The entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea Wize, formerly known as Paecilomyces fumosoroseus is reported as a promising biocontrol agent for controlling subterranean termites, particularly those belonging to the f...The entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea Wize, formerly known as Paecilomyces fumosoroseus is reported as a promising biocontrol agent for controlling subterranean termites, particularly those belonging to the family Rhinotermitidae. In Malaysia, the family Rhinotermitidae includes two species of subterranean termites with extremely high economic importance; namely Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren, and the Asian SLubterranean Termite (Coptotermes gestroi Wasmann). To comprehend the potential control of this soil-dwelling fungus against these subterranean termites in Malaysia, an investigation was carried out by testing the pathogenecity of 11 isolates against these termite species. All isolates showed pathogenic potential against the termite (Mortality rate of C. curvignathus:84.4%; C. gestroi:67.3%). IsolatePF49 was the most effective against both species of termites and was further tested for its virulence and mycosis.The LC_(50) values of PF49 against C. curvignathus and C.gestroi were 7.55×103 and 1.09×102 conidia/ml,respectively. The average number of days required to complete the mycosis process in C. curvignathus and C.gestroi were 4.7 and 8 days, respectively. These fungi are believed useful for protecting living trees, plants, wood,wood structures, and other cellulosic materials susceptible to termite infestation and damage.展开更多
Investigations under laboratory and field conditions were carried out with purpose of understanding the effects of pesticides of Cupressus lusitanica, Tephrosia vogelii, Eucalpytus dalrympleana, Lantana camara and Aza...Investigations under laboratory and field conditions were carried out with purpose of understanding the effects of pesticides of Cupressus lusitanica, Tephrosia vogelii, Eucalpytus dalrympleana, Lantana camara and Azadirachta indica in the control of termites which affect maize production in Arusha, Tanzania. Termites were collected before and during maize season of 2018 and identified at the Tropical Pesticides Research Institute (TPRI) laboratory. A total of 5279 out of 5307 termite species identified belong to genus Macrotermes, 23 species to genus Odontotermes and 5 species were unknown. The results entailed that the area is rich in species of genus Macrotermes. Moreover, concentrations i.e. 5 g, 10 g and 20 g of each botanical were tested for Macrotermes spp. mortality and repellency ability in the laboratory using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates. The results showed that 98.33% Macrotermes spp. mortality was caused by T. vogelii followed by 93.33% recorded from E. dalrympleana after 24 hours. Besides, C. lusitanica repelled Macrotermes spp. by 97% followed by 95% recorded from T. vogelii and E. dalrympleana each. For field trials, 20 g of each botanical was applied using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replicates. The results obtained from field indicated that T. vogelii was more effective to protect maize with an average of 6 maize stands and 3.4 kg of dry total weight of maize grains next to positive control per plot. Also, average of 4 maize stands and 3 kg dry total weight of maize grains were recorded from treatments of E. dalrympleana and C. lusitanica each. Such results highlight the potential of developing bio-termiticides from T. vogelii, C. lusitanica and E. dalrympleana to control Macrotermes spp.展开更多
Termites are social insects that inhabit colonies in the soil. Termites feed on a wide range of plants found within diverse habitats of Luanda Sub-County. This study aimed at assessing feed preference of edible termit...Termites are social insects that inhabit colonies in the soil. Termites feed on a wide range of plants found within diverse habitats of Luanda Sub-County. This study aimed at assessing feed preference of edible termites and analyzing their phytochemical composition. Termites were exposed to ten different test plants in their natural habitats to assess feed preference. Forty-seven study sites were selected as they had high termite abundance from previous studies. The test plants were <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Grevillea robusta</i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, sugarcane, maize, blue citronella grass, <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Eucalyptus</i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, mango, avocado, neem, bamboo and a mixture of all the ten plants. Small pits were dug in the ground where the ten treatments were placed and replicated four times each. The test plants were placed in the evening then covered with soil block. The number of termites feeding on the test plants was counted after 12 hours the following day. There were separate trials for crushed and uncrushed feed substrates. The feed substrates that showed high feed preference was selected for phytochemical analysis. The plants whose crude extract was obtained were </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Grevillea robusta,</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> bamboo, <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Eucalyptus</i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, cypress, maize and sugarcane. The results for this study were analysed using one-way ANOVA. The study revealed that crushed feed substrates had a high level of feed preference by termites p < 0.05. The mixture of all the feed substrates also showed high termite preference and a mean and SE of 676.500 ± 41.7<sup></span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">a</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></sup>. Phytochemical analysis of the crude plant extracts revealed that </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Eucalyptus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> had the highest number of phytochemicals present 9 out of 12. The identified phytochemicals were saponins, tannins, alkaloids, resins, cardiac glycosides, carbohydrates, phenols and flavones.展开更多
Natural durability of two plantation woods, Chinese fir and I-214 poplar, was investigated thoroughly by three test- ing methods, namely an accelerated laboratory decay test, a fungus cellar test and a field test. Af...Natural durability of two plantation woods, Chinese fir and I-214 poplar, was investigated thoroughly by three test- ing methods, namely an accelerated laboratory decay test, a fungus cellar test and a field test. After the decay test using Postia pla- centa and Trametes versicolor, Chinese fir and the I-214 poplar showed 34% and 69% of mass loss, respectively, indicating they should be classified as slightly durable and non-durable wood. This conclusion was confirmed by the fungus cellar test and the field test. Like the performance in the decay test, I-214 poplar showed no resistance to termites either in the laboratory or in the field, whereas Chinese fir would be classified as moderately resistant.展开更多
