Organic photovoltaics(OPVs)have achieved remarkable progress,with laboratory-scale single-junction devices now demonstrating power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)exceeding 20%.However,these efficiencies are highly depen...Organic photovoltaics(OPVs)have achieved remarkable progress,with laboratory-scale single-junction devices now demonstrating power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)exceeding 20%.However,these efficiencies are highly dependent on the thickness of the photoactive layer,which is typically around 100 nm.This sensitivity poses a challenge for industrial-scale fabrication.Achieving high PCEs in thick-film OPVs is therefore essential.This review systematically examines recent advancements in thick-film OPVs,focusing on the fundamental mechanisms that lead to efficiency loss and strategies to enhance performance.We provide a comprehensive analysis spanning the complete photovoltaic process chain:from initial exciton generation and diffusion dynamics,through dissociation mechanisms,to subsequent charge-carrier transport,balance optimization,and final collection efficiency.Particular emphasis is placed on cutting-edge solutions in molecular engineering and device architecture optimization.By synthesizing these interdisciplinary approaches and investigating the potential contributions in stability,cost,and machine learning aspects,this work establishes comprehensive guidelines for designing high-performance OPVs devices with minimal thickness dependence,ultimately aiming to bridge the gap between laboratory achievements and industrial manufacturing requirements.展开更多
It is essential to enhance the thickness of the absorber layer for perovskite solar cells(PSCs)to improve device performance and reduce industry refinement.However,thick perovskite films(>1μm)are difficult to be f...It is essential to enhance the thickness of the absorber layer for perovskite solar cells(PSCs)to improve device performance and reduce industry refinement.However,thick perovskite films(>1μm)are difficult to be fabricated by employing traditional solvents,such as N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF),dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO).Besides,it is a challenge to fabricate thick-film perovskite owing to the deteriorated surface morphology and serious defect density.Herein,a simple method was reported to deposit uniform pinhole-free perovskite films with a thickness of more than 2μm utilizing the methylamine acetate(MAAc)ionic liquid as the solvent.Combined with methylammonium chloride(MACl)as an additive,thick-film perovskite with~2μm in grain size and few grain boundaries(GBs)was prepared,which dramatically improved the perovskite crystal quality and enhanced carrier transport performance.The final PSCs exhibited a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 20.16%.The device showed improved stability with 95%of its initial efficiency in a nitrogen environment over 5000 h.This work provides an alternative strategy to produce extremely efficient and stable thick-film PSCs.It can be believed that this device has great potential in the application of large areas and laminated PSCs.展开更多
The preparation of lead-free thick-film resistors are reported:using RuO 2 and ruthenates as conductive particles,glass powders composed of B 2 O 3,SiO 2,CaO and Al2 O 3 as insulating phase,adding organic matter which...The preparation of lead-free thick-film resistors are reported:using RuO 2 and ruthenates as conductive particles,glass powders composed of B 2 O 3,SiO 2,CaO and Al2 O 3 as insulating phase,adding organic matter which mainly consists of ethyl cellulose and terpineol to form printable pastes.Resistors were fabricated and sintered by conventional screen-printing on 96%Al 2 O 3 substrates,and then sintering in a belt furnace.X-ray diffraction(XRD) and electron scanning microscopy(SEM) have been used to characterize the conductive particles.The resistors exhibit good refiring stability and low temperature coefficient of resistance.Sheet resistance spans from about 80Ω/□ to 600Ω/□.The resistors prepared are qualified for common use.展开更多
