Titanium monocarbide(TiC),which is the most stable titanium-based carbide,has attracted considerable interest in the fields of energy,catalysis,and structural materials due to its excellent properties.Synthesis of hig...Titanium monocarbide(TiC),which is the most stable titanium-based carbide,has attracted considerable interest in the fields of energy,catalysis,and structural materials due to its excellent properties.Synthesis of high-quality TiC powders with low cost and high efficiency is crucial for industrial applications;however major challenges face its realization.Herein,the methods for synthesizing TiC powders based on a reaction system are reviewed.This analysis is focused on the underlying mechanisms by which synthesis methods affect the quality of powders.Notably,strategies for improving the synthesis of highquality powders are analyzed from the perspective of enhancing heat and mass transfer processes.Furthermore,the critical issues,challenges,and development trends of the synthesis technology and application of high-quality TiC powder are discussed.展开更多
With the recent advancement in nanotechnology,nanoparticles(NPs)offer an ample variety of smart functions than conventional materials in various aspects.As compared to larger particles,NPs possess unique characteristi...With the recent advancement in nanotechnology,nanoparticles(NPs)offer an ample variety of smart functions than conventional materials in various aspects.As compared to larger particles,NPs possess unique characteristics and excellent abilities,such as low toxicity,chemical stability,surface functionality,and biocompatibility.These advantageous properties allow them to be widely utilized in many applications,including biomedical applications,energy applications,IT applications,and industrial applications.In order to fulfill the increasing demands of NP applications,existing NP synthesis methods need to be improved based on the requirements of different applications to further their usage.A comprehensive understanding of the relationships between synthesis parameters and properties of NPs can help us better fine-tune them with designed properties and minimal toxicity.This review paper will discuss the commonly used synthesis methods of functionalized NPs,as well as future directions and challenges to develop various synthesis methods further.展开更多
This study demonstrated the impacts of the synthesis methods on the textural structures,chemical properties,and Hg^(0)capture capability of the MnO_(x)system.Compared with the samples synthesized using the precipitati...This study demonstrated the impacts of the synthesis methods on the textural structures,chemical properties,and Hg^(0)capture capability of the MnO_(x)system.Compared with the samples synthesized using the precipitation(PR)and hydrothermal(HT)methods,the adsorbent prepared via the sol-gel(SG)technique gave the best performance.At 150℃,ca.90%Hg^(0)removal efficiency was reached after 7.5 h for MnO_(x)prepared by the SG method,ca.40%higher than that of the other two methods.The specific surface area of the adsorbent synthesized via the SG technique(23 m^(2)/g)was almost double that of the adsorbent prepared by the HT method(12 m^(2)/g)and three times that of the one prepared by the PR method(7 m^(2)/g).The presence of plentiful acid sites from the SG method facilitated the physisorption of Hg^(0),making more Hg^(0)available to be oxidized to HgO by the redox sites and thus giving the adsorbent prepared by the SG method the highest Hg^(0)removal efficiency.The strong oxidative ability accelerated the oxidation of the physically adsorbed Hg^(0)to HgO,which explained the higher Hg^(0)removal efficiency of the sample prepared using the HT method than that of the one synthesized by the PR technique.During the whole Hg^(0)removal cycles,chemisorption dominated,with the initial adsorption stage and the external mass-transfer process playing important roles.展开更多
The effect of synthesis methods on the activity of V/Ce/WTi catalysts was investigated for the selective catalytic reduction（SCR） of NO_x by NH_3. V/Ce/WTi-DP（deposition precipitation） catalyst showed excellent NH...The effect of synthesis methods on the activity of V/Ce/WTi catalysts was investigated for the selective catalytic reduction（SCR） of NO_x by NH_3. V/Ce/WTi-DP（deposition precipitation） catalyst showed excellent NH_3-SCR performance, especially the better medium-temperature activity and the less N_2O formation than V/Ce/WTi-IMP（impregnation）. These catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction（XRD）, Brumauer-Emmett-Teller（BET）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）, temperature-programmed reduction（H_2-TPR）, and in situ DRIFTS techniques. The XPS and H_2-TPR results revealed that V/Ce/WTi-DP exhibited more surface Ce species, higher level of Oα and higher reducibility of Ce species. Reflected by in situ DRIFTS results, the deposition precipitation method（DP） contributed to a greater amount of weakly adsorbed NO_2, monodentate nitrate and NH_3 species with better reactive activity. Meanwhile, the cis-N_2O_2^（2-） species, an intermediate for N_2O formation, was very limited. As a result, these advantages brought about the superior SCR activity and N_2 selectivity for V/Ce/WTi-DP.展开更多