The research aimed to propose a non-destructive technology to control subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren infestation based on electromagnetic waves. A portable apparatus for this technology has be...The research aimed to propose a non-destructive technology to control subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren infestation based on electromagnetic waves. A portable apparatus for this technology has been built and its experiment is presented in this paper. Some electrical parameters were measured and analyzed along with their effects to the termites. The experiment using frequency range between 30 Hz - 600 kHz has been done. The average error of the apparatus by comparing the result with the direct measurement using oscilloscope was also measured. The highest error value appeared at 600 kHz with frequency error 6.05 kHz. The highest error of voltage (i.e. 0.186 Volt) appeared at 100 kHz. For safetiness, the highest magnetic field at 300 kHz was 0.1815 μT and at 500 kHz was 0.00725 μT which were safe for human. The average value of termites mortality was higher on irradiation time 120 minutes than 60 minutes respectively in all test frequency: 300 kHz, 400 kHz, 500 kHz and 600 kHz. This paper presents an important information of the electromagnatic-based technology for environmental friendly termites control in spite of using the insecticides.展开更多
Spatial distribution, abundance and assemblage of termites depend mainly on the local conditions and habitats in which they thrive. Striking differences are observed in the species richness, number of clades and funct...Spatial distribution, abundance and assemblage of termites depend mainly on the local conditions and habitats in which they thrive. Striking differences are observed in the species richness, number of clades and functional diversity of termite assemblage between different habitats. This study aim was to examine effect of human interference in the diversity of wood destroying termite in forest areas as well as managed and unmanaged plantations in South India. Termites attacking trees and wooden logs were collected from forest areas, managed plantations and unmanaged plantations. The termites collected were identified and compared for species abundance, richness and species diversity. Results show that the species composition and species diversity of the wood destroying termites vary according to the conditions. The species diversity measures revealed that there is a significance variation among the forest fauna and plantations. The forest areas have the highest species composition compared to plantations. Species richness is high forest areas. Even though the abundance of termites are more in unmanaged plantations, there is no significant difference related to species diversity among the managed and unmanaged plantations.展开更多
Soil amendments containing carbonized materials increase the soil carbon reservoir,influence plant productivity,and,ultimately,help to clean the environment.There is data on the effect of such additions on soil physic...Soil amendments containing carbonized materials increase the soil carbon reservoir,influence plant productivity,and,ultimately,help to clean the environment.There is data on the effect of such additions on soil physicochemical properties or plant growth,but few studies have focused on how these carbonized materials are distributed by termite species in the soil ecosystem.It is the first comprehensive study of the transportation of biochar(BC)by termite species under tropical environmental conditions in Pakistan.The present study was carried out to test the hypothesis that if termite species I)were involved in the distribution of biochar particles II)if yes,then how far these particles were transported during the study period(10 days)and III)check their preference between the enriched BC(EBC)and non-enriched BC.BC was enriched with the cattle slurry after its pyrolysis in the study.The results showed that EBC particles were significantly more widely distributed than non-enriched BC particles,but both types of BC were transported more than 4 cm(ring 4)within 10 days(at the end of the experiment).The current study also revealed that EBC was easily attached to the setae,cuticle,and legs of termites,implying that it could potentially be transported over a greater distance.Furthermore,transportation of EBC over larger distances indicated a potential preference of termite species between the EBC and BC particles.During the study,however,the preference among the termite species was also observed.Under the prevailing study conditions,the Coptotermes heimi and Heteroterme indicola species transported the EBC further than Microtermes obesi and Odontotermes obesus.These findings revealed that transportation preferences were observed among the four termite species.In conclusion,the current study found that termites were involved in the distribution of BC particles,with a preference for EBC and that these have the potential to transport BC particles more than 4 cm within 10 days.Furthermore,two species Coptotermes heimi and Heteroterme indicola may be more suitable candidates for EBC transpiration in Pakistani soils.It was necessary to conduct additional research into the effect of temperature on the transportation process.展开更多
Polyethism or division of works among workers of social insects is always a hot issue among entomologists. Honey bees, ants, and wasps are the main target for scientists to study the division of works. Studying polyet...Polyethism or division of works among workers of social insects is always a hot issue among entomologists. Honey bees, ants, and wasps are the main target for scientists to study the division of works. Studying polyethism in termites has been increased recently due to the damages to the forests, buildings, boats and even water preserving monuments. Every year a huge amount of money is spent to control these isopteran social insects in the south east of Asia, the US, Australia and other tropical and subtropical regions. As understanding the polyethism in these social insects can be a hand in controlling them, in this review we have tried to explain different kinds of polyethism and their importance in these social insects.展开更多
