Large sized neodymium-doped Y3Al5O12 （Nd：YAG） laser crystals have been grown by temperature gradient technique （TGT） method and compared with Czochralski （Cz） method. The comparison of these two crystal growth ...Large sized neodymium-doped Y3Al5O12 （Nd：YAG） laser crystals have been grown by temperature gradient technique （TGT） method and compared with Czochralski （Cz） method. The comparison of these two crystal growth methods has been listed. The results showed that the TGT method has many advantages over the Cz method. The concentration distribution of Nd ions in the crystals was determined and the absorption spectra of these crystals have been investigated and compared. The TGT grown highly doped Nd：YAG crystal has a larger absorption FWHM than that of Cz grown Nd：YAG crysral. Highly doped Nd：YAG （～2.8 at. pct） crystals could be obtained by TGT.展开更多
The most important goal in civics education is to ensure that each citizen has a good understanding of ethics and moral behavior, and thus stresses the constant link between knowledge and practice. In this context, to...The most important goal in civics education is to ensure that each citizen has a good understanding of ethics and moral behavior, and thus stresses the constant link between knowledge and practice. In this context, to increase understanding of civics education for being able to create the best generation and condition in the future life, study on this issue is becoming a very crucial manner. In general, methods like discussion and dialogue are used to allow students to express themselves. However, cooperative learning in particular addresses many of the needs and concerns facing by educational systems and Team Game Tournament （TGT） method is one of the preferable methods of cooperative learning. This study was aiming to increase civics learning achievements by using cooperative learning based on TGT method on secondary school students of Jatisari of Indonesia. The action research procedure was also used so as to be able to evaluate the influent, impact, and result of TGT. Accordingly, cooperative learning with TGT method has successfully given positive contribution to increasing student learning civics achievement.展开更多
文摘Large sized neodymium-doped Y3Al5O12 （Nd：YAG） laser crystals have been grown by temperature gradient technique （TGT） method and compared with Czochralski （Cz） method. The comparison of these two crystal growth methods has been listed. The results showed that the TGT method has many advantages over the Cz method. The concentration distribution of Nd ions in the crystals was determined and the absorption spectra of these crystals have been investigated and compared. The TGT grown highly doped Nd：YAG crystal has a larger absorption FWHM than that of Cz grown Nd：YAG crysral. Highly doped Nd：YAG （～2.8 at. pct） crystals could be obtained by TGT.
文摘The most important goal in civics education is to ensure that each citizen has a good understanding of ethics and moral behavior, and thus stresses the constant link between knowledge and practice. In this context, to increase understanding of civics education for being able to create the best generation and condition in the future life, study on this issue is becoming a very crucial manner. In general, methods like discussion and dialogue are used to allow students to express themselves. However, cooperative learning in particular addresses many of the needs and concerns facing by educational systems and Team Game Tournament （TGT） method is one of the preferable methods of cooperative learning. This study was aiming to increase civics learning achievements by using cooperative learning based on TGT method on secondary school students of Jatisari of Indonesia. The action research procedure was also used so as to be able to evaluate the influent, impact, and result of TGT. Accordingly, cooperative learning with TGT method has successfully given positive contribution to increasing student learning civics achievement.