High-entropy alloy nanoparticles(HEA NPs)containing four or more elements possess several advantages over traditional alloy nanoparticles(NPs),such as higher strength,greater thermal stability,enhanced ox-idation resi...High-entropy alloy nanoparticles(HEA NPs)containing four or more elements possess several advantages over traditional alloy nanoparticles(NPs),such as higher strength,greater thermal stability,enhanced ox-idation resistance,stronger catalytic activity,and greater flexibility in adjusting element composition and composition ratio.However,the development of HEA NPs has been limited by preparation difficulties caused by the challenge of achieving complete miscibility between multiple-component elements and the unique high-entropy states.In this review,we provide a comprehensive summary of recent break-throughs in synthesizing and fabricating HEA NPs.We describe the experimental procedures and princi-ples of various synthesis methods,including furnace pyrolysis,carbothermal shock(CTS)method,pulse laser,solvothermal method,microwave heating,hydrogen spillover-driven,sputtering deposition,anneal-ing on mesoporous materials,arc discharge methods and using liquid metal.Additionally,we delve into recent improvements made to some of these methods or novel NPs synthesized using them.Finally,we review the current applications of HEA NPs and provide insights into potential applications of this rapidly emerging research field.展开更多
Against the backdrop of increasingly prominent global energy shortages and environmental issues,the development of efficient energy conversion and storage technologies has become crucial.Zero-dimensional(0D)metal oxid...Against the backdrop of increasingly prominent global energy shortages and environmental issues,the development of efficient energy conversion and storage technologies has become crucial.Zero-dimensional(0D)metal oxide composites exhibit significant application value in the field of energy chemistry due to their unique properties,such as quantum size effect and high specific surface area.From a broad perspective,this paper reviews the main synthesis methods of these composites,including sol-gel method,hydrothermal/solvothermal method,precipitation method,and template method,while analyzing the characteristics of each method.It further discusses their applications in photocatalytic hydrogen production,fuel cells,lithium-ion batteries,and supercapacitors.Additionally,the current challenges,such as material dispersibility and interface bonding,are pointed out,and future development directions are prospected,aiming to provide references for related research.展开更多
The pressing environmental concerns and the depletion of fossil fuel reserves necessitate a transition toward sustainable energy sources.Ethanol,a renewable biomass-derived fuel,is a promising alternative due to its a...The pressing environmental concerns and the depletion of fossil fuel reserves necessitate a transition toward sustainable energy sources.Ethanol,a renewable biomass-derived fuel,is a promising alternative due to its availability and high energy density.This study investigates the synthesis of gold nanoparticles(Au NPs)via a square-wave pulse deposition technique,aiming to enhance catalytic activity for ethanol electrooxidation.By varying pulse durations,we were able to exert precise control over Au NP size and distribution without stabilizing agents.Characterization using field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques confirmed the formation of clustered nanoparticles of metallic gold phase.Electrochemical characteristics analyses revealed that Au NPs synthesized with a 900 ms pulse duration exhibited the lowest charge transfer resistance and the highest electrochemically active surface area.The electrocatalytic performance test of these Au NPs demonstrated an anodic current density of 2.5 mA cm^-(2)and a Tafel slope of 78 mV dec^(-1),indicating superior catalytic performance and reaction kinetics.Additionally,the Au NPs showed high resistance to poisoning,as evidenced by a low j_(b)/j_(f)ratio of 0.28 and stable chronoamperometric response.These findings underscore the potential of this synthesis method for producing high-performance electrocatalysts utilized in exploiting ethanol's potential as an environmentally friendly energy carrier.展开更多
Because of their low electrical conductivity,sluggish ion diffusion,and poor stability,conventional electrode materials are not able to meet the growing demands of energy storage and portable devices.Graphene assemble...Because of their low electrical conductivity,sluggish ion diffusion,and poor stability,conventional electrode materials are not able to meet the growing demands of energy storage and portable devices.Graphene assembled films(GAFs)formed from graphene nanosheets have an ultrahigh conductivity,a unique 2D network structure,and exceptional mechanical strength,which give them the potential to solve these problems.However,a systematic understanding of GAFs as an advanced electrode material is lacking.This review focuses on the use of GAFs in electrochemistry,providing a comprehensive analysis of their synthesis methods,surface/structural characteristics,and physical properties,and thus understand their structure-property relationships.Their advantages in batteries,supercapacitors,and electrochemical sensors are systematically evaluated,with an emphasis on their excellent electrical conductivity,ion transport kinetics,and interfacial stability.The existing problems in these devices,such as chemical inertness and mechanical brittleness,are discussed and potential solutions are proposed,including defect engineering and hybrid structures.This review should deepen our mechanistic understanding of the use of GAFs in electrochemical systems and provide actionable strategies for developing stable,high-performance electrode materials.展开更多