Termites are social insects that live in colonies underground. Globally, there are 3000 termite species, of which 39% are found in Africa. Termites are used as food and livestock feed in most communities of the world....Termites are social insects that live in colonies underground. Globally, there are 3000 termite species, of which 39% are found in Africa. Termites are used as food and livestock feed in most communities of the world. In Kenya, termites are consumed by many communities, especially in the western region. Termite species diversity across different parts of the Luanda sub-county was established as there are many edible and non-edible species in the area. This study assessed the species diversity of termites in Luanda sub-county, and characterized them morphologically. Termites were sampled in Luanda sub-county using the line transect method. The collected termites were preserved in tubes containing 70% Ethanol. The preserved samples were taken to the National Museums of Kenya for morphological identification up to species level. Species richness of each habitat was analyzed for diversity (Shannon-Wiener) index and Shannon index by using Vegan package version 1.16 - 32 in R. The differences in species composition and diversity of termites were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Morphological identification recorded seven species, namely, Macrotermes herus, Macrotermes spp1, Macrotermes sp1, Pseudocanthotermes grandiceps, Macrotermes bellicosus, Macrotermes spp2 and Pseudocanthotermes militaris. The results of this study showed that the Shannon diversity index H was 0.3606 while Simpson index D was 0.20644, which implied a high species diversity of termites in Luanda sub-county a leading producer of edible termites in Kenya.展开更多
Cashew tree has gradually moved from a purely ecological aspect to a socio-economic one, due to the marketing of its nuts. But production per area, estimated at between 424 and 547 kg/ha, remains low, in contrast to I...Cashew tree has gradually moved from a purely ecological aspect to a socio-economic one, due to the marketing of its nuts. But production per area, estimated at between 424 and 547 kg/ha, remains low, in contrast to India (2<sup>nd</sup> largest producer) and Vietnam (3<sup>rd</sup> largest producer), whose yields range from 1000 to 1500 and 2000 to 2500 kg/ha respectively. This low yield is due to a number of factors, among which insect pests are the most damaging. Among these insects, termites are considered to be one of the main pests of cashew trees. The general objective of this study is to contribute to termite management through the use of bioinsecticides, an alternative to the use of chemicals in cashew orchards. Five (5) biological products were tested: Limocide, Carapa oil, Neem oil, Kitana and Kaskara. Among them, two products proved effective, with a mortality rate of over 50%. These were Limocide, whose LC50 was obtained in 24 h at a dose of 3.6 g/ml and 3.1 g/ml , giving a mortality rate of 57.66% ± 4.04% and 51.33 ± 2.08 respectively , and Carapa, at a dose of 4.5 g/ml, with an estimated mortality rate of 52.33% ± 1.52%. Such results have demonstrated the potential application of Limocide and Carapa biopesticides to sustainably control termites in cashew orchards of Côte d’Ivoire.展开更多
Many termite species create conspicuous,aboveground soil nest mounds.Once the resident termite colony disappears,the mound structure gradually disintegrates.The now empty mound,which is rich in nutrients,and stable in...Many termite species create conspicuous,aboveground soil nest mounds.Once the resident termite colony disappears,the mound structure gradually disintegrates.The now empty mound,which is rich in nutrients,and stable in microclimate,potentially provides an important microhabitat for a different range of species.However,the communities in unoccupied termite mounds remain poorly explored,and the relative importance of these mounds in anthropogenically modified habitats is completely unknown.Here we quantify the invertebrate communities in unoccupied mounds of the soil-feeding termites Dicuspiditermes spp.in primary and logged lowland tropical rain forest in Malaysian Borneo and compare them to communities found in control soil.We also quantify the introgression of plant roots into the mounds.We found the unoccupied mounds support a range of invertebrate groups,with ants(Formicidae)having the highest abundances of any group across both habitats.Mounds supported significantly higher abundances of invertebrates overall in both primary forest(nine times more)and logged forest(five times more).However,the number of invertebrate taxa did not differ between mounds and control soils.Plant root mass was higher in control soils than in unoccupied mounds,possibly due to dominance of fine roots in the latter microhabitat.Using previous estimates of mound densities,we estimate that unoccupied Dicuspiditermes spp.mounds support>340000 invertebrate individuals in primary forest and>17000 individuals in logged forest per hectare.Our results indicate that unoccupied mounds are an important,although ephemeral,microhabitat for a range of invertebrate groups,in both pristine and anthropogenically disturbed habitats.展开更多
Since the late 20th century,termites have attracted attention due to the vast potential of their gut microbiome and digestive enzymes,which enable them to efficiently degrade lignocellulosic biomass,making them a prom...Since the late 20th century,termites have attracted attention due to the vast potential of their gut microbiome and digestive enzymes,which enable them to efficiently degrade lignocellulosic biomass,making them a promising resource for animal nutrition,particularly for recovering fibrous waste.Termite gastrointestinal symbionts and enzymes are highly effective at decomposing plant fiber,thus positioning them as natural bioreactors with significant biotechnological potential.This review examines the evolving applications of termites in animal feed,including their incorporation as protein sources in diets for monogastric animals and fish,as well as the utilization of bacteria,fungi,and enzymes derived from their guts as additives to enhance the digestibility of agricultural byproducts in both ruminants and non-ruminants.Furthermore,recent developments have demonstrated the identification and heterologous expression of lignocellulolytic enzymes and metabolites with prebiotic and detoxifying properties.The diversity of termite species offers an exceptional source of microbial communities.These communities highly adaptable to various fibrous substrates due to their diet,which enhances their potential despite existing limitations in cultivation and process standardization.However,their gut microbiota remains an untapped resource with immense potential to improve feed efficiency,promote sustainability,and reduce reliance on conventional inputs.It is concluded that at larger scale in vivo studies are needed to fully realize the potential of these symbiotic systems in animal nutrition.展开更多
