Numerous leaf compressions of Glyptostrobus europaeus (Brongn.) Ung. (Taxodiaceae) are found in Aquitanian (Lower Miocene) lignified clay localities Bolattam and Akzhar in the Southern Turgay, on the right bank of the...Numerous leaf compressions of Glyptostrobus europaeus (Brongn.) Ung. (Taxodiaceae) are found in Aquitanian (Lower Miocene) lignified clay localities Bolattam and Akzhar in the Southern Turgay, on the right bank of the Dulygaly-Zhilanshik river (Central Kazakhstan). The finely preserved lignified compression remains of leafy shoots make micro-morphological investigation feasible. Comparative studies of the epidermal features both living G. pensilis C. Koch and a new finding of G. europaeus from Early Miocene of Kazakhstan and illustrate their certain difference. The cuticular organization and epidermal features of fossil leaves, which have been compared with these of 'the nearest living relative', G. pensilis, were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM). The fossil leaves of G. europaeus from Kazakhstan are distinguished by stronger, than in living species, G. pensilis, developed 'micro-papillae' ('Kristallucken'), visible in SEM as ring-like structures left on the outer surface of cuticle in both nonstomatal and stomatal zones.展开更多
Amplified consensus genetic marker （ACGM） is a PCR-based marker technique that uses primers designed within conserved regions of coding sequences. After a comparison of Cryptomeria japonica and Arabidopsis ESTs to s...Amplified consensus genetic marker （ACGM） is a PCR-based marker technique that uses primers designed within conserved regions of coding sequences. After a comparison of Cryptomeria japonica and Arabidopsis ESTs to search for conserved sequences, 237 single e-PCR products were obtained. We randomly selected 110 candidate ACGM markers to test. Of the 110 candidate ACGM markers tested, 106 yielded stable and clear PCR products in C. japonica. We then tested the utility of these 106 primer pairs in 10 species, representing 7 genera of Taxodi- aceae. The number of specific amplification primer pairs among those 10 species varied from 49 to 103 （or 46.2±97.2%）. The 106 primer pairs （ACGM loci） were high transferable to Cryptomeria fortunei Hooibrenk （97.2%） but were low in Metasequoia glyptostroboides （46.2%）. The number of PCR bands per primer pair ranged from 1.06 to 1.15, which means that most of the ACGM primers can obtain a single band within these 10 Taxodiaceae species. In summary, our study shows that ACGM is a technique applicable for marker development even in species with limited sequence data.展开更多
Myeloblastosis （MYB） is one of the largest transcribed factor families in plants. To gain an overall picture of the evolution of MYB genes in relict plants, we cloned nine novel MYB genes in Taxodiaceae plants （ Ta...Myeloblastosis （MYB） is one of the largest transcribed factor families in plants. To gain an overall picture of the evolution of MYB genes in relict plants, we cloned nine novel MYB genes in Taxodiaceae plants （ Taxodium distichum, Taxodium ascendens, Cryptomeria japonica var. Sinensis, Cryptomeria japonica cv. Araucarioides, Cryptomer Ja- ponica, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Cunninghamia lanceolata, Tai- wania cryptomerioides and Glyptostrobus pensilis）. The deduced amino acid sequences for MYBs showed that the nine MYB proteins contained two DNA binding domains. The first domain is from amino acid position 29 to 78, wherein three tryptophanes at 33, 53 and 73 were separated by 19 amino acids, respectively. The second domain is from amino acid position 82 to 127, wherein three tryptophanes at 86, 105 and 124 were separated by 18 amino acids, respectively, whereas the first tryptophane at amino acid position 86 is replaced by a phenylalanine. The characteri- zation of these conserved domains at nine MYBs indicated that they all belong to the R2R3-MYB group. The secondary structure analysis showed that a-helix and 13-turn are the major motifs of the predicted secondary structure of MYBs. The three dimensional model of each MYB protein showed that the structure is like clip, making it more flexi- ble and mobile. The similarities between the nine MYB proteins in Taxodiaceae were calculated. The highest identical value of 99% is be- tween CjsMYB, CjMYB and CjaMYB, whereas the lowest value of 82% is between TaMYB and C1MYB. According to the phylogenetic tree, the distances between different genera were relatively large whereas those within genera were relatively small. As expected, accessions of the same genus formed a subgroup before being grouped with other genera.展开更多
