan Snowcock (Tetragallus tibetanus) has been surveyed by line transect sampling in Tibet from 1987 to 1989. The total length of samplings is 4444km, which were arranged in an area of 1 million.km2. 783 snowcocks were recorded in 35 line transects of 408km in the effective length. From these data, the densities of the snowcocks were estimated from negative exponential density distribution and jackknife method. The average density is 1.4523 cocks/ km2 and varies from 5.6580 to 0.0697 indiv. -km2. The population size of the snowcocks is 187.303±24.781 cocks in Tibet. In this paper, the author also discussed how to locate the line transect samplings, determine the observation width, choose possible shapes of the detection function and calculate the habitat size.
基金Supported by the Fourth National Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Survey Project(20120716-540000)Humanities and Social Sciences Research Project of Tibet Colleges and Universities(sk2015-34)Construction Project of Tibet Characteristic Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Resources R&D Cooperative Innovation Center(2014-2015)
文摘Polygonatum cirrhifolium is a rare and endangered Tibetan medicinal plant. In this paper,resource status of P. cirrhifolium from 13 counties of Tibet Plateau was investigated by combining field investigation with laboratory analysis,and sustainable utilization countermeasures were analyzed. Results showed that( 1) distribution area sequence of P. cirrhifolium in each county was Gongbo'gvamda County > Chayu County > Lang County > Milin County > Maizhokunggar County > Zuogong County > Mangkang County > Jiali County > Dingqing County > Duilongdeqing County > Baqing County = Suo County = Nimu County. Its total distribution area was 458 723. 81 hm2,and it was not distributed in Baqing County,Nimu County and Suo County.( 2) Average dry weight per plant of P. cirrhifolium medicinal part in each county had the bellow sequence: Duilongdeqing County > Gongbo'gvamda County > Maizhokunggar County > Zuogong County > Dingqing County > Lang County > Mangkang County > Milin County > Jiali County > Chayu County > Baqing County = Nimu County = Suo County,and it reached 46. 48 g/plant in Duilongdeqing County.(3) Biomass of P. cirrhifolium medicinal part in each county had the bellow sequence: Duilongdeqing County > Gongbo'gvamda County > Maizhokunggar County > Lang County > Dingqing County > Zuogong County > Jiali County > Mangkang County > Milin County >Chayu County > Nimu County = Suo County = Baqing County,and it reached 300. 52 kg/hm2 in Duilongdeqing County.(4) Reserve amount sequence of P. cirrhifolium in each county was Gongbo'gvamda County > Lang County > Maizhokunggar County > Chayu County > Zuogong County > Dingqing County > Milin County > Jiali County > Mangkang County > Duilongdeqing County > Baqing County = Nimu County = Suo County,and total reserve amount was 42 293. 96 t.(5) At medicinal function aspect,P. cirrhifolium is sweet,and has the effects of keeping fit,nourishing vitality,regenerating teeth and delaying senility.(6) For resource status of P. cirrhifolium,it is suggested establishing resource protection region and constructing germplasm resource bank; establishing plantation park and perfecting cultivation and planting techniques; deeply processing and extending industry chain of Tibetan medicine; updating concept and rationally developing and using.
基金Sponsored by Key Project of National Sci-Tech Support Plan(2013BAJ03B00)
文摘Through investigating Tibetan courtyard landscapes in Linzhi City, Tibet, it was found that Tibetan courtyards attached more importance to flower plants and garden crops, focused on natural style and easy maintenance, but not pruning; Tibetan courtyard landscaping valued shape, color, flower season and visual aesthetics of fl owers, tried to build "gardens" with fl ower confi guration as the major content, similar aesthetic concepts and landscaping style with European gardens; moreover, it paid more attention to plants, but not waterscape design; in Tibetan gardens, lawns occupied a secondary position next to fl owering plants, fruit trees and garden crops.
文摘In this paper, I will briefly analyze the role of mass media in the development of Tibet tourism. Through some examples and some theoretical analysis we will mainly discuss the problems and the prospects of Tibet tourism media. I sincerely hope this thesis will provide some good suggestions and views to the developing of Tibet tourism.
文摘TIBET’S human rights issues always draw global attention and Western anti-China forces often use this topic as an excuse to stigmatize China.Nevertheless,misinformation for the purpose of political interference can never be construed as facts.Through their field inspections and long-term in-depth research,experts and scholars worldwide,who truly care about Tibet’s development and respect Tibetan culture,have more objective evaluations of the status quo of Tibet’s social development and human rights protection,than politicians.