Subterranean termites construct complex tunnel networks for foraging. During travel in the tunnels, termites often encounter one another when passing in opposite directions. Such encounters are likely to affect the ＂...Subterranean termites construct complex tunnel networks for foraging. During travel in the tunnels, termites often encounter one another when passing in opposite directions. Such encounters are likely to affect the ＂movement efficiency,＂ which is the time required for a termite to travel a certain distance in a tunnel. In this study, we explored how individual-individual encounters affect movement efficiency in tunnels by measuring the time （v） taken by two termites to pass one another in tunnels of different curvatures. Artificial tunnels of 5 cm in length and variable widths （W） of 2, 3, or 4 mm were made. Tunnel distance （D） was 2, 3, 4, or 5 cm. When D had a higher value, curvature was lower. When W = 2, T was significantly shorter in the tunnel with D = 5 than in tunnels ofD = 2, 3, or 4, whereas v was statistically the same for D = 2, 3 and 4. When W = 3, r was shorter in the tunnel with D = 5 than for D = 3 and 4, while ~ was longer in the tunnel with D = 2 than for D = 3 and 4. When W = 4, r was longer in the tunnels with D = 2 and 3 than for D = 4 and 5. Based on these observations, 3 types of termite behavior were identified： biased walking, backward walking, and zigzag walking. We considered these results in relation to foraging efficiency.展开更多
Cubitermes spp. are widely distributed soil-feeding termite species in sub- Saharan Africa which play a fundamental role in soil structure and fertility. A complex of at least four cryptic species （i.e., Cubitermes s...Cubitermes spp. are widely distributed soil-feeding termite species in sub- Saharan Africa which play a fundamental role in soil structure and fertility. A complex of at least four cryptic species （i.e., Cubitermes sp. affunis subarquatus complex of species） has been recently described using molecular markers. In order to investigate the breeding system of these species, five microsatellite markers were used to carry out parentage and re- latedness analyses in 15 Gabonese colonies. Monogamy was confirmed as the predominant reproductive organization in Cubitermes spp. （76% of the colonies）. Within 30% of these monogamous colonies, a high relatedness between reproductives was shown, suggesting that mating between related individuals occurs. However, Cubitermes colonies can deviate from monogamy. Indeed, parental contributions by at least two related reproductives of the same sex were revealed in four colonies and polyandry was demonstrated in two of them. Infiltration of reproductives in the colony is the most plausible explanation for such cases of polygamy in Cubitermes spp.展开更多
The infestation rate of termites in the Yabello rangeland,caused by both climatic and human factors,is of interest at certain times.This study was conducted in order to evaluate the impact of termites and determine ap...The infestation rate of termites in the Yabello rangeland,caused by both climatic and human factors,is of interest at certain times.This study was conducted in order to evaluate the impact of termites and determine appropriate management measures in the study area.Data was collected from three kebeles of the Yabello district(Dida Tuyura,Danbal-Waccu and Arero),the selection of which was dependent on the extent to which the termites had spread.A field survey method and semi-structured questionnaires were used for 40 community representatives from each of the selected kebeles.A total of 120 community representatives were interviewed and the interviews were supported by direct observations and informal discussions to understand the impact of termites on rangeland degradation,and to explain the trends.Historical background data of termite infestation rates in the study area was collected and evaluated.In addition to the direct impact caused by termites on forage products,buildings and crops,the linkages of termites with the environment and management mechanisms were identified.Yabello rangeland has often been under termite infestation stress and problems are increasing at an alarming rate.So in order to minimize the impact of termites on rangeland degradation identification of exact termite species and take appropriate management together with the community knowledge and scientific management system was recommended.展开更多
Termites are eusocial arthropod decomposers,and improve soil fertility,crop yield,and also are used by humans for their ben efits across the world.However,some species of termites are becoming a threat to the farming ...Termites are eusocial arthropod decomposers,and improve soil fertility,crop yield,and also are used by humans for their ben efits across the world.However,some species of termites are becoming a threat to the farming community as they are directly and indirectly causing major losses to the agricultural system.It is estimated that termites cost the global economy more than 40 billion USD annually,and considerable research has been done on their management.In this review,we present the available information related to sustainable and integrated termite management practices(ITM).Furthermore,we insist that the better management of this menace can be possible through:(i)improving traditional methods to keep termites away from crops;(ii)improving agricultural practices to maintain plants with more vigor and less susceptible to termite attack;and(iii)integration of available techniques to reduce termite infestation in crops and surroundings.The application of an effective combination of traditional practices with recently developed approaches is the best option for agricultural growers.Moreover,keeping in mind the beneficial nature of this pest,more innovative efforts for its management,particularly using rapidly emerging technology(e.g.,RNA interference),are needed.展开更多
Our previous studies have shown that some Trichoderma fungi trigger aggregation behavior in Formosan subterranean termites,Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki.However,the mechanisms underlying the induction of termite aggr...Our previous studies have shown that some Trichoderma fungi trigger aggregation behavior in Formosan subterranean termites,Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki.However,the mechanisms underlying the induction of termite aggregation by Trichoderma fungi remain unclear.Here,we found that the aqueous or acetone extract of Trichoderma asperellum Samuels,Lieckfeldt&Nirenberg and Trichoderma virens Pers.ex Fries isolated from the gut or cuticle of C.formosanus elicited significant termite aggregation in 2-choice tests.We then screened 9 Trichoderma metabolites(3-acetoxy-2-butanone,phenol,3-ethoxypropionic acid,ethyl 2,4-dioxovalerate,diglycolic acid,d-valine,styrene,3-aminopyridine,and hexyl acetoacetate)that triggered termite aggregation.Among them,phenol(1000μg/mL),3-ethoxypropionic acid(10μg/mL),ethyl 2,4-dioxovalerate(1000μg/mL),and diglycolic acid(1000μg/mL)showed the strongest activities,triggering termite aggregation throughout the 24-h period.As T.asperellum and T.virens produce different metabolites that trigger aggregation behavior in termites,the mechanisms underlying the interaction between subterranean termites and Trichoderma fungi likely vary.Future studies are needed to test whether these chemicals can attract termites and increase bait consumption.展开更多
