The intersection of economic development,energy dynamics,environmental policy,and environmental sustainability presents complex challenges for European Union(EU)countries.This study investigatedthe impact of environme...The intersection of economic development,energy dynamics,environmental policy,and environmental sustainability presents complex challenges for European Union(EU)countries.This study investigatedthe impact of environmental taxes,hydroelectricity consumption,economic globalization,and gross domestic product(GDP)on the load capacity factor(LCF)in the 10 EU member countries(including Austria,Finland,France,Germany,Italy,Poland,Portugal,Slovakia,Spain,and Sweden)using data from 1995 to 2020.To ensure the reliability and validity of the data,this study applied several advanced econometric tests,including the Pesaran and Yamagata slopeheterogeneitytest,Pesaran cross-sectional dependence(CSD)test,second-generation unit root test,and Westerlund cointegration test.The data showed important statistical issues such as slope heterogeneityacross panels,CSD,mixed-orderunit root structures,and long-run associations between variables.To address these issues,we applied an augmented mean group(AMG)model as the main regression approach,andusedthe pooled mean group-autoregressive distributed lag(PMG-ARDL)method to check the robustness.Specifically,the AMG results indicate that a 1.000%rise in hydroelectricity consumptionresults in a 0.048% rise in the LCF,while a 1.000% increase in environmental taxes leads toa 0.175% increase in the LCF.Contrary to this,a 1.000% increase in economic globalization results in a 0.370% decrease in the LCF,and a 1.000% increase in GDP leads toa 0.850% decrease in the LCF.Environmental taxes have a more beneficial impact on the environment,and GDP has the most detrimental effect.The findings provide empirical evidence on the role of environmental taxes,hydroelectricity consumption,economic globalization,and GDP in driving the LCF.Additionally,the findings provide valuable information to policy-makers,academicians,and stakeholders shaping energy and environmental policies in the 10 EU member countries.展开更多
This paper examines the impact of foreign penetration on the public firm in a mixed oligopolistic market. Through the establishment of a mixed double oligopoly market, this paper analyzes how the share of foreign inve...This paper examines the impact of foreign penetration on the public firm in a mixed oligopolistic market. Through the establishment of a mixed double oligopoly market, this paper analyzes how the share of foreign investment affects the environmental policy, the pollutant emission, and the social welfare under the condition of the state tax. The results show that: first, the introduction of foreign investment has some crowding-out effects on the social level of output. Second, the entry of foreign investment increases the profit of the public firm by a large margin, and the maximum profit of the private firm has been reduced. Third, the increase of foreign investment in public firm does not necessarily improve the environment.展开更多
The tax revenues from Pigouvian taxes are difficult to calculate. The optimal pollution taxes are weighted averages of Ramsey taxes and Pigouvian taxes, and the entanglement of environmental, fiscal and other taxes co...The tax revenues from Pigouvian taxes are difficult to calculate. The optimal pollution taxes are weighted averages of Ramsey taxes and Pigouvian taxes, and the entanglement of environmental, fiscal and other taxes complicate the measurements. The present international environmental tax statistics do not rely on a theoretical basis, and include several fiscal and resource taxes. Starting with the additivity theorem by Sandmo [1], we propose theoretically consistent guidelines for environmental tax statistics. Calculations based on this framework prove that the present international official statistics (Eurostat, IEA, OECD) severely overestimate environmental taxes. The lack of theoretical consistency forms arbitrary results and the statistics used as measures of environmental taxes may cause major flaws in research and policy-making based on such statistics.展开更多
The starting point for the research was the evidence of a possible contradiction in the provisions of IAS 12 on goodwill and deferred income taxes, i.e., about the need to calculate deferred income taxation on tempora...The starting point for the research was the evidence of a possible contradiction in the provisions of IAS 12 on goodwill and deferred income taxes, i.e., about the need to calculate deferred income taxation on temporary differences relating to all assets except for goodwill. This paper aims at exploring the degree of consistency between the theoretical provisions of International Accounting Standards （IAS）/International Financial Reporting Standards （IFRS） and their actual application by the management of Italian and Bulgarian listed companies, as regards the accounting treatments of deferred income taxes relating to the item ＂goodwill＂. The findings suggest that there are some differences between the accounting methods used by the management of most Italian listed companies and the provisions of IAS/IFRS. It can be argued that the rules given by IAS/IFRS are sometimes contradictory, since they may cause doubts in interpretation. As a consequence, in the end of the paper, an amendment to the provisions, set forth in IAS/IFRS concerning the accounting treatment of deferred income taxes relating to the item ＂goodwill＂, is proposed.展开更多