文摘Numerous leaf compressions of Glyptostrobus europaeus (Brongn.) Ung. (Taxodiaceae) are found in Aquitanian (Lower Miocene) lignified clay localities Bolattam and Akzhar in the Southern Turgay, on the right bank of the Dulygaly-Zhilanshik river (Central Kazakhstan). The finely preserved lignified compression remains of leafy shoots make micro-morphological investigation feasible. Comparative studies of the epidermal features both living G. pensilis C. Koch and a new finding of G. europaeus from Early Miocene of Kazakhstan and illustrate their certain difference. The cuticular organization and epidermal features of fossil leaves, which have been compared with these of 'the nearest living relative', G. pensilis, were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM). The fossil leaves of G. europaeus from Kazakhstan are distinguished by stronger, than in living species, G. pensilis, developed 'micro-papillae' ('Kristallucken'), visible in SEM as ring-like structures left on the outer surface of cuticle in both nonstomatal and stomatal zones.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China (30800879)project 2009R50035 supported by Forest Seedling Industry Innovative Team of Zhejiang province in China
文摘Amplified consensus genetic marker （ACGM） is a PCR-based marker technique that uses primers designed within conserved regions of coding sequences. After a comparison of Cryptomeria japonica and Arabidopsis ESTs to search for conserved sequences, 237 single e-PCR products were obtained. We randomly selected 110 candidate ACGM markers to test. Of the 110 candidate ACGM markers tested, 106 yielded stable and clear PCR products in C. japonica. We then tested the utility of these 106 primer pairs in 10 species, representing 7 genera of Taxodi- aceae. The number of specific amplification primer pairs among those 10 species varied from 49 to 103 （or 46.2±97.2%）. The 106 primer pairs （ACGM loci） were high transferable to Cryptomeria fortunei Hooibrenk （97.2%） but were low in Metasequoia glyptostroboides （46.2%）. The number of PCR bands per primer pair ranged from 1.06 to 1.15, which means that most of the ACGM primers can obtain a single band within these 10 Taxodiaceae species. In summary, our study shows that ACGM is a technique applicable for marker development even in species with limited sequence data.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China(30800879)project 2009R50035 supported by Forest Seedling Industry Innovative Team of Zhejiang province in China
文摘Myeloblastosis （MYB） is one of the largest transcribed factor families in plants. To gain an overall picture of the evolution of MYB genes in relict plants, we cloned nine novel MYB genes in Taxodiaceae plants （ Taxodium distichum, Taxodium ascendens, Cryptomeria japonica var. Sinensis, Cryptomeria japonica cv. Araucarioides, Cryptomer Ja- ponica, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Cunninghamia lanceolata, Tai- wania cryptomerioides and Glyptostrobus pensilis）. The deduced amino acid sequences for MYBs showed that the nine MYB proteins contained two DNA binding domains. The first domain is from amino acid position 29 to 78, wherein three tryptophanes at 33, 53 and 73 were separated by 19 amino acids, respectively. The second domain is from amino acid position 82 to 127, wherein three tryptophanes at 86, 105 and 124 were separated by 18 amino acids, respectively, whereas the first tryptophane at amino acid position 86 is replaced by a phenylalanine. The characteri- zation of these conserved domains at nine MYBs indicated that they all belong to the R2R3-MYB group. The secondary structure analysis showed that a-helix and 13-turn are the major motifs of the predicted secondary structure of MYBs. The three dimensional model of each MYB protein showed that the structure is like clip, making it more flexi- ble and mobile. The similarities between the nine MYB proteins in Taxodiaceae were calculated. The highest identical value of 99% is be- tween CjsMYB, CjMYB and CjaMYB, whereas the lowest value of 82% is between TaMYB and C1MYB. According to the phylogenetic tree, the distances between different genera were relatively large whereas those within genera were relatively small. As expected, accessions of the same genus formed a subgroup before being grouped with other genera.