Results of investigation of X-ray diffraction, infrared and optical spectra of powders of the ruthenium dioxide, lead-silicate glass as well as their mixture before and after sintering are reported. Sintering conditio...Results of investigation of X-ray diffraction, infrared and optical spectra of powders of the ruthenium dioxide, lead-silicate glass as well as their mixture before and after sintering are reported. Sintering conditions typical for thick film resistors were used. Intensity of main lines of RuO2 in X-ray diffraction patterns of sintered mixtures decreases and they slightly shift towards small angles. No new reflexes appear in these patterns. Absorbance of RuO2 in the range of 2.5-100 μm is proportional to and featureless. Infrared spectrum of lead-silicate glass has absorption bands of [SiO4]4- tetrahedra and Pb-O bonds only. Optical spectrum of RuO2 has wide absorption bands at 950 and 370 nm. Spectra of the mixture of RuO2 and glass powders before and after sintering are different indicating that there is interaction between them during the sintering process. Concentration of free charge carriers estimated from the optical spectra is about 1021 cm-3.展开更多
The fabrication of thick active layers in organic solar cells(OSCs)is essential for roll-to-roll commercial production.However,thicker layers often lead to a notable decline in device performance,mainly due to the lim...The fabrication of thick active layers in organic solar cells(OSCs)is essential for roll-to-roll commercial production.However,thicker layers often lead to a notable decline in device performance,mainly due to the limited exciton diffusion length(L_(D)).Herein,we fabricated efficient thick-film planar heterojunction(PHJ)OSCs via the assistance of a new volatile solid additive(VSA)benzothieno[1,2-b]furan(TBF),featuring with atomically symmetric breaking skeleton.The asymmetric VSA treatment not only constructed a long-range ordered yet moderately loose molecular packing,but also induced an increased dielectric screening effect in the L8-BO-X layer through enhancing dipole interactions and mitigating exciton binding energy,simultaneously yielding a substantially higher photoluminescence quantum yield(PLQY)and effectively suppressing exciton-vibration coupling than the symmetric VSA counterparts benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene(BDT)and benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b]difuran(BDF).Consequently,the TBF-treated film exhibits an extended L_(D)>40 nm,favoring exciton dissociation,and charge generation/transport,as well as reducing energy disorder.Remarkably,TBF-based empowered devices achieve high PCEs of 20.4%,18.5%,and 16.5%at 110-,300-,and 500-nm thicknesses,respectively,demonstrating exceptional thickness tolerance.This atomically symmetric breaking VSA strategy provides a promising strategy for extending the L_(D)to achieve thick-film OSCs with prominent performance.展开更多
Thick-film organic solar cells(OSCs)are critical for large-scale manufacturing,yet they face persistent challenges of severe energy loss and complex morphology control.The integration of molecular design and device en...Thick-film organic solar cells(OSCs)are critical for large-scale manufacturing,yet they face persistent challenges of severe energy loss and complex morphology control.The integration of molecular design and device engineering is widely recognized as a promising strategy to address these bottlenecks.Here,we report the synthesis of a fluoropolymer PF8 and its application in combination with fluorous solvent vapor annealing(FSVA)post-treatment to fabricate high-performance thick-film OSCs.The fluorination strategy and FSVA process synergistically enhance the polymer’s crystallinity and induce an intrinsic fibrous morphology.As a result,the FSVA-treated PF8:L8BO device with a thickness of 110 nm achieves a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 18.89%.Notably,even when the film thickness is increased to 300 and 500 nm,the devices maintain high efficiencies of 17.54%and 15.59%,respectively.More importantly,the 300-nm FSVA-treated blend films exhibit enhanced packing order and well-defined fibrillar morphology,leading to suppressed non-radiative recombination and efficient charge transport along the fiber network.This study demonstrates the potential of combining fluoropolymers with fluorous solvent-based device engineering for advanced thick-film optoelectronic applications,providing a viable pathway for scalable OSC manufacturing.展开更多