This paper analyzes the introduction of environmental taxes in the EU and Netherlands and their effects on agriculture, with a special focus on the background of the introduction of environmental tax systems, their de...This paper analyzes the introduction of environmental taxes in the EU and Netherlands and their effects on agriculture, with a special focus on the background of the introduction of environmental tax systems, their design concepts and effects on agriculture, the effects of fertilizer taxes in promoting sustainable agriculture, policy packages between environmental tax and environmental agreements, effects on globalization and global competitiveness, and conversion to renewable energy based on biomass resources.展开更多
InIn accordance with the regulations as stipulated in Circularon Some Relevant Issues in Levying Tariff and ImportTaxes on Printed Matters Conducted in HongKong andMacao(Promulgated by Decree No.9 of Tariff Regulation...InIn accordance with the regulations as stipulated in Circularon Some Relevant Issues in Levying Tariff and ImportTaxes on Printed Matters Conducted in HongKong andMacao(Promulgated by Decree No.9 of Tariff Regulation Com-mission in 1997), the regulations regarding import duties as stipu-lated in Circular on Measures for Strict Control over Printing inHongKong and Macao, submitted by State Economic Commis-sion, State Planning Commission and Ministry of Finance andapproved by the State Council in its Decree No. 141 in 1985, shallcease to be effective as of July 1, 1997.The Customs, as of July 1, shall levy tariff and import taxesin line with the legal tax rate on inland printed matters conductedin HongKong and Macao. All former pertinent provisions shallbe null and void at the same time.展开更多
Americans often say that there are only two things aperson can be sure of in life: death and taxes. Americansdo not have a corner on the 'death' market, but manypeople feel that the United States leads the wor...Americans often say that there are only two things aperson can be sure of in life: death and taxes. Americansdo not have a corner on the 'death' market, but manypeople feel that the United States leads the world withthe worst taxes. Taxes consist of the money which people pay to sup-port their government. There are generally three展开更多
Wider use of economic instruments in the field of environmental and energy policy provides several benefits. These instruments not only create market-based incentives for environmentally friendly behaviors but also re...Wider use of economic instruments in the field of environmental and energy policy provides several benefits. These instruments not only create market-based incentives for environmentally friendly behaviors but also represent effective opportunities to collect revenues. In this context, energy and transport-related taxes play a major role, even if their extensive use has raised several concerns over equity issues. The main objective of the paper is to investigate the redistributive burden of existing transport taxes on Italian households. An incidence analysis is carried out on a sample of more than 23,000 Italian families for the year 2009. Some alternative policy options are also analyzed to provide some suggestions on how to countervail the potential negative regressive effects that might arise. We find that vehicle ownership taxes, if properly set, can represent a promising opportunity to blend together budget and equity needs. To obtain a better indication of the progressivity or regressivity of certain policy designs, we rely on some summary indexes, such as the Kakwani measure of progressivity and the Reynolds-Smolensky measure of redistributive capacity of a tax.展开更多
Multiple ecological and socioeconomic problems have occurred worldwide,raising the awareness of sustainability.This study aims to examine the impact of taxes on Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)in the context of Org...Multiple ecological and socioeconomic problems have occurred worldwide,raising the awareness of sustainability.This study aims to examine the impact of taxes on Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)in the context of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)countries.This research used effective average tax(EAT),tax on personal income(TPI),tax on corporate profits(TCP),and tax on goods and services(TGS)as the variables of taxes,and employed secondary data from 38 OECD countries covering 2000–2021.The study also used Breusch-Pagan Lagrange Multiplier(LM),Pesaran Scaled LM,Bias-Corrected Scaled LM,and Pesaran Cross-sectional dependence(CSD)tests to analyze the existence of crosssectional dependency.Then,we established the stationarity of variables through second-generation panel unit root tests(Cross-sectional Augmented Dickey-Fuller(CADF)and Cross-sectional Im,Pesaran,and Shin(CIPS)),and confirmed the long-run cointegration of the variables by using secondgeneration panel