Termites have physiological and behavioral immunities that make them highly resistant to pathogen infections,which complicates biocontrol efforts.However,the stimuli that trigger the pathogen-avoidance behaviors of te...Termites have physiological and behavioral immunities that make them highly resistant to pathogen infections,which complicates biocontrol efforts.However,the stimuli that trigger the pathogen-avoidance behaviors of termites are still unclear.Our study shows that workers of Coptotermes formosanus exposed to the conidia of Metarhizium anisopliae exhibited a significantly higher frequency and longer duration of allogrooming behaviors compared with untreated termites.Volatile compounds in the cuticle of control termites and termites previously exposed to a suspension of M.anisopliae conidia were analyzed and compared using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer(GC-MS).Our results showed that the amount of ergosterol differed between the fungus-exposed and control termites.Choice tests showed that termites significantly preferred to stay on filter paper treated with ergosterol(0.05,0.1,or 1.0 mg/mL)compared with control filter paper.In addition,termites exposed to ergosterol followed by M.anisopliae conidia were allogroomed at a significantly higher frequency and for a longer duration than termites exposed to alcohol(the solvent used with the ergosterol in the ergosterol trials)alone followed by M.anisopliae conidia.These results showed that ergosterol may enhance the allogrooming behavior of termites in the presence of entomopathogenic fungi.展开更多
基金funded by Research University Grant Scheme (RUGS) provided by Universiti Putra Malaysia
文摘The entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea Wize, formerly known as Paecilomyces fumosoroseus is reported as a promising biocontrol agent for controlling subterranean termites, particularly those belonging to the family Rhinotermitidae. In Malaysia, the family Rhinotermitidae includes two species of subterranean termites with extremely high economic importance; namely Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren, and the Asian SLubterranean Termite (Coptotermes gestroi Wasmann). To comprehend the potential control of this soil-dwelling fungus against these subterranean termites in Malaysia, an investigation was carried out by testing the pathogenecity of 11 isolates against these termite species. All isolates showed pathogenic potential against the termite (Mortality rate of C. curvignathus:84.4%; C. gestroi:67.3%). IsolatePF49 was the most effective against both species of termites and was further tested for its virulence and mycosis.The LC_(50) values of PF49 against C. curvignathus and C.gestroi were 7.55×103 and 1.09×102 conidia/ml,respectively. The average number of days required to complete the mycosis process in C. curvignathus and C.gestroi were 4.7 and 8 days, respectively. These fungi are believed useful for protecting living trees, plants, wood,wood structures, and other cellulosic materials susceptible to termite infestation and damage.
文摘Investigations under laboratory and field conditions were carried out with purpose of understanding the effects of pesticides of Cupressus lusitanica, Tephrosia vogelii, Eucalpytus dalrympleana, Lantana camara and Azadirachta indica in the control of termites which affect maize production in Arusha, Tanzania. Termites were collected before and during maize season of 2018 and identified at the Tropical Pesticides Research Institute (TPRI) laboratory. A total of 5279 out of 5307 termite species identified belong to genus Macrotermes, 23 species to genus Odontotermes and 5 species were unknown. The results entailed that the area is rich in species of genus Macrotermes. Moreover, concentrations i.e. 5 g, 10 g and 20 g of each botanical were tested for Macrotermes spp. mortality and repellency ability in the laboratory using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates. The results showed that 98.33% Macrotermes spp. mortality was caused by T. vogelii followed by 93.33% recorded from E. dalrympleana after 24 hours. Besides, C. lusitanica repelled Macrotermes spp. by 97% followed by 95% recorded from T. vogelii and E. dalrympleana each. For field trials, 20 g of each botanical was applied using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replicates. The results obtained from field indicated that T. vogelii was more effective to protect maize with an average of 6 maize stands and 3.4 kg of dry total weight of maize grains next to positive control per plot. Also, average of 4 maize stands and 3 kg dry total weight of maize grains were recorded from treatments of E. dalrympleana and C. lusitanica each. Such results highlight the potential of developing bio-termiticides from T. vogelii, C. lusitanica and E. dalrympleana to control Macrotermes spp.
文摘Termites are social insects that inhabit colonies in the soil. Termites feed on a wide range of plants found within diverse habitats of Luanda Sub-County. This study aimed at assessing feed preference of edible termites and analyzing their phytochemical composition. Termites were exposed to ten different test plants in their natural habitats to assess feed preference. Forty-seven study sites were selected as they had high termite abundance from previous studies. The test plants were <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Grevillea robusta</i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, sugarcane, maize, blue citronella grass, <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Eucalyptus</i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, mango, avocado, neem, bamboo and a mixture of all the ten plants. Small pits were dug in the ground where the ten treatments were placed and replicated four times each. The test plants were placed in the evening then covered with soil block. The number of termites feeding on the test plants was counted after 12 hours the following day. There were separate trials for crushed and uncrushed feed substrates. The feed substrates that showed high feed preference was selected for phytochemical analysis. The plants whose crude extract was obtained were </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Grevillea robusta,</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> bamboo, <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Eucalyptus</i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, cypress, maize and sugarcane. The results for this study were analysed using one-way ANOVA. The study revealed that crushed feed substrates had a high level of feed preference by termites p < 0.05. The mixture of all the feed substrates also showed high termite preference and a mean and SE of 676.500 ± 41.7<sup></span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">a</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></sup>. Phytochemical analysis of the crude plant extracts revealed that </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Eucalyptus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> had the highest number of phytochemicals present 9 out of 12. The identified phytochemicals were saponins, tannins, alkaloids, resins, cardiac glycosides, carbohydrates, phenols and flavones.
