The occurrence,concentrations,and distribution profiles of chlorinated organophosphate esters(Cl-OPEs)were investigated in seventy-one car and road dust samples collected from Basrah,southern Iraq.In addition,estimate...The occurrence,concentrations,and distribution profiles of chlorinated organophosphate esters(Cl-OPEs)were investigated in seventy-one car and road dust samples collected from Basrah,southern Iraq.In addition,estimated daily intakes(EDIs)via dust ingestion were assessed for toddlers,regular adults,and taxi drivers.In car dust samples,the concentrations of S3Cl-OPEs ranged from 4120 to 73200 ng/g(median 11700 ng/g)with tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl)phosphate(TDCIPP)the predominant compound.In road dust samples,the concentrations of ∑_(3)Cl-OPEs ranged from 269 to 3400 ng/g(median 373 ng/g)and 114e526 ng/g(median 222 ng/g)in urban and rural areas,respectively,with tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate(TCIPP),predominant.Concentrations of Cl-OPEs in urban road dust are significantly higher(P<0.05)than those in rural road dust,suggesting commercial and industrial activity,population density,and heavy traffic may influence the concentrations.The different compositional profiles of Cl-OPEs in car and road dust may be attributed to the physicochemical properties of Cl-OPEs and the pathways through which they can be released into indoor and outdoor environments.EDI values of Cl-OPEs for the Iraqi population via car dust ingestion were in the order:toddlers>taxi drivers>regular adults,exceeding those via road dust by factors of 27 and 40 from urban and rural dust,respectively.For people who work as taxi drivers,EDIs were seven times higher than those of regular adults,implying that people-such as professional drivers-who spend a substantial amount of time in their vehicles may be exposed to hazardous levels of Cl-OPEs.Despite the study showing that the EDIs through dust ingestion for the three population groups were well below the reference dose(RfD)levels,further studies are recommended to assess other pathways,such as inhalation,dietary sources,and dermal absorption.展开更多
To investigate the endocrine disrupting effect and toxicity mechanism of OPFRs,Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)Phosphate(TCIPP),one of the most frequently detected substances in the environment,was selected as a ligand in this...To investigate the endocrine disrupting effect and toxicity mechanism of OPFRs,Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)Phosphate(TCIPP),one of the most frequently detected substances in the environment,was selected as a ligand in this study,and AutoDock,a molecular docking software,was used to bind it to eight endocrine nuclear receptors,including Estrogen Receptor(ER),Thyroid Hormone Receptor(TR),Androgen Receptor(AR),Mineralocorticoid Receptor(MR),and Glucocorticoid Receptor(GR),Retinoic Acid Receptors(RAR),Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor(PPAR)were molecularly docked and simulated.The results showed that interacts with TR,ER,AR,MR,GR,RAR,PR,and PPAR mainly through hydrophobic forces and hydrogen or halogen bonds,but the optimal binding sites and binding energies are different.The lowest binding energies of TCIPP with ER,TR,AR,MR,GR,RAR,PR,and PPAR are-4.36,-4.76,-4.48,-3.06,-4.14,-3.76,-4.40 and-4.12kcal/mol Binding affinity order is TR>AR>PR>ER>GR>PPAR>RAR>MR.The results indicate that the binding affinity of TCIPP to the nuclear receptor is mainly provided by hydrophobic interactions with non-polar residues of the receptor,and the formation of hydrogen or halogen bonds with key residues.Among them,TR,AR,ER,and PR have higher affinity,which may lead to more significant endocrine disrupting effects.展开更多
Organophosphate flame retardants(OPFRs)are a group of semi-volatile organic compounds(SVOCs)and among the most abundant contaminants indoors.Their indoor presence has been associated with potential health risks howeve...Organophosphate flame retardants(OPFRs)are a group of semi-volatile organic compounds(SVOCs)and among the most abundant contaminants indoors.Their indoor presence has been associated with potential health risks however there is limited understanding as to how they are released from indoor sources.This study uses an emission micro-chamber to explore one of the currently understudied chemical migration pathways;direct transfer between a source material and settled dust in contact with the source.A tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate(TCIPP)-treated insulation board is used as the source material.Rapid and substantial transfer was observed after only 8 h of source-dust contact,resulting in 80 times higher concentrations in dust compared to pre-experiment levels.Further time points at 24 h and 7 d showed similarly high average dust levels and the TCIPP in the dust and air in the chamber was calculated to be close to thermodynamic equilibrium.It was concluded that TCIPP was effectively transferred from the insulation board to the dust on its surface and the surrounding air via gas-phase diffusion.In a real room,a gradient of TCIPP concentrations in air above the surface of a product could result in higher concentrations in dust sitting on the product than dust in the rest of the room.展开更多