cointegration test(Westerlund cointegration test).The results showed that EAT,TPI,TCP,and TGS are positively associated with SDGs.However,the change in TPI has a smaller effect on SDGs than the change in EAT or TCP or TGS.The result of panel causality indicated that EAT,TPI,and TGS have a unidirectional causal relationship with SDGs.The study also found that TCP has a bi-directional causal relationship with SDGs.Moreover,the finding indicated that the OECD countries need to focus on tax policies to achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.This study is based on the theory of optimal taxation(TOT),which suggests that tax systems should be designed to maximize social welfare.Finally,we suggests the importance of taking a comprehensive approach for the managers and policy-makers when analyzing the impact of taxes on SDGs.展开更多
The Us'recent"withdrawal"from the Global Tax Deal could have led an observer to perform the autopsy of the most important international tax agreement of the decade.Yet Pascal Saint-Amans,former Director ...The Us'recent"withdrawal"from the Global Tax Deal could have led an observer to perform the autopsy of the most important international tax agreement of the decade.Yet Pascal Saint-Amans,former Director of the OECD's Centre for Tax Policy and Administration and Professor at HEC Paris,advises keeping obituaries in the pocket for the time being.The"Global Tax Deal",better known as the Two-Pillar Solution,was agreed by 137 jurisdictions at the Inclusive Framework in 2021,following 10 years of negotiations to address Base Erosion and Profit Shifting(BEPS)under G20 leadership.Because of the way it was conceived and considering countries'positions and interests,the Global Tax Deal appears to be here to stay.When the gaming table is the world itself,quitting the game does not mean it is over.It signals thestartofa newround.展开更多
A sharp increase in economic and human development has multiplied the carbon intensity due to which there is a significant need of effective strategies in order to curb carbon emissions.Thus,the present study aims to ...A sharp increase in economic and human development has multiplied the carbon intensity due to which there is a significant need of effective strategies in order to curb carbon emissions.Thus,the present study aims to examine the effective of green finance,eco-innovation,renewable energy output(REO),renewable energy consumption(REC),and carbon taxes on carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions in BRICS countries in the time of 2001-2020.Cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag(CS ARDL)is used to test the connection among the variables.Empirical estimations of CS-ARDL approach validates the effectiveness of green finance,eco-innovation,REO,REC,carbon taxes,and industrialization as the relationship of these factors with carbon emissions is negative in nature in BRICS economies.Based on the evidences,the study recommends the formulation of environmentally friendly practices and advancement in green finances to mitigate carbon emissions.展开更多
China increases its income tax exemption threshold to reduce tax burdens on low-wage earners As a company clerk, 32-year-old Ren Jun doesn’t make a lot of money.Of his meager paycheck, he needs to pay about 250 yuan ...China increases its income tax exemption threshold to reduce tax burdens on low-wage earners As a company clerk, 32-year-old Ren Jun doesn’t make a lot of money.Of his meager paycheck, he needs to pay about 250 yuan ($39) in taxes each month. From September,展开更多
More details are emerging about the government’s 370-billion-yuaneconomic stimulus package for 2009 Acouple of recent reports detailing thegovernment’s plan to further stimu-late the country’s economy next yearhave...More details are emerging about the government’s 370-billion-yuaneconomic stimulus package for 2009 Acouple of recent reports detailing thegovernment’s plan to further stimu-late the country’s economy next yearhave caused a pleasant stir amonginvestors and enterprises alike.展开更多
In this study, an interval fuzzy mixed-integer energy planning model （IFMI-EPM） is developed under considering the carbon tax policy. The developed IFMI- EPM incorporates techniques of interval-parameter programming...In this study, an interval fuzzy mixed-integer energy planning model （IFMI-EPM） is developed under considering the carbon tax policy. The developed IFMI- EPM incorporates techniques of interval-parameter programming, fuzzy planning and mixed-integer programming within a general energy planning model. The IFMIEPM can not only be used for quantitatively analyzing a variety of policy scenarios that are associated with different levels of carbon tax policy, but also tackle uncertainties expressed as discrete intervals and fuzzy sets in energy and environment systems. Considering low, medium and high carbon tax rates, the model is applied to an ideal energy and environment system. The results indicate that reasonable solutions have been generated. They can be used for generating decision alternatives and thus help decision makers identify desired carbon tax policy.展开更多