基金Supported by Sino-Japanese Technical Cooperation Project Titled "Studies on Chinese Plantation Wood" (JICA PROJECT/033-1418-E-O)
文摘Natural durability of two plantation woods, Chinese fir and I-214 poplar, was investigated thoroughly by three test- ing methods, namely an accelerated laboratory decay test, a fungus cellar test and a field test. After the decay test using Postia pla- centa and Trametes versicolor, Chinese fir and the I-214 poplar showed 34% and 69% of mass loss, respectively, indicating they should be classified as slightly durable and non-durable wood. This conclusion was confirmed by the fungus cellar test and the field test. Like the performance in the decay test, I-214 poplar showed no resistance to termites either in the laboratory or in the field, whereas Chinese fir would be classified as moderately resistant.
文摘The research aimed to propose a non-destructive technology to control subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren infestation based on electromagnetic waves. A portable apparatus for this technology has been built and its experiment is presented in this paper. Some electrical parameters were measured and analyzed along with their effects to the termites. The experiment using frequency range between 30 Hz - 600 kHz has been done. The average error of the apparatus by comparing the result with the direct measurement using oscilloscope was also measured. The highest error value appeared at 600 kHz with frequency error 6.05 kHz. The highest error of voltage (i.e. 0.186 Volt) appeared at 100 kHz. For safetiness, the highest magnetic field at 300 kHz was 0.1815 μT and at 500 kHz was 0.00725 μT which were safe for human. The average value of termites mortality was higher on irradiation time 120 minutes than 60 minutes respectively in all test frequency: 300 kHz, 400 kHz, 500 kHz and 600 kHz. This paper presents an important information of the electromagnatic-based technology for environmental friendly termites control in spite of using the insecticides.
文摘Spatial distribution, abundance and assemblage of termites depend mainly on the local conditions and habitats in which they thrive. Striking differences are observed in the species richness, number of clades and functional diversity of termite assemblage between different habitats. This study aim was to examine effect of human interference in the diversity of wood destroying termite in forest areas as well as managed and unmanaged plantations in South India. Termites attacking trees and wooden logs were collected from forest areas, managed plantations and unmanaged plantations. The termites collected were identified and compared for species abundance, richness and species diversity. Results show that the species composition and species diversity of the wood destroying termites vary according to the conditions. The species diversity measures revealed that there is a significance variation among the forest fauna and plantations. The forest areas have the highest species composition compared to plantations. Species richness is high forest areas. Even though the abundance of termites are more in unmanaged plantations, there is no significant difference related to species diversity among the managed and unmanaged plantations.
基金the Researchers Supporting Project No.(RSP-2021/298),King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia。
文摘Soil amendments containing carbonized materials increase the soil carbon reservoir,influence plant productivity,and,ultimately,help to clean the environment.There is data on the effect of such additions on soil physicochemical properties or plant growth,but few studies have focused on how these carbonized materials are distributed by termite species in the soil ecosystem.It is the first comprehensive study of the transportation of biochar(BC)by termite species under tropical environmental conditions in Pakistan.The present study was carried out to test the hypothesis that if termite species I)were involved in the distribution of biochar particles II)if yes,then how far these particles were transported during the study period(10 days)and III)check their preference between the enriched BC(EBC)and non-enriched BC.BC was enriched with the cattle slurry after its pyrolysis in the study.The results showed that EBC particles were significantly more widely distributed than non-enriched BC particles,but both types of BC were transported more than 4 cm(ring 4)within 10 days(at the end of the experiment).The current study also revealed that EBC was easily attached to the setae,cuticle,and legs of termites,implying that it could potentially be transported over a greater distance.Furthermore,transportation of EBC over larger distances indicated a potential preference of termite species between the EBC and BC particles.During the study,however,the preference among the termite species was also observed.Under the prevailing study conditions,the Coptotermes heimi and Heteroterme indicola species transported the EBC further than Microtermes obesi and Odontotermes obesus.These findings revealed that transportation preferences were observed among the four termite species.In conclusion,the current study found that termites were involved in the distribution of BC particles,with a preference for EBC and that these have the potential to transport BC particles more than 4 cm within 10 days.Furthermore,two species Coptotermes heimi and Heteroterme indicola may be more suitable candidates for EBC transpiration in Pakistani soils.It was necessary to conduct additional research into the effect of temperature on the transportation process.
文摘Polyethism or division of works among workers of social insects is always a hot issue among entomologists. Honey bees, ants, and wasps are the main target for scientists to study the division of works. Studying polyethism in termites has been increased recently due to the damages to the forests, buildings, boats and even water preserving monuments. Every year a huge amount of money is spent to control these isopteran social insects in the south east of Asia, the US, Australia and other tropical and subtropical regions. As understanding the polyethism in these social insects can be a hand in controlling them, in this review we have tried to explain different kinds of polyethism and their importance in these social insects.
文摘Termites are social insects that live in colonies underground. Globally, there are 3000 termite species, of which 39% are found in Africa. Termites are used as food and livestock feed in most communities of the world. In Kenya, termites are consumed by many communities, especially in the western region. Termite species diversity across different parts of the Luanda sub-county was established as there are many edible and non-edible species in the area. This study assessed the species diversity of termites in Luanda sub-county, and characterized them morphologically. Termites were sampled in Luanda sub-county using the line transect method. The collected termites were preserved in tubes containing 70% Ethanol. The preserved samples were taken to the National Museums of Kenya for morphological identification up to species level. Species richness of each habitat was analyzed for diversity (Shannon-Wiener) index and Shannon index by using Vegan package version 1.16 - 32 in R. The differences in species composition and diversity of termites were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Morphological identification recorded seven species, namely, Macrotermes herus, Macrotermes spp1, Macrotermes sp1, Pseudocanthotermes grandiceps, Macrotermes bellicosus, Macrotermes spp2 and Pseudocanthotermes militaris. The results of this study showed that the Shannon diversity index H was 0.3606 while Simpson index D was 0.20644, which implied a high species diversity of termites in Luanda sub-county a leading producer of edible termites in Kenya.
