The occurrence,concentrations,and distribution profiles of chlorinated organophosphate esters(Cl-OPEs)were investigated in seventy-one car and road dust samples collected from Basrah,southern Iraq.In addition,estimate...The occurrence,concentrations,and distribution profiles of chlorinated organophosphate esters(Cl-OPEs)were investigated in seventy-one car and road dust samples collected from Basrah,southern Iraq.In addition,estimated daily intakes(EDIs)via dust ingestion were assessed for toddlers,regular adults,and taxi drivers.In car dust samples,the concentrations of S3Cl-OPEs ranged from 4120 to 73200 ng/g(median 11700 ng/g)with tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl)phosphate(TDCIPP)the predominant compound.In road dust samples,the concentrations of ∑_(3)Cl-OPEs ranged from 269 to 3400 ng/g(median 373 ng/g)and 114e526 ng/g(median 222 ng/g)in urban and rural areas,respectively,with tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate(TCIPP),predominant.Concentrations of Cl-OPEs in urban road dust are significantly higher(P<0.05)than those in rural road dust,suggesting commercial and industrial activity,population density,and heavy traffic may influence the concentrations.The different compositional profiles of Cl-OPEs in car and road dust may be attributed to the physicochemical properties of Cl-OPEs and the pathways through which they can be released into indoor and outdoor environments.EDI values of Cl-OPEs for the Iraqi population via car dust ingestion were in the order:toddlers>taxi drivers>regular adults,exceeding those via road dust by factors of 27 and 40 from urban and rural dust,respectively.For people who work as taxi drivers,EDIs were seven times higher than those of regular adults,implying that people-such as professional drivers-who spend a substantial amount of time in their vehicles may be exposed to hazardous levels of Cl-OPEs.Despite the study showing that the EDIs through dust ingestion for the three population groups were well below the reference dose(RfD)levels,further studies are recommended to assess other pathways,such as inhalation,dietary sources,and dermal absorption.展开更多
Organophosphate flame retardants(OPFRs)are a group of semi-volatile organic compounds(SVOCs)and among the most abundant contaminants indoors.Their indoor presence has been associated with potential health risks howeve...Organophosphate flame retardants(OPFRs)are a group of semi-volatile organic compounds(SVOCs)and among the most abundant contaminants indoors.Their indoor presence has been associated with potential health risks however there is limited understanding as to how they are released from indoor sources.This study uses an emission micro-chamber to explore one of the currently understudied chemical migration pathways;direct transfer between a source material and settled dust in contact with the source.A tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate(TCIPP)-treated insulation board is used as the source material.Rapid and substantial transfer was observed after only 8 h of source-dust contact,resulting in 80 times higher concentrations in dust compared to pre-experiment levels.Further time points at 24 h and 7 d showed similarly high average dust levels and the TCIPP in the dust and air in the chamber was calculated to be close to thermodynamic equilibrium.It was concluded that TCIPP was effectively transferred from the insulation board to the dust on its surface and the surrounding air via gas-phase diffusion.In a real room,a gradient of TCIPP concentrations in air above the surface of a product could result in higher concentrations in dust sitting on the product than dust in the rest of the room.展开更多
文摘The occurrence,concentrations,and distribution profiles of chlorinated organophosphate esters(Cl-OPEs)were investigated in seventy-one car and road dust samples collected from Basrah,southern Iraq.In addition,estimated daily intakes(EDIs)via dust ingestion were assessed for toddlers,regular adults,and taxi drivers.In car dust samples,the concentrations of S3Cl-OPEs ranged from 4120 to 73200 ng/g(median 11700 ng/g)with tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl)phosphate(TDCIPP)the predominant compound.In road dust samples,the concentrations of ∑_(3)Cl-OPEs ranged from 269 to 3400 ng/g(median 373 ng/g)and 114e526 ng/g(median 222 ng/g)in urban and rural areas,respectively,with tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate(TCIPP),predominant.Concentrations of Cl-OPEs in urban road dust are significantly higher(P<0.05)than those in rural road dust,suggesting commercial and industrial activity,population density,and heavy traffic may influence the concentrations.The different compositional profiles of Cl-OPEs in car and road dust may be attributed to the physicochemical properties of Cl-OPEs and the pathways through which they can be released into indoor and outdoor environments.EDI values of Cl-OPEs for the Iraqi population via car dust ingestion were in the order:toddlers>taxi drivers>regular adults,exceeding those via road dust by factors of 27 and 40 from urban and rural dust,respectively.For people who work as taxi drivers,EDIs were seven times higher than those of regular adults,implying that people-such as professional drivers-who spend a substantial amount of time in their vehicles may be exposed to hazardous levels of Cl-OPEs.Despite the study showing that the EDIs through dust ingestion for the three population groups were well below the reference dose(RfD)levels,further studies are recommended to assess other pathways,such as inhalation,dietary sources,and dermal absorption.
基金Stockholm University and the European Union,7th Framework Programme under grant agreements No.264600(INFLAME)and No.316665(A-TEAM).
文摘Organophosphate flame retardants(OPFRs)are a group of semi-volatile organic compounds(SVOCs)and among the most abundant contaminants indoors.Their indoor presence has been associated with potential health risks however there is limited understanding as to how they are released from indoor sources.This study uses an emission micro-chamber to explore one of the currently understudied chemical migration pathways;direct transfer between a source material and settled dust in contact with the source.A tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate(TCIPP)-treated insulation board is used as the source material.Rapid and substantial transfer was observed after only 8 h of source-dust contact,resulting in 80 times higher concentrations in dust compared to pre-experiment levels.Further time points at 24 h and 7 d showed similarly high average dust levels and the TCIPP in the dust and air in the chamber was calculated to be close to thermodynamic equilibrium.It was concluded that TCIPP was effectively transferred from the insulation board to the dust on its surface and the surrounding air via gas-phase diffusion.In a real room,a gradient of TCIPP concentrations in air above the surface of a product could result in higher concentrations in dust sitting on the product than dust in the rest of the room.