The Cournot static game with complete information is reviewed. A model of competition with environmental taxes under conditions of oligopoly is built based on the Cournot game, and some helpful conclusions are drawn f...The Cournot static game with complete information is reviewed. A model of competition with environmental taxes under conditions of oligopoly is built based on the Cournot game, and some helpful conclusions are drawn from the model. A game model with regulation of government is also established. Finally the optimization problem of market structure is discussed.展开更多
BRITACOM has set up the mission to accelerate the Sustainable Development including the economic growth of the BRI jurisdictions—a mission fully supported by ICC.A key element for growth and investment is creating tr...BRITACOM has set up the mission to accelerate the Sustainable Development including the economic growth of the BRI jurisdictions—a mission fully supported by ICC.A key element for growth and investment is creating transparency for business.In that regard,tax factors represent only one but an important element which can influence international trade and cross-border investments.Therefore the question arises if there should be a performance metric analyzing the tax and investment climate.This article discusses on behalf of ICC the relevant factors how transparency can be created and if there is a fit within BRITACOM’s vision.展开更多
文摘The intersection of economic development,energy dynamics,environmental policy,and environmental sustainability presents complex challenges for European Union(EU)countries.This study investigatedthe impact of environmental taxes,hydroelectricity consumption,economic globalization,and gross domestic product(GDP)on the load capacity factor(LCF)in the 10 EU member countries(including Austria,Finland,France,Germany,Italy,Poland,Portugal,Slovakia,Spain,and Sweden)using data from 1995 to 2020.To ensure the reliability and validity of the data,this study applied several advanced econometric tests,including the Pesaran and Yamagata slopeheterogeneitytest,Pesaran cross-sectional dependence(CSD)test,second-generation unit root test,and Westerlund cointegration test.The data showed important statistical issues such as slope heterogeneityacross panels,CSD,mixed-orderunit root structures,and long-run associations between variables.To address these issues,we applied an augmented mean group(AMG)model as the main regression approach,andusedthe pooled mean group-autoregressive distributed lag(PMG-ARDL)method to check the robustness.Specifically,the AMG results indicate that a 1.000%rise in hydroelectricity consumptionresults in a 0.048% rise in the LCF,while a 1.000% increase in environmental taxes leads toa 0.175% increase in the LCF.Contrary to this,a 1.000% increase in economic globalization results in a 0.370% decrease in the LCF,and a 1.000% increase in GDP leads toa 0.850% decrease in the LCF.Environmental taxes have a more beneficial impact on the environment,and GDP has the most detrimental effect.The findings provide empirical evidence on the role of environmental taxes,hydroelectricity consumption,economic globalization,and GDP in driving the LCF.Additionally,the findings provide valuable information to policy-makers,academicians,and stakeholders shaping energy and environmental policies in the 10 EU member countries.
基金supported by Scientific Research and Innovation Project of Nanjing Audit University:Study on the Impact of Population and Consumption Level on Resources and Environment:A Case Study of Jiangsu[grant number D10802900236]National Natural Science Foundation of China:The Welfare Effects and Policy Implications of Trade Facilitation:A Study based on the Heterogeneous Firm Trade Model[grant number71473082]
文摘This paper examines the impact of foreign penetration on the public firm in a mixed oligopolistic market. Through the establishment of a mixed double oligopoly market, this paper analyzes how the share of foreign investment affects the environmental policy, the pollutant emission, and the social welfare under the condition of the state tax. The results show that: first, the introduction of foreign investment has some crowding-out effects on the social level of output. Second, the entry of foreign investment increases the profit of the public firm by a large margin, and the maximum profit of the private firm has been reduced. Third, the increase of foreign investment in public firm does not necessarily improve the environment.
文摘The tax revenues from Pigouvian taxes are difficult to calculate. The optimal pollution taxes are weighted averages of Ramsey taxes and Pigouvian taxes, and the entanglement of environmental, fiscal and other taxes complicate the measurements. The present international environmental tax statistics do not rely on a theoretical basis, and include several fiscal and resource taxes. Starting with the additivity theorem by Sandmo [1], we propose theoretically consistent guidelines for environmental tax statistics. Calculations based on this framework prove that the present international official statistics (Eurostat, IEA, OECD) severely overestimate environmental taxes. The lack of theoretical consistency forms arbitrary results and the statistics used as measures of environmental taxes may cause major flaws in research and policy-making based on such statistics.