文摘Cashew tree has gradually moved from a purely ecological aspect to a socio-economic one, due to the marketing of its nuts. But production per area, estimated at between 424 and 547 kg/ha, remains low, in contrast to India (2<sup>nd</sup> largest producer) and Vietnam (3<sup>rd</sup> largest producer), whose yields range from 1000 to 1500 and 2000 to 2500 kg/ha respectively. This low yield is due to a number of factors, among which insect pests are the most damaging. Among these insects, termites are considered to be one of the main pests of cashew trees. The general objective of this study is to contribute to termite management through the use of bioinsecticides, an alternative to the use of chemicals in cashew orchards. Five (5) biological products were tested: Limocide, Carapa oil, Neem oil, Kitana and Kaskara. Among them, two products proved effective, with a mortality rate of over 50%. These were Limocide, whose LC50 was obtained in 24 h at a dose of 3.6 g/ml and 3.1 g/ml , giving a mortality rate of 57.66% ± 4.04% and 51.33 ± 2.08 respectively , and Carapa, at a dose of 4.5 g/ml, with an estimated mortality rate of 52.33% ± 1.52%. Such results have demonstrated the potential application of Limocide and Carapa biopesticides to sustainably control termites in cashew orchards of Côte d’Ivoire.
基金JT and TMF were supported by a Czech Science Foundation Standard Grant(24-12229S).
文摘Many termite species create conspicuous,aboveground soil nest mounds.Once the resident termite colony disappears,the mound structure gradually disintegrates.The now empty mound,which is rich in nutrients,and stable in microclimate,potentially provides an important microhabitat for a different range of species.However,the communities in unoccupied termite mounds remain poorly explored,and the relative importance of these mounds in anthropogenically modified habitats is completely unknown.Here we quantify the invertebrate communities in unoccupied mounds of the soil-feeding termites Dicuspiditermes spp.in primary and logged lowland tropical rain forest in Malaysian Borneo and compare them to communities found in control soil.We also quantify the introgression of plant roots into the mounds.We found the unoccupied mounds support a range of invertebrate groups,with ants(Formicidae)having the highest abundances of any group across both habitats.Mounds supported significantly higher abundances of invertebrates overall in both primary forest(nine times more)and logged forest(five times more).However,the number of invertebrate taxa did not differ between mounds and control soils.Plant root mass was higher in control soils than in unoccupied mounds,possibly due to dominance of fine roots in the latter microhabitat.Using previous estimates of mound densities,we estimate that unoccupied Dicuspiditermes spp.mounds support>340000 invertebrate individuals in primary forest and>17000 individuals in logged forest per hectare.Our results indicate that unoccupied mounds are an important,although ephemeral,microhabitat for a range of invertebrate groups,in both pristine and anthropogenically disturbed habitats.
基金the Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia for funding the project and publicationCONADI for their financial supportthe Universidad del Tolima for its contribution to this research.
文摘Since the late 20th century,termites have attracted attention due to the vast potential of their gut microbiome and digestive enzymes,which enable them to efficiently degrade lignocellulosic biomass,making them a promising resource for animal nutrition,particularly for recovering fibrous waste.Termite gastrointestinal symbionts and enzymes are highly effective at decomposing plant fiber,thus positioning them as natural bioreactors with significant biotechnological potential.This review examines the evolving applications of termites in animal feed,including their incorporation as protein sources in diets for monogastric animals and fish,as well as the utilization of bacteria,fungi,and enzymes derived from their guts as additives to enhance the digestibility of agricultural byproducts in both ruminants and non-ruminants.Furthermore,recent developments have demonstrated the identification and heterologous expression of lignocellulolytic enzymes and metabolites with prebiotic and detoxifying properties.The diversity of termite species offers an exceptional source of microbial communities.These communities highly adaptable to various fibrous substrates due to their diet,which enhances their potential despite existing limitations in cultivation and process standardization.However,their gut microbiota remains an untapped resource with immense potential to improve feed efficiency,promote sustainability,and reduce reliance on conventional inputs.It is concluded that at larger scale in vivo studies are needed to fully realize the potential of these symbiotic systems in animal nutrition.
文摘Subterranean termites construct complex tunnel networks for foraging. During travel in the tunnels, termites often encounter one another when passing in opposite directions. Such encounters are likely to affect the ＂movement efficiency,＂ which is the time required for a termite to travel a certain distance in a tunnel. In this study, we explored how individual-individual encounters affect movement efficiency in tunnels by measuring the time （v） taken by two termites to pass one another in tunnels of different curvatures. Artificial tunnels of 5 cm in length and variable widths （W） of 2, 3, or 4 mm were made. Tunnel distance （D） was 2, 3, 4, or 5 cm. When D had a higher value, curvature was lower. When W = 2, T was significantly shorter in the tunnel with D = 5 than in tunnels ofD = 2, 3, or 4, whereas v was statistically the same for D = 2, 3 and 4. When W = 3, r was shorter in the tunnel with D = 5 than for D = 3 and 4, while ~ was longer in the tunnel with D = 2 than for D = 3 and 4. When W = 4, r was longer in the tunnels with D = 2 and 3 than for D = 4 and 5. Based on these observations, 3 types of termite behavior were identified： biased walking, backward walking, and zigzag walking. We considered these results in relation to foraging efficiency.