Organic solar cells(OSCs)with a vertically phase-separated active layer are crucial for achieving high power conversion efficiency(PCE).However,obtaining such morphology remains a significant challenge,particularly in...Organic solar cells(OSCs)with a vertically phase-separated active layer are crucial for achieving high power conversion efficiency(PCE).However,obtaining such morphology remains a significant challenge,particularly in thick-film devices.To address this challenge,we develop a blended solvent strategy aimed at regulating the downward penetration of acceptor molecules into the underlying donor layer in layer-by-layer(LBL)solution-processed OSCs.By combining a good solvent with a poor solvent and precisely adjusting the ratio of a fast-volatilizing good solvent(chloroform)to a slow-volatilizing poor solvent(o-xylene),we have finely tuned the spatial distribution of acceptor molecules in the active layer.This has successfully resulted in a vertically phase-separated structure and enhanced crystallinity of the acceptor phase,which is conducive to exciton diffusion,exciton dissociation,and charge transport.We have verified the existence of such morphology through film depthdependent light absorption spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis.The PCE of D18/BTPe C9-4F-based OSCs prepared using this strategy has shown significant improvement,with the PCE of devices with a 100-nanometer-thick active layer increasing from 18.77%to 19.36%.Notably,when employing this strategy to prepare OSCs with a 300-nanometer-thick active layer,an impressive PCE value of 18.06%was achieved,marking it as the highest-performing thickfilm binary organic solar cell reported thus far.展开更多
To clearly show how important the impact of side chains on organic solar cells(OSCs)is,we designed three acceptors IDIC-CxPh(x=4,5,or 6)via subtle side-chain regulation.Despite this small change,significant distinctio...To clearly show how important the impact of side chains on organic solar cells(OSCs)is,we designed three acceptors IDIC-CxPh(x=4,5,or 6)via subtle side-chain regulation.Despite this small change,significant distinctions were detected.IDIC-C4Ph devices achieve an optimal efficiency of 13.94%under thermal annealing,but thermal-assistant solvent-vapor annealing hugely suppresses the efficiencies to 10%.However,the C6Ph side chain endows extremely disordered stacking orientations,generating moderate efficiencies of~12.50%.Excitingly,the IDIC-C5Ph affords an unexpected two-channel p-p charge transport(TCCT)property,boosting the fill factor(FF)by up to 80.02%and efficiency to 14.56%,ranking the best among five-ring fused-ladder-type acceptors.Impressively,the special TCCT behavior of IDIC-C5Ph enables 470 nm thick-film OSC with a high FF of up to 70.12%and efficiency of 13.01%,demonstrating the great promise in fabricating largescale OSCs.展开更多
针对超临界锅炉运行中氧化膜动态生长特性难以实时监测导致的机组运行效能劣化问题,本文提出一种高效融合深度学习与生长机理的氧化膜厚度预测模型(VMD-NPDCLO-BiLSTM-SAMME),利用变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,VMD)将...针对超临界锅炉运行中氧化膜动态生长特性难以实时监测导致的机组运行效能劣化问题,本文提出一种高效融合深度学习与生长机理的氧化膜厚度预测模型(VMD-NPDCLO-BiLSTM-SAMME),利用变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,VMD)将原始序列分解为若干相对平稳的子序列,采用混沌-莱维神经种群动态优化(neural population dynamics with chaotic-levy optimization,NPDCLO)算法,构建具有最优超参数配置的双向长短期记忆神经网络(bidirectional long short-term memory,BiLSTM)模型,并使用多类指数损失函数渐进添加模型(stagewise additive modeling using a multi-class exponential loss function,SAMME)将多个NPDCLO-BiLSTM弱分类器组合,构建VMD-NPDCLO-BiLSTM-SAMME强分类器模型对氧化膜生成机理模型中的高温过热器壁温与烟温进行预测,最终利用预测结果融合机理模型以实现氧化膜厚度的实时精确估计。仿真实验结果表明:本文提出的模型与现有的BiLSTM-SAMME模型相比,壁温的平均绝对误差与均方根误差分别降低32.52%、32.26%,烟温的平均绝对误差与均方根误差分别降低47.38%、55.27%;氧化膜厚度预测模型的平均误差为7.42%,验证了模型的有效性及工程适用性。展开更多
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(Nos.LQ23E030002,LZ23B040001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52303226,21971049)L.Zhan acknowledges the research start-up fund from Hangzhou Normal University(4095C50222204002).