文摘The starting point for the research was the evidence of a possible contradiction in the provisions of IAS 12 on goodwill and deferred income taxes, i.e., about the need to calculate deferred income taxation on temporary differences relating to all assets except for goodwill. This paper aims at exploring the degree of consistency between the theoretical provisions of International Accounting Standards （IAS）/International Financial Reporting Standards （IFRS） and their actual application by the management of Italian and Bulgarian listed companies, as regards the accounting treatments of deferred income taxes relating to the item ＂goodwill＂. The findings suggest that there are some differences between the accounting methods used by the management of most Italian listed companies and the provisions of IAS/IFRS. It can be argued that the rules given by IAS/IFRS are sometimes contradictory, since they may cause doubts in interpretation. As a consequence, in the end of the paper, an amendment to the provisions, set forth in IAS/IFRS concerning the accounting treatment of deferred income taxes relating to the item ＂goodwill＂, is proposed.
文摘This paper analyzes the introduction of environmental taxes in the EU and Netherlands and their effects on agriculture, with a special focus on the background of the introduction of environmental tax systems, their design concepts and effects on agriculture, the effects of fertilizer taxes in promoting sustainable agriculture, policy packages between environmental tax and environmental agreements, effects on globalization and global competitiveness, and conversion to renewable energy based on biomass resources.
文摘InIn accordance with the regulations as stipulated in Circularon Some Relevant Issues in Levying Tariff and ImportTaxes on Printed Matters Conducted in HongKong andMacao(Promulgated by Decree No.9 of Tariff Regulation Com-mission in 1997), the regulations regarding import duties as stipu-lated in Circular on Measures for Strict Control over Printing inHongKong and Macao, submitted by State Economic Commis-sion, State Planning Commission and Ministry of Finance andapproved by the State Council in its Decree No. 141 in 1985, shallcease to be effective as of July 1, 1997.The Customs, as of July 1, shall levy tariff and import taxesin line with the legal tax rate on inland printed matters conductedin HongKong and Macao. All former pertinent provisions shallbe null and void at the same time.
文摘Americans often say that there are only two things aperson can be sure of in life: death and taxes. Americansdo not have a corner on the 'death' market, but manypeople feel that the United States leads the world withthe worst taxes. Taxes consist of the money which people pay to sup-port their government. There are generally three
文摘Wider use of economic instruments in the field of environmental and energy policy provides several benefits. These instruments not only create market-based incentives for environmentally friendly behaviors but also represent effective opportunities to collect revenues. In this context, energy and transport-related taxes play a major role, even if their extensive use has raised several concerns over equity issues. The main objective of the paper is to investigate the redistributive burden of existing transport taxes on Italian households. An incidence analysis is carried out on a sample of more than 23,000 Italian families for the year 2009. Some alternative policy options are also analyzed to provide some suggestions on how to countervail the potential negative regressive effects that might arise. We find that vehicle ownership taxes, if properly set, can represent a promising opportunity to blend together budget and equity needs. To obtain a better indication of the progressivity or regressivity of certain policy designs, we rely on some summary indexes, such as the Kakwani measure of progressivity and the Reynolds-Smolensky measure of redistributive capacity of a tax.