文摘Cubitermes spp. are widely distributed soil-feeding termite species in sub- Saharan Africa which play a fundamental role in soil structure and fertility. A complex of at least four cryptic species （i.e., Cubitermes sp. affunis subarquatus complex of species） has been recently described using molecular markers. In order to investigate the breeding system of these species, five microsatellite markers were used to carry out parentage and re- latedness analyses in 15 Gabonese colonies. Monogamy was confirmed as the predominant reproductive organization in Cubitermes spp. （76% of the colonies）. Within 30% of these monogamous colonies, a high relatedness between reproductives was shown, suggesting that mating between related individuals occurs. However, Cubitermes colonies can deviate from monogamy. Indeed, parental contributions by at least two related reproductives of the same sex were revealed in four colonies and polyandry was demonstrated in two of them. Infiltration of reproductives in the colony is the most plausible explanation for such cases of polygamy in Cubitermes spp.
基金Science and Technology Partnership Program,Ministry of Science and Technology of China(KY201702010)China-Africa Joint Research Center Project of the Chinese Academy of Science(SAJC201610)
文摘The infestation rate of termites in the Yabello rangeland,caused by both climatic and human factors,is of interest at certain times.This study was conducted in order to evaluate the impact of termites and determine appropriate management measures in the study area.Data was collected from three kebeles of the Yabello district(Dida Tuyura,Danbal-Waccu and Arero),the selection of which was dependent on the extent to which the termites had spread.A field survey method and semi-structured questionnaires were used for 40 community representatives from each of the selected kebeles.A total of 120 community representatives were interviewed and the interviews were supported by direct observations and informal discussions to understand the impact of termites on rangeland degradation,and to explain the trends.Historical background data of termite infestation rates in the study area was collected and evaluated.In addition to the direct impact caused by termites on forage products,buildings and crops,the linkages of termites with the environment and management mechanisms were identified.Yabello rangeland has often been under termite infestation stress and problems are increasing at an alarming rate.So in order to minimize the impact of termites on rangeland degradation identification of exact termite species and take appropriate management together with the community knowledge and scientific management system was recommended.
基金by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31770686).
文摘Termites are eusocial arthropod decomposers,and improve soil fertility,crop yield,and also are used by humans for their ben efits across the world.However,some species of termites are becoming a threat to the farming community as they are directly and indirectly causing major losses to the agricultural system.It is estimated that termites cost the global economy more than 40 billion USD annually,and considerable research has been done on their management.In this review,we present the available information related to sustainable and integrated termite management practices(ITM).Furthermore,we insist that the better management of this menace can be possible through:(i)improving traditional methods to keep termites away from crops;(ii)improving agricultural practices to maintain plants with more vigor and less susceptible to termite attack;and(iii)integration of available techniques to reduce termite infestation in crops and surroundings.The application of an effective combination of traditional practices with recently developed approaches is the best option for agricultural growers.Moreover,keeping in mind the beneficial nature of this pest,more innovative efforts for its management,particularly using rapidly emerging technology(e.g.,RNA interference),are needed.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31500530).
文摘Our previous studies have shown that some Trichoderma fungi trigger aggregation behavior in Formosan subterranean termites,Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki.However,the mechanisms underlying the induction of termite aggregation by Trichoderma fungi remain unclear.Here,we found that the aqueous or acetone extract of Trichoderma asperellum Samuels,Lieckfeldt&Nirenberg and Trichoderma virens Pers.ex Fries isolated from the gut or cuticle of C.formosanus elicited significant termite aggregation in 2-choice tests.We then screened 9 Trichoderma metabolites(3-acetoxy-2-butanone,phenol,3-ethoxypropionic acid,ethyl 2,4-dioxovalerate,diglycolic acid,d-valine,styrene,3-aminopyridine,and hexyl acetoacetate)that triggered termite aggregation.Among them,phenol(1000μg/mL),3-ethoxypropionic acid(10μg/mL),ethyl 2,4-dioxovalerate(1000μg/mL),and diglycolic acid(1000μg/mL)showed the strongest activities,triggering termite aggregation throughout the 24-h period.As T.asperellum and T.virens produce different metabolites that trigger aggregation behavior in termites,the mechanisms underlying the interaction between subterranean termites and Trichoderma fungi likely vary.Future studies are needed to test whether these chemicals can attract termites and increase bait consumption.
基金supported by the GDAS Special Project of Science and Technology Development(2020GDASYL-20200103091)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2020A1515110416)+1 种基金Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangzhou(202102021018)Science and Technology Planning Key Project of Guangzhou(201904020002)。
文摘Termites have physiological and behavioral immunities that make them highly resistant to pathogen infections,which complicates biocontrol efforts.However,the stimuli that trigger the pathogen-avoidance behaviors of termites are still unclear.Our study shows that workers of Coptotermes formosanus exposed to the conidia of Metarhizium anisopliae exhibited a significantly higher frequency and longer duration of allogrooming behaviors compared with untreated termites.Volatile compounds in the cuticle of control termites and termites previously exposed to a suspension of M.anisopliae conidia were analyzed and compared using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer(GC-MS).Our results showed that the amount of ergosterol differed between the fungus-exposed and control termites.Choice tests showed that termites significantly preferred to stay on filter paper treated with ergosterol(0.05,0.1,or 1.0 mg/mL)compared with control filter paper.In addition,termites exposed to ergosterol followed by M.anisopliae conidia were allogroomed at a significantly higher frequency and for a longer duration than termites exposed to alcohol(the solvent used with the ergosterol in the ergosterol trials)alone followed by M.anisopliae conidia.These results showed that ergosterol may enhance the allogrooming behavior of termites in the presence of entomopathogenic fungi.