Electrochemical nitrogen transformation techniques represent a burgeoning avenue for nitrogen pollutant remediation and synthesizing valuable nitrogenous products from atmospheric nitrogen.Intermetallic compounds(IMCs...Electrochemical nitrogen transformation techniques represent a burgeoning avenue for nitrogen pollutant remediation and synthesizing valuable nitrogenous products from atmospheric nitrogen.Intermetallic compounds(IMCs)nanocrystals,featured with unique geometric,electronic and functional properties,have emerged as promising candidates.The review discusses various synthesis approaches for IMCs,including thermal annealing,wet chemical synthesis,electrochemical synthesis,and other emerging methods,analyzing their advantages and limitations.Then we summarized the recent advances of IMCs in electrocatalytic nitrogen transformation reactions,such as nitrate reduction reaction,nitric oxide reduction reaction,nitrogen reduction reaction,and hydrazine oxidation reaction.Despite significant progress,challenges remain in the field,particularly in adopting more refined strategies to improve catalyst performance and stability.This review aims to comprehensively understand the structural properties of IMCs and their structure-performance relationship,guiding the development of more efficient and stable catalysts for future nitrogen electrochemistry.展开更多
The urgent demand for clean energy solutions has intensified the search for advanced storage materials,with rechargeable alkali-ion batteries(AIBs)playing a pivotal role in electrochemical energy storage.Enhancing ele...The urgent demand for clean energy solutions has intensified the search for advanced storage materials,with rechargeable alkali-ion batteries(AIBs)playing a pivotal role in electrochemical energy storage.Enhancing electrode performance is critical to addressing the increasing need for high-energy and high-power AIBs.Next-generation anode materials face significant challenges,including limited energy storage capacities and complex reaction mechanisms that complicate structural modeling.Sn-based materials have emerged as promising candidates for AIBs due to their inherent advantages.Recent research has increasingly focused on the development of heterojunctions as a strategy to enhance the performance of Sn-based anode materials.Despite significant advances in this field,comprehensive reviews summarizing the latest developments are still sparse.This review provides a detailed overview of recent progress in Sn-based heterojunction-type anode materials.It begins with an explanation of the concept of heterojunctions,including their fabrication,characterization,and classification.Cutting-edge research on Sn-based heterojunction-type anodes for AIBs is highlighted.Finally,the review summarizes the latest advancements in heterojunction technology and discusses future directions for research and development in this area.展开更多
Graphene and carbon nanotube(CNT) are representative carbon nanomaterials which have aroused numerous research interest due to their extraordinary material properties and promising application potentials,especially in...Graphene and carbon nanotube(CNT) are representative carbon nanomaterials which have aroused numerous research interest due to their extraordinary material properties and promising application potentials,especially in the energy storage and conversion areas.However,the agglomeration happening in these materials has largely blocked their applications.Hybridization of CNT with graphene can,on one hand,prevent the agglomeration behavior,on the other hand,generate a synergistic effect between them with enhanced physical and chemical properties.There have been many studies conducted to find out the suitable approaches to synthesize graphene/CNT composites,and realize the application potentials of these structures.Based on the recent advances,this paper reviews the current research progress that has been achieved in synthesizing graphene/CNT composites,and the energy-related applications.Through this review,we aim at stimulating more significant research on this subject.展开更多