文摘The occurrence,concentrations,and distribution profiles of chlorinated organophosphate esters(Cl-OPEs)were investigated in seventy-one car and road dust samples collected from Basrah,southern Iraq.In addition,estimated daily intakes(EDIs)via dust ingestion were assessed for toddlers,regular adults,and taxi drivers.In car dust samples,the concentrations of S3Cl-OPEs ranged from 4120 to 73200 ng/g(median 11700 ng/g)with tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl)phosphate(TDCIPP)the predominant compound.In road dust samples,the concentrations of ∑_(3)Cl-OPEs ranged from 269 to 3400 ng/g(median 373 ng/g)and 114e526 ng/g(median 222 ng/g)in urban and rural areas,respectively,with tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate(TCIPP),predominant.Concentrations of Cl-OPEs in urban road dust are significantly higher(P<0.05)than those in rural road dust,suggesting commercial and industrial activity,population density,and heavy traffic may influence the concentrations.The different compositional profiles of Cl-OPEs in car and road dust may be attributed to the physicochemical properties of Cl-OPEs and the pathways through which they can be released into indoor and outdoor environments.EDI values of Cl-OPEs for the Iraqi population via car dust ingestion were in the order:toddlers>taxi drivers>regular adults,exceeding those via road dust by factors of 27 and 40 from urban and rural dust,respectively.For people who work as taxi drivers,EDIs were seven times higher than those of regular adults,implying that people-such as professional drivers-who spend a substantial amount of time in their vehicles may be exposed to hazardous levels of Cl-OPEs.Despite the study showing that the EDIs through dust ingestion for the three population groups were well below the reference dose(RfD)levels,further studies are recommended to assess other pathways,such as inhalation,dietary sources,and dermal absorption.
文摘To investigate the endocrine disrupting effect and toxicity mechanism of OPFRs,Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)Phosphate(TCIPP),one of the most frequently detected substances in the environment,was selected as a ligand in this study,and AutoDock,a molecular docking software,was used to bind it to eight endocrine nuclear receptors,including Estrogen Receptor(ER),Thyroid Hormone Receptor(TR),Androgen Receptor(AR),Mineralocorticoid Receptor(MR),and Glucocorticoid Receptor(GR),Retinoic Acid Receptors(RAR),Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor(PPAR)were molecularly docked and simulated.The results showed that interacts with TR,ER,AR,MR,GR,RAR,PR,and PPAR mainly through hydrophobic forces and hydrogen or halogen bonds,but the optimal binding sites and binding energies are different.The lowest binding energies of TCIPP with ER,TR,AR,MR,GR,RAR,PR,and PPAR are-4.36,-4.76,-4.48,-3.06,-4.14,-3.76,-4.40 and-4.12kcal/mol Binding affinity order is TR>AR>PR>ER>GR>PPAR>RAR>MR.The results indicate that the binding affinity of TCIPP to the nuclear receptor is mainly provided by hydrophobic interactions with non-polar residues of the receptor,and the formation of hydrogen or halogen bonds with key residues.Among them,TR,AR,ER,and PR have higher affinity,which may lead to more significant endocrine disrupting effects.
基金Stockholm University and the European Union,7th Framework Programme under grant agreements No.264600(INFLAME)and No.316665(A-TEAM).
文摘Organophosphate flame retardants(OPFRs)are a group of semi-volatile organic compounds(SVOCs)and among the most abundant contaminants indoors.Their indoor presence has been associated with potential health risks however there is limited understanding as to how they are released from indoor sources.This study uses an emission micro-chamber to explore one of the currently understudied chemical migration pathways;direct transfer between a source material and settled dust in contact with the source.A tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate(TCIPP)-treated insulation board is used as the source material.Rapid and substantial transfer was observed after only 8 h of source-dust contact,resulting in 80 times higher concentrations in dust compared to pre-experiment levels.Further time points at 24 h and 7 d showed similarly high average dust levels and the TCIPP in the dust and air in the chamber was calculated to be close to thermodynamic equilibrium.It was concluded that TCIPP was effectively transferred from the insulation board to the dust on its surface and the surrounding air via gas-phase diffusion.In a real room,a gradient of TCIPP concentrations in air above the surface of a product could result in higher concentrations in dust sitting on the product than dust in the rest of the room.