文摘Organic photovoltaics(OPVs)have achieved remarkable progress,with laboratory-scale single-junction devices now demonstrating power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)exceeding 20%.However,these efficiencies are highly dependent on the thickness of the photoactive layer,which is typically around 100 nm.This sensitivity poses a challenge for industrial-scale fabrication.Achieving high PCEs in thick-film OPVs is therefore essential.This review systematically examines recent advancements in thick-film OPVs,focusing on the fundamental mechanisms that lead to efficiency loss and strategies to enhance performance.We provide a comprehensive analysis spanning the complete photovoltaic process chain:from initial exciton generation and diffusion dynamics,through dissociation mechanisms,to subsequent charge-carrier transport,balance optimization,and final collection efficiency.Particular emphasis is placed on cutting-edge solutions in molecular engineering and device architecture optimization.By synthesizing these interdisciplinary approaches and investigating the potential contributions in stability,cost,and machine learning aspects,this work establishes comprehensive guidelines for designing high-performance OPVs devices with minimal thickness dependence,ultimately aiming to bridge the gap between laboratory achievements and industrial manufacturing requirements.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51972172)Jiangsu Provincial Departments of Science and Technology(Nos.BE2022023 and BK20220010)+5 种基金the Innovation Project of Optics Valley Laboratory(No.OVL2021BG006)the Open Project Program of Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics(No.2021WNLOKF003)the Young 1000 Talents Global Recruitment Program of Chinathe Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(No.2021JLM-43)the Joint Research Funds of Department of Science and Technology of Shaanxi Province and Northwestern Polytechnical University(Nos.2020GXLH-Z-007 and 2020GXLH-Z-014)Jiangsu Excellent Postdoctoral Program。
文摘It is essential to enhance the thickness of the absorber layer for perovskite solar cells(PSCs)to improve device performance and reduce industry refinement.However,thick perovskite films(>1μm)are difficult to be fabricated by employing traditional solvents,such as N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF),dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO).Besides,it is a challenge to fabricate thick-film perovskite owing to the deteriorated surface morphology and serious defect density.Herein,a simple method was reported to deposit uniform pinhole-free perovskite films with a thickness of more than 2μm utilizing the methylamine acetate(MAAc)ionic liquid as the solvent.Combined with methylammonium chloride(MACl)as an additive,thick-film perovskite with~2μm in grain size and few grain boundaries(GBs)was prepared,which dramatically improved the perovskite crystal quality and enhanced carrier transport performance.The final PSCs exhibited a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 20.16%.The device showed improved stability with 95%of its initial efficiency in a nitrogen environment over 5000 h.This work provides an alternative strategy to produce extremely efficient and stable thick-film PSCs.It can be believed that this device has great potential in the application of large areas and laminated PSCs.
文摘The preparation of lead-free thick-film resistors are reported:using RuO 2 and ruthenates as conductive particles,glass powders composed of B 2 O 3,SiO 2,CaO and Al2 O 3 as insulating phase,adding organic matter which mainly consists of ethyl cellulose and terpineol to form printable pastes.Resistors were fabricated and sintered by conventional screen-printing on 96%Al 2 O 3 substrates,and then sintering in a belt furnace.X-ray diffraction(XRD) and electron scanning microscopy(SEM) have been used to characterize the conductive particles.The resistors exhibit good refiring stability and low temperature coefficient of resistance.Sheet resistance spans from about 80Ω/□ to 600Ω/□.The resistors prepared are qualified for common use.