The component synthesis active vibration suppression method （CSVS） can be applied to suppress the vibration of flexible systems. By this method, several same or similar time-varying components are arranged according...The component synthesis active vibration suppression method （CSVS） can be applied to suppress the vibration of flexible systems. By this method, several same or similar time-varying components are arranged according to certain rules along the time axis. The synthesized command can suppress the arbitrary unwanted vibration harmonic while achieving the desired rigid body motion. The number of the components increases rapidly when the number of harmonic vibration is growing. In this article, the CSVS based on zero-placement technique is used to construct the synthesized command to suppress the multi-harmonics simultaneously in the discrete domain. The nature of zero-placement method is to put enough zeros to cancel system poles at necessary points. The designed synthesized command has equal time intervals between each component and which is much easier to be implemented. Using this method, the number of components increases linearly with the increasing of the number of being suppressed harmonics. For the spacecraft with flexible appendages, CSVS based on zero-placement is used to design the time optimal large angle maneuver control strategy. Simulations have verified the validity and superiority of the proposed approach.展开更多
Lithium-ion(Li-ion) battery and lithium-sulfur(Li-S) battery have attracted significant attention as promising components for large-scale energy storage because of high theoretical capacity of Li,excellent energy dens...Lithium-ion(Li-ion) battery and lithium-sulfur(Li-S) battery have attracted significant attention as promising components for large-scale energy storage because of high theoretical capacity of Li,excellent energy density or environmental friendness for two kinds of batteries.However,there still exist some respective obstacles for commercial applications,such as limited theoretical capacity,high cost and low conductivity of Li-ion cells or shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides of Li-S cells.As typical twodimensional materials,layered double hydroxides(LDHs) exhibit excellent potential in the field of energy storage due to facile tunability of composition,structure and morphology as well as convenient composite and strong catalytic properties.Consequently,various LDHs toward novel separators or interlayers,cathodes,anodes,and interesting catalytic templates are researched to resolve these challenges.In this review,the recent progress for LDHs applied in Li-ion batteries and Li-S batteries including the synthesis methods,designs and applications is presented and reviewed.Meanwhile,the existing challenges and future perspectives associated with material designs and practical applications of LDHs for these two classes of cells are discussed.WeWe hope that the review can attract more attention and inspire more profound researches toward the LDH-based electrochemical materials for energy storage.展开更多
Available online Alkaline water electrolysis(AWE)is a prominent technique for obtaining a sustainable hydrogen source and effectively managing the energy infrastructure.Noble metal-based electrocatalysts,owing to thei...Available online Alkaline water electrolysis(AWE)is a prominent technique for obtaining a sustainable hydrogen source and effectively managing the energy infrastructure.Noble metal-based electrocatalysts,owing to their exceptional hydrogen binding energy,exhibit remarkable catalytic activity and long-term stability in the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).However,the restricted accessibility and exorbitant cost of noble-metal materials pose obstacles to their extensive adoption in industrial contexts.This review investigates strategies aimed at reducing the dependence on noble-metal electrocatalysts and developing a cost-effective alkaline HER catalyst,while considering the principles of sustainable development.The initial discussion covers the fundamental principle of HER,followed by an overview of prevalent techniques for synthesizing catalysts based on noble metals,along with a thorough examination of recent advancements.The subsequent discussion focuses on the strategies employed to improve noble metalbased catalysts,including enhancing the intrinsic activity at active sites and increasing the quantity of active sites.Ultimately,this investigation concludes by examining the present state and future direction of research in the field of electrocatalysis for the HER.展开更多
Rare earth has a unique electronic structure and brings highly anticipated properties in light,electricity,heat and magnetism.Lanthanum is widely distributed among the rare earth elements and has a great potential for...Rare earth has a unique electronic structure and brings highly anticipated properties in light,electricity,heat and magnetism.Lanthanum is widely distributed among the rare earth elements and has a great potential for the electrocatalytic application.This paper reviews the common types and synthesis methods of lanthanum-based catalysts used in the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction,and highlights the optimization of lanthanum-based catalysts.The electronic structure and active sites of the catalysts can be adjusted through atomic doping,interfacial modulation,and structural defects to enhance the OER.Further,the development of lanthanum-based catalyst is envisioned.展开更多