文摘Multiple ecological and socioeconomic problems have occurred worldwide,raising the awareness of sustainability.This study aims to examine the impact of taxes on Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)in the context of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)countries.This research used effective average tax(EAT),tax on personal income(TPI),tax on corporate profits(TCP),and tax on goods and services(TGS)as the variables of taxes,and employed secondary data from 38 OECD countries covering 2000–2021.The study also used Breusch-Pagan Lagrange Multiplier(LM),Pesaran Scaled LM,Bias-Corrected Scaled LM,and Pesaran Cross-sectional dependence(CSD)tests to analyze the existence of crosssectional dependency.Then,we established the stationarity of variables through second-generation panel unit root tests(Cross-sectional Augmented Dickey-Fuller(CADF)and Cross-sectional Im,Pesaran,and Shin(CIPS)),and confirmed the long-run cointegration of the variables by using secondgeneration panel cointegration test(Westerlund cointegration test).The results showed that EAT,TPI,TCP,and TGS are positively associated with SDGs.However,the change in TPI has a smaller effect on SDGs than the change in EAT or TCP or TGS.The result of panel causality indicated that EAT,TPI,and TGS have a unidirectional causal relationship with SDGs.The study also found that TCP has a bi-directional causal relationship with SDGs.Moreover,the finding indicated that the OECD countries need to focus on tax policies to achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.This study is based on the theory of optimal taxation(TOT),which suggests that tax systems should be designed to maximize social welfare.Finally,we suggests the importance of taking a comprehensive approach for the managers and policy-makers when analyzing the impact of taxes on SDGs.
文摘The Us'recent"withdrawal"from the Global Tax Deal could have led an observer to perform the autopsy of the most important international tax agreement of the decade.Yet Pascal Saint-Amans,former Director of the OECD's Centre for Tax Policy and Administration and Professor at HEC Paris,advises keeping obituaries in the pocket for the time being.The"Global Tax Deal",better known as the Two-Pillar Solution,was agreed by 137 jurisdictions at the Inclusive Framework in 2021,following 10 years of negotiations to address Base Erosion and Profit Shifting(BEPS)under G20 leadership.Because of the way it was conceived and considering countries'positions and interests,the Global Tax Deal appears to be here to stay.When the gaming table is the world itself,quitting the game does not mean it is over.It signals thestartofa newround.
文摘A sharp increase in economic and human development has multiplied the carbon intensity due to which there is a significant need of effective strategies in order to curb carbon emissions.Thus,the present study aims to examine the effective of green finance,eco-innovation,renewable energy output(REO),renewable energy consumption(REC),and carbon taxes on carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions in BRICS countries in the time of 2001-2020.Cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag(CS ARDL)is used to test the connection among the variables.Empirical estimations of CS-ARDL approach validates the effectiveness of green finance,eco-innovation,REO,REC,carbon taxes,and industrialization as the relationship of these factors with carbon emissions is negative in nature in BRICS economies.Based on the evidences,the study recommends the formulation of environmentally friendly practices and advancement in green finances to mitigate carbon emissions.
文摘China increases its income tax exemption threshold to reduce tax burdens on low-wage earners As a company clerk, 32-year-old Ren Jun doesn’t make a lot of money.Of his meager paycheck, he needs to pay about 250 yuan ($39) in taxes each month. From September,
文摘More details are emerging about the government’s 370-billion-yuaneconomic stimulus package for 2009 Acouple of recent reports detailing thegovernment’s plan to further stimu-late the country’s economy next yearhave caused a pleasant stir amonginvestors and enterprises alike.
文摘In this study, an interval fuzzy mixed-integer energy planning model （IFMI-EPM） is developed under considering the carbon tax policy. The developed IFMI- EPM incorporates techniques of interval-parameter programming, fuzzy planning and mixed-integer programming within a general energy planning model. The IFMIEPM can not only be used for quantitatively analyzing a variety of policy scenarios that are associated with different levels of carbon tax policy, but also tackle uncertainties expressed as discrete intervals and fuzzy sets in energy and environment systems. Considering low, medium and high carbon tax rates, the model is applied to an ideal energy and environment system. The results indicate that reasonable solutions have been generated. They can be used for generating decision alternatives and thus help decision makers identify desired carbon tax policy.
基金This project is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(60 0 74 0 33)
文摘The Cournot static game with complete information is reviewed. A model of competition with environmental taxes under conditions of oligopoly is built based on the Cournot game, and some helpful conclusions are drawn from the model. A game model with regulation of government is also established. Finally the optimization problem of market structure is discussed.
文摘BRITACOM has set up the mission to accelerate the Sustainable Development including the economic growth of the BRI jurisdictions—a mission fully supported by ICC.A key element for growth and investment is creating transparency for business.In that regard,tax factors represent only one but an important element which can influence international trade and cross-border investments.Therefore the question arises if there should be a performance metric analyzing the tax and investment climate.This article discusses on behalf of ICC the relevant factors how transparency can be created and if there is a fit within BRITACOM’s vision.