文摘Results of investigation of X-ray diffraction, infrared and optical spectra of powders of the ruthenium dioxide, lead-silicate glass as well as their mixture before and after sintering are reported. Sintering conditions typical for thick film resistors were used. Intensity of main lines of RuO2 in X-ray diffraction patterns of sintered mixtures decreases and they slightly shift towards small angles. No new reflexes appear in these patterns. Absorbance of RuO2 in the range of 2.5-100 μm is proportional to and featureless. Infrared spectrum of lead-silicate glass has absorption bands of [SiO4]4- tetrahedra and Pb-O bonds only. Optical spectrum of RuO2 has wide absorption bands at 950 and 370 nm. Spectra of the mixture of RuO2 and glass powders before and after sintering are different indicating that there is interaction between them during the sintering process. Concentration of free charge carriers estimated from the optical spectra is about 1021 cm-3.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52203225,22375077,52073122)the Excellent Young and Middle Aged Science and Technology Innovation Team Program for Universities in Hubei Province(T2023037)+6 种基金the Department of Science and Technology of Hubei Province(2024DJC006)the Key R&D Project of Hubei Province(2022BAA095)the Hubei Natural Science Foundation(2022CFB903)the Key Research and Development Program of Wuhan(2024010802030156)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2021YFE0113600)the China Postdoctoral Science(2023M742717)the Excellent Discipline Cultivation Project by Jianghan University(2023XKZ010,2023XKZ014)。
文摘The fabrication of thick active layers in organic solar cells(OSCs)is essential for roll-to-roll commercial production.However,thicker layers often lead to a notable decline in device performance,mainly due to the limited exciton diffusion length(L_(D)).Herein,we fabricated efficient thick-film planar heterojunction(PHJ)OSCs via the assistance of a new volatile solid additive(VSA)benzothieno[1,2-b]furan(TBF),featuring with atomically symmetric breaking skeleton.The asymmetric VSA treatment not only constructed a long-range ordered yet moderately loose molecular packing,but also induced an increased dielectric screening effect in the L8-BO-X layer through enhancing dipole interactions and mitigating exciton binding energy,simultaneously yielding a substantially higher photoluminescence quantum yield(PLQY)and effectively suppressing exciton-vibration coupling than the symmetric VSA counterparts benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene(BDT)and benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b]difuran(BDF).Consequently,the TBF-treated film exhibits an extended L_(D)>40 nm,favoring exciton dissociation,and charge generation/transport,as well as reducing energy disorder.Remarkably,TBF-based empowered devices achieve high PCEs of 20.4%,18.5%,and 16.5%at 110-,300-,and 500-nm thicknesses,respectively,demonstrating exceptional thickness tolerance.This atomically symmetric breaking VSA strategy provides a promising strategy for extending the L_(D)to achieve thick-film OSCs with prominent performance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22379095)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(21ZR1435100)the Oceanic Interdisciplinary Program of Shanghai Jiao Tong University(SL2022MS015).
文摘Thick-film organic solar cells(OSCs)are critical for large-scale manufacturing,yet they face persistent challenges of severe energy loss and complex morphology control.The integration of molecular design and device engineering is widely recognized as a promising strategy to address these bottlenecks.Here,we report the synthesis of a fluoropolymer PF8 and its application in combination with fluorous solvent vapor annealing(FSVA)post-treatment to fabricate high-performance thick-film OSCs.The fluorination strategy and FSVA process synergistically enhance the polymer’s crystallinity and induce an intrinsic fibrous morphology.As a result,the FSVA-treated PF8:L8BO device with a thickness of 110 nm achieves a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 18.89%.Notably,even when the film thickness is increased to 300 and 500 nm,the devices maintain high efficiencies of 17.54%and 15.59%,respectively.More importantly,the 300-nm FSVA-treated blend films exhibit enhanced packing order and well-defined fibrillar morphology,leading to suppressed non-radiative recombination and efficient charge transport along the fiber network.This study demonstrates the potential of combining fluoropolymers with fluorous solvent-based device engineering for advanced thick-film optoelectronic applications,providing a viable pathway for scalable OSC manufacturing.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51973020,51933001)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(2232052)。