Zinc-ion batteries(ZIBs)have significant potential for advancements in energy storage systems owing to their high level of safety and theoretical capacity.However,ZIBs face several challenges,such as cathode capacity ...Zinc-ion batteries(ZIBs)have significant potential for advancements in energy storage systems owing to their high level of safety and theoretical capacity.However,ZIBs face several challenges,such as cathode capacity degradation and short cycle life.Ordinary metal–organic frameworks(MOFs)are characterized by high specific surface areas,large pore channels,and controllable structures and functions,making them suitable for use in ZIB cathodes with good performance.However,the insulating properties of MOFs hinder their further development.In contrast,electronic conductive MOFs(EC-MOFs)show high electronic conductivity,which facilitates rapid electron transport and ameliorates the charging and discharging efficiency of ZIBs.This paper introduces the unique conduction mechanism of EC-MOFs and elaborates various strategies for constructing EC-MOFs with high conductivity and stability.Additionally,the synthesis methods of EC-MOF-based cathode materials and their properties in ZIBs are elucidated.Finally,this paper presents a summary and outlook on the advancements of EC-MOFs for ZIB cathodes.This review provides guidance for designing and applying EC-MOFs in ZIBs and other energy storage devices.展开更多
With the boom in electric vehicles(EVs),there is an increasing demand for high-performance lithium-ion batteries.Lithium manganese iron phosphate(LMFP)has emerged as an enhanced variation of LiFePO4(LFP),offering an e...With the boom in electric vehicles(EVs),there is an increasing demand for high-performance lithium-ion batteries.Lithium manganese iron phosphate(LMFP)has emerged as an enhanced variation of LiFePO4(LFP),offering an energy density 10%–20%greater than that of LFP.Structural distortion caused by the Jahn–Teller effect decreases the capacity and voltage platform,thus restricting the commercialization of this material.Herein,ideas to overcome these challenges,including the crystal structure of LMFP and strategies to mitigate the Jahn–Teller distortion,are first explored.Then,the migration pathways of Li+during charging and discharging and the phase transition mechanisms that affect the material’s performance are discussed.Next,the optimal Mn:Fe ratio for achieving the desired performance is described.The influences of various synthesis and modification methods on the morphology and structure of LMFP are reviewed.Additionally,different modification techniques,such as doping and coating,to enhance the performance of LMFP are highlighted.Finally,an overview of the current state of research on the recycling and reuse of LMFP is provided.By addressing these key topics,this paper offers a theoretical foundation for the further development of LMFP,thus contributing to its eventual commercialization.展开更多
With the rapid development of new energy and the high proportion of new energy connected to the grid,energy storage has become the leading technology driving significant adjustments in the global energy landscape.Elec...With the rapid development of new energy and the high proportion of new energy connected to the grid,energy storage has become the leading technology driving significant adjustments in the global energy landscape.Electrochemical energy storage,as the most popular and promising energy storage method,has received extensive attention.Currently,the most widely used energy storage method is metal-ion secondary batteries,whose performance mainly depends on the cathode material.Prussian blue analogues(PBAs)have a unique open framework structures that allow quick and reversible insertion/extraction of metal ions such as Na^(+),K^(+),Zn^(2+),Li^(+)etc.,thus attracting widespread attention.The advantages of simple synthesis process,abundant resources,and low cost also distinguish it from its counterparts.Unfortunately,the crystal water and structural defects in the PBAs lattice that is generated during the synthesis process,as well as the low Na content,significantly affect their electrochemical performance.This paper focuses on PBAs’synthesis methods,crystal structure,modification strategies,and their potential applications as cathode materials for various metal ion secondary batteries and looks forward to their future development direction.展开更多
Systematic effort dedicated to the exploration of feasible ways how to permanently come up with even more space-efficient implementation of digital circuits based on conventional CMOS technology node may soon reach th...Systematic effort dedicated to the exploration of feasible ways how to permanently come up with even more space-efficient implementation of digital circuits based on conventional CMOS technology node may soon reach the ultimate point, which is mostly given by the constraints associated with physical scaling of fundamental electronic components. One of the possible ways of how to mitigate this problem can be recognized in deployment of multifunctional circuit elements. In addition, the polymorphic electronics paradigm, with its considerable independence on a parti- cular technology, opens a way how to fulfil this objective through the adoption of emerging semiconductor materials and advanced synthesis methods. In this paper, main attention is focused on the introduction of polymorphic operators (i.e. digital logic gates) that would allow to further increase the efficiency of multifunctional circuit synthesis techniques. Key aspect depicting the novelty of the proposed approach is primarily based on the intrinsic exploitation of components with ambi- polar conduction property. Finally, relevant models of the polymorphic operators are presented in conjunction with the experimental results.展开更多
