The present study describes variation of peak linear depolarization ratio (LDR) with wind around the cloud altitude using simultaneous observation of winds and cirrus cloud for the first time using Indian MST radar an...The present study describes variation of peak linear depolarization ratio (LDR) with wind around the cloud altitude using simultaneous observation of winds and cirrus cloud for the first time using Indian MST radar and polarization lidar co-located over a low latitude station Gadanki (13.7°N and 79.2°E). Three different cases of passage of the cirrus at different altitudes are noticed, one during a North-East monsoon day and other two during South-West monsoon days. The zonal wind below the cloud height has shown similar variation with LDR during 02 November 2006 and the meridional wind within the cloud height during 25 July 2007 and 08 June 2006 has shown opposite variation with LDR. Even though there is a significant increase in zonal wind due to the existence of tropical easterly jet (TEJ) above cloud height during 25 July 2007 and 08 June 2006, also, the vertical wind is found to be continuously varying during 25 July 2007 and it is upward dominant in the initial stage and is mostly downward in the later stage of observation on 08 June 2006, there is a slight descent in cloud altitude only during 25 July 2007. Thus, the wind above the cloud height alone may not affect the ascent/descent of the cloud top altitude. The potential temperature gradient is high within the cloud heights when the cirrus present near the cold point tropopause indicates the maximum air-mass mixing near the tropopause.展开更多
This study examines the inter-annual variability of rainfall and Mean Sea Level Pressure (</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">M</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"&g...This study examines the inter-annual variability of rainfall and Mean Sea Level Pressure (</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">M</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">SLP) over west Africa based on analysis of the Global Precipitation</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Climatology Project (GPCP) and National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) Reanalysis respectively. An interconnection is found in this region, between Mean Sea Level Pressure (MSLP) anomaly (over Azores and St. Helena High) and monthly mean precipitation during summer (June to September: JJAS). We also found that over northern Senegal (15</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">N</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">17</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">N;17</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">W</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">13</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">W) the SLP to the north is strong;the wind converges at 200</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">hPa corresponding to the position of the African Easterly Jet (AEJ) the rotational wind 700</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">hPa (corresponding to the position of the African Easterly Jet (AEJ) coming from the north-east is negative. In this region, the precipitation is related to the SLP to the north with the opposite sign. The Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) of SLP is also presented, including the mean spectrum of precipitation and pressures to the north (15</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">N</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">40</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">N and 50</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">W</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">25</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">W) and south (40</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">S</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">10</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">S and 40</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">W</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">E). The dominant EOF of Sea Level Pressures north and south of the Atlantic Ocean for GPCP represents about 62.2% and 69.4% of the variance, respectively. The second and third EOFs of the pressure to the north account for 24.0% and 6.5% respectively. The second and third EOFs of the pressure to the south represent 12.5% and 8.9% respectively. Wet years in the north of Senegal were associated with anomalous low-pressure areas over the north Atlantic Ocean as opposed to the dry years which exhibited an anomalous high-pressure area in the same region. On the other hand, over the South Atlantic, an opposition is noted. The wavelet analysis method is applied to the SLP showings to the north, south and precipitation in our study area. The indices prove to be very consistent, especially during intervals of high variance.展开更多
文摘The present study describes variation of peak linear depolarization ratio (LDR) with wind around the cloud altitude using simultaneous observation of winds and cirrus cloud for the first time using Indian MST radar and polarization lidar co-located over a low latitude station Gadanki (13.7°N and 79.2°E). Three different cases of passage of the cirrus at different altitudes are noticed, one during a North-East monsoon day and other two during South-West monsoon days. The zonal wind below the cloud height has shown similar variation with LDR during 02 November 2006 and the meridional wind within the cloud height during 25 July 2007 and 08 June 2006 has shown opposite variation with LDR. Even though there is a significant increase in zonal wind due to the existence of tropical easterly jet (TEJ) above cloud height during 25 July 2007 and 08 June 2006, also, the vertical wind is found to be continuously varying during 25 July 2007 and it is upward dominant in the initial stage and is mostly downward in the later stage of observation on 08 June 2006, there is a slight descent in cloud altitude only during 25 July 2007. Thus, the wind above the cloud height alone may not affect the ascent/descent of the cloud top altitude. The potential temperature gradient is high within the cloud heights when the cirrus present near the cold point tropopause indicates the maximum air-mass mixing near the tropopause.
文摘This study examines the inter-annual variability of rainfall and Mean Sea Level Pressure (</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">M</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">SLP) over west Africa based on analysis of the Global Precipitation</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Climatology Project (GPCP) and National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) Reanalysis respectively. An interconnection is found in this region, between Mean Sea Level Pressure (MSLP) anomaly (over Azores and St. Helena High) and monthly mean precipitation during summer (June to September: JJAS). We also found that over northern Senegal (15</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">N</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">17</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">N;17</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">W</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">13</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">W) the SLP to the north is strong;the wind converges at 200</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">hPa corresponding to the position of the African Easterly Jet (AEJ) the rotational wind 700</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">hPa (corresponding to the position of the African Easterly Jet (AEJ) coming from the north-east is negative. In this region, the precipitation is related to the SLP to the north with the opposite sign. The Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) of SLP is also presented, including the mean spectrum of precipitation and pressures to the north (15</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">N</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">40</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">N and 50</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">W</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">25</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">W) and south (40</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">S</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">10</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">S and 40</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">W</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;font-family:Verdana;">°</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">E). The dominant EOF of Sea Level Pressures north and south of the Atlantic Ocean for GPCP represents about 62.2% and 69.4% of the variance, respectively. The second and third EOFs of the pressure to the north account for 24.0% and 6.5% respectively. The second and third EOFs of the pressure to the south represent 12.5% and 8.9% respectively. Wet years in the north of Senegal were associated with anomalous low-pressure areas over the north Atlantic Ocean as opposed to the dry years which exhibited an anomalous high-pressure area in the same region. On the other hand, over the South Atlantic, an opposition is noted. The wavelet analysis method is applied to the SLP showings to the north, south and precipitation in our study area. The indices prove to be very consistent, especially during intervals of high variance.