文摘Organic solar cells(OSCs)with a vertically phase-separated active layer are crucial for achieving high power conversion efficiency(PCE).However,obtaining such morphology remains a significant challenge,particularly in thick-film devices.To address this challenge,we develop a blended solvent strategy aimed at regulating the downward penetration of acceptor molecules into the underlying donor layer in layer-by-layer(LBL)solution-processed OSCs.By combining a good solvent with a poor solvent and precisely adjusting the ratio of a fast-volatilizing good solvent(chloroform)to a slow-volatilizing poor solvent(o-xylene),we have finely tuned the spatial distribution of acceptor molecules in the active layer.This has successfully resulted in a vertically phase-separated structure and enhanced crystallinity of the acceptor phase,which is conducive to exciton diffusion,exciton dissociation,and charge transport.We have verified the existence of such morphology through film depthdependent light absorption spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis.The PCE of D18/BTPe C9-4F-based OSCs prepared using this strategy has shown significant improvement,with the PCE of devices with a 100-nanometer-thick active layer increasing from 18.77%to 19.36%.Notably,when employing this strategy to prepare OSCs with a 300-nanometer-thick active layer,an impressive PCE value of 18.06%was achieved,marking it as the highest-performing thickfilm binary organic solar cell reported thus far.
基金The authors are deeply grateful to the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21502205,51773220,51703104,and 51873227)DICP&QIBEBT(UN201805)for financial support.X.C.B.deeply thanks the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(2016194).R.Q.Y.gives thanks to the“Chutian Scholar Program”of Hubei province.The work is also supported by the Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy for Clean Energy(DNL),CAS.The authors thanks Prof.Chunming Yang from the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility for useful discussions.
文摘To clearly show how important the impact of side chains on organic solar cells(OSCs)is,we designed three acceptors IDIC-CxPh(x=4,5,or 6)via subtle side-chain regulation.Despite this small change,significant distinctions were detected.IDIC-C4Ph devices achieve an optimal efficiency of 13.94%under thermal annealing,but thermal-assistant solvent-vapor annealing hugely suppresses the efficiencies to 10%.However,the C6Ph side chain endows extremely disordered stacking orientations,generating moderate efficiencies of~12.50%.Excitingly,the IDIC-C5Ph affords an unexpected two-channel p-p charge transport(TCCT)property,boosting the fill factor(FF)by up to 80.02%and efficiency to 14.56%,ranking the best among five-ring fused-ladder-type acceptors.Impressively,the special TCCT behavior of IDIC-C5Ph enables 470 nm thick-film OSC with a high FF of up to 70.12%and efficiency of 13.01%,demonstrating the great promise in fabricating largescale OSCs.
文摘针对超临界锅炉运行中氧化膜动态生长特性难以实时监测导致的机组运行效能劣化问题,本文提出一种高效融合深度学习与生长机理的氧化膜厚度预测模型(VMD-NPDCLO-BiLSTM-SAMME),利用变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,VMD)将原始序列分解为若干相对平稳的子序列,采用混沌-莱维神经种群动态优化(neural population dynamics with chaotic-levy optimization,NPDCLO)算法,构建具有最优超参数配置的双向长短期记忆神经网络(bidirectional long short-term memory,BiLSTM)模型,并使用多类指数损失函数渐进添加模型(stagewise additive modeling using a multi-class exponential loss function,SAMME)将多个NPDCLO-BiLSTM弱分类器组合,构建VMD-NPDCLO-BiLSTM-SAMME强分类器模型对氧化膜生成机理模型中的高温过热器壁温与烟温进行预测,最终利用预测结果融合机理模型以实现氧化膜厚度的实时精确估计。仿真实验结果表明:本文提出的模型与现有的BiLSTM-SAMME模型相比,壁温的平均绝对误差与均方根误差分别降低32.52%、32.26%,烟温的平均绝对误差与均方根误差分别降低47.38%、55.27%;氧化膜厚度预测模型的平均误差为7.42%,验证了模型的有效性及工程适用性。