Sampling synthesis is one of the most practical and widely used approaches among the various sound synthesis methods used for creating a realistic simulation of acoustic instruments. Using numerous high quality sound ...Sampling synthesis is one of the most practical and widely used approaches among the various sound synthesis methods used for creating a realistic simulation of acoustic instruments. Using numerous high quality sound samples it is possible to reproduce a sound of almost any musical instrument, including subtle variations caused by the registers of an instrument or through the use of different articulation techniques and dynamic levels. However, this method has some disadvantages. Firstly, with high fidelity reproduction systems, the repeatability of samples becomes quickly apparent for more experienced listeners. This is sometimes manually corrected by switching between several different samples of the same note. Secondly, it is standard approach to record and reproduce each note separately. It prevents samplers from reproducing natural note transitions, making fluent, connected articulations, such as legato, unnatural. Finally, samplers provide a very limited number of sound parameters to control. Therefore, it is difficult to introduce a set of purposeful fluctuations of selected parameters uniquely attributable to human performances. A synthesis system which addresses the aforementioned problems has been developed at the Academy of Music in Krakow (Poland) for a group of wind instruments as part of a symphony orchestra. The system is based on a large collection of non-standard samples. Samples contain short sequences of notes instead of single notes. In order to use them, a number of techniques have been implemented to allow the seamless connecting of recorded sequences and the control of note durations as well as tempo and dynamics envelopes. Decision-making algorithms and signal processing are applied to create melodic figures by choosing, modifying, and connecting fragments of samples, while keeping natural note transitions intact. The problem of mimicking human performances is addressed by implementing a set of performance rules. It allows to introduce context-dependent variations into the regular playback of the material contained in the musical notation to properly shape the expression of musical structures, similarly to that of live performances by musicians. This article presents the main modules of the modified sampling synthesis system designed by us as well as its general structure and principle of operation. The modules are responsible for performing musical score analyses, an automatic selection and connection of sound samples, and the application of performance rules.展开更多
基金supported by Basic Frontier Scientific Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(ZDBS-LY-JSC041)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22178348)+1 种基金the open research fund of the State Key Laboratory of Mesoscience and Engineering(MESO-23-D06)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(292021000085)。
文摘Titanium monocarbide(TiC),which is the most stable titanium-based carbide,has attracted considerable interest in the fields of energy,catalysis,and structural materials due to its excellent properties.Synthesis of high-quality TiC powders with low cost and high efficiency is crucial for industrial applications;however major challenges face its realization.Herein,the methods for synthesizing TiC powders based on a reaction system are reviewed.This analysis is focused on the underlying mechanisms by which synthesis methods affect the quality of powders.Notably,strategies for improving the synthesis of highquality powders are analyzed from the perspective of enhancing heat and mass transfer processes.Furthermore,the critical issues,challenges,and development trends of the synthesis technology and application of high-quality TiC powder are discussed.
文摘With the recent advancement in nanotechnology,nanoparticles(NPs)offer an ample variety of smart functions than conventional materials in various aspects.As compared to larger particles,NPs possess unique characteristics and excellent abilities,such as low toxicity,chemical stability,surface functionality,and biocompatibility.These advantageous properties allow them to be widely utilized in many applications,including biomedical applications,energy applications,IT applications,and industrial applications.In order to fulfill the increasing demands of NP applications,existing NP synthesis methods need to be improved based on the requirements of different applications to further their usage.A comprehensive understanding of the relationships between synthesis parameters and properties of NPs can help us better fine-tune them with designed properties and minimal toxicity.This review paper will discuss the commonly used synthesis methods of functionalized NPs,as well as future directions and challenges to develop various synthesis methods further.
基金This work is supported by the Fundamental Research Funds of China Jiliang University and the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LQ22E060003).
文摘This study demonstrated the impacts of the synthesis methods on the textural structures,chemical properties,and Hg^(0)capture capability of the MnO_(x)system.Compared with the samples synthesized using the precipitation(PR)and hydrothermal(HT)methods,the adsorbent prepared via the sol-gel(SG)technique gave the best performance.At 150℃,ca.90%Hg^(0)removal efficiency was reached after 7.5 h for MnO_(x)prepared by the SG method,ca.40%higher than that of the other two methods.The specific surface area of the adsorbent synthesized via the SG technique(23 m^(2)/g)was almost double that of the adsorbent prepared by the HT method(12 m^(2)/g)and three times that of the one prepared by the PR method(7 m^(2)/g).The presence of plentiful acid sites from the SG method facilitated the physisorption of Hg^(0),making more Hg^(0)available to be oxidized to HgO by the redox sites and thus giving the adsorbent prepared by the SG method the highest Hg^(0)removal efficiency.The strong oxidative ability accelerated the oxidation of the physically adsorbed Hg^(0)to HgO,which explained the higher Hg^(0)removal efficiency of the sample prepared using the HT method than that of the one synthesized by the PR technique.During the whole Hg^(0)removal cycles,chemisorption dominated,with the initial adsorption stage and the external mass-transfer process playing important roles.
基金supported by the Grant from the China Huadian Science and Technology Institute(CHDI.KJ-20)the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China(863,2011AA03A405)
文摘The effect of synthesis methods on the activity of V/Ce/WTi catalysts was investigated for the selective catalytic reduction（SCR） of NO_x by NH_3. V/Ce/WTi-DP（deposition precipitation） catalyst showed excellent NH_3-SCR performance, especially the better medium-temperature activity and the less N_2O formation than V/Ce/WTi-IMP（impregnation）. These catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction（XRD）, Brumauer-Emmett-Teller（BET）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）, temperature-programmed reduction（H_2-TPR）, and in situ DRIFTS techniques. The XPS and H_2-TPR results revealed that V/Ce/WTi-DP exhibited more surface Ce species, higher level of Oα and higher reducibility of Ce species. Reflected by in situ DRIFTS results, the deposition precipitation method（DP） contributed to a greater amount of weakly adsorbed NO_2, monodentate nitrate and NH_3 species with better reactive activity. Meanwhile, the cis-N_2O_2^（2-） species, an intermediate for N_2O formation, was very limited. As a result, these advantages brought about the superior SCR activity and N_2 selectivity for V/Ce/WTi-DP.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2020YFE0205300)Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.YQ2022E024)+1 种基金Chongqing Natural Science Foundation of China(No.cstc2021jcyj-msxmX1002)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.AUGA5710051221).
文摘High-entropy alloy nanoparticles(HEA NPs)containing four or more elements possess several advantages over traditional alloy nanoparticles(NPs),such as higher strength,greater thermal stability,enhanced ox-idation resistance,stronger catalytic activity,and greater flexibility in adjusting element composition and composition ratio.However,the development of HEA NPs has been limited by preparation difficulties caused by the challenge of achieving complete miscibility between multiple-component elements and the unique high-entropy states.In this review,we provide a comprehensive summary of recent break-throughs in synthesizing and fabricating HEA NPs.We describe the experimental procedures and princi-ples of various synthesis methods,including furnace pyrolysis,carbothermal shock(CTS)method,pulse laser,solvothermal method,microwave heating,hydrogen spillover-driven,sputtering deposition,anneal-ing on mesoporous materials,arc discharge methods and using liquid metal.Additionally,we delve into recent improvements made to some of these methods or novel NPs synthesized using them.Finally,we review the current applications of HEA NPs and provide insights into potential applications of this rapidly emerging research field.
文摘Against the backdrop of increasingly prominent global energy shortages and environmental issues,the development of efficient energy conversion and storage technologies has become crucial.Zero-dimensional(0D)metal oxide composites exhibit significant application value in the field of energy chemistry due to their unique properties,such as quantum size effect and high specific surface area.From a broad perspective,this paper reviews the main synthesis methods of these composites,including sol-gel method,hydrothermal/solvothermal method,precipitation method,and template method,while analyzing the characteristics of each method.It further discusses their applications in photocatalytic hydrogen production,fuel cells,lithium-ion batteries,and supercapacitors.Additionally,the current challenges,such as material dispersibility and interface bonding,are pointed out,and future development directions are prospected,aiming to provide references for related research.
基金supported by the National Research and Innovation Agency(BRIN)and Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan(LPDP)Ministry of Finance,Republic of Indonesia through Riset dan Inovasi Untuk Indonesia Maju(RIIM)scheme batch 2 with contract number 1/PG.02.00.PT/LPPM/IV/2024(110/IV/KS/11/2022).
文摘The pressing environmental concerns and the depletion of fossil fuel reserves necessitate a transition toward sustainable energy sources.Ethanol,a renewable biomass-derived fuel,is a promising alternative due to its availability and high energy density.This study investigates the synthesis of gold nanoparticles(Au NPs)via a square-wave pulse deposition technique,aiming to enhance catalytic activity for ethanol electrooxidation.By varying pulse durations,we were able to exert precise control over Au NP size and distribution without stabilizing agents.Characterization using field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques confirmed the formation of clustered nanoparticles of metallic gold phase.Electrochemical characteristics analyses revealed that Au NPs synthesized with a 900 ms pulse duration exhibited the lowest charge transfer resistance and the highest electrochemically active surface area.The electrocatalytic performance test of these Au NPs demonstrated an anodic current density of 2.5 mA cm^-(2)and a Tafel slope of 78 mV dec^(-1),indicating superior catalytic performance and reaction kinetics.Additionally,the Au NPs showed high resistance to poisoning,as evidenced by a low j_(b)/j_(f)ratio of 0.28 and stable chronoamperometric response.These findings underscore the potential of this synthesis method for producing high-performance electrocatalysts utilized in exploiting ethanol's potential as an environmentally friendly energy carrier.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22279097)the Key R&D Program of Hubei Province(2023BAB103)the PhD Scientific Research and Innovation Foundation of The Education Department of Hainan Province Joint Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City(HSPHDSRF-2024-03-022)。
文摘Because of their low electrical conductivity,sluggish ion diffusion,and poor stability,conventional electrode materials are not able to meet the growing demands of energy storage and portable devices.Graphene assembled films(GAFs)formed from graphene nanosheets have an ultrahigh conductivity,a unique 2D network structure,and exceptional mechanical strength,which give them the potential to solve these problems.However,a systematic understanding of GAFs as an advanced electrode material is lacking.This review focuses on the use of GAFs in electrochemistry,providing a comprehensive analysis of their synthesis methods,surface/structural characteristics,and physical properties,and thus understand their structure-property relationships.Their advantages in batteries,supercapacitors,and electrochemical sensors are systematically evaluated,with an emphasis on their excellent electrical conductivity,ion transport kinetics,and interfacial stability.The existing problems in these devices,such as chemical inertness and mechanical brittleness,are discussed and potential solutions are proposed,including defect engineering and hybrid structures.This review should deepen our mechanistic understanding of the use of GAFs in electrochemical systems and provide actionable strategies for developing stable,high-performance electrode materials.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22405173)the Shanghai Pujiang Program(No.23PJ1409100)the Project of Overseas Leading Talent of Shanghai.
文摘Electrochemical nitrogen transformation techniques represent a burgeoning avenue for nitrogen pollutant remediation and synthesizing valuable nitrogenous products from atmospheric nitrogen.Intermetallic compounds(IMCs)nanocrystals,featured with unique geometric,electronic and functional properties,have emerged as promising candidates.The review discusses various synthesis approaches for IMCs,including thermal annealing,wet chemical synthesis,electrochemical synthesis,and other emerging methods,analyzing their advantages and limitations.Then we summarized the recent advances of IMCs in electrocatalytic nitrogen transformation reactions,such as nitrate reduction reaction,nitric oxide reduction reaction,nitrogen reduction reaction,and hydrazine oxidation reaction.Despite significant progress,challenges remain in the field,particularly in adopting more refined strategies to improve catalyst performance and stability.This review aims to comprehensively understand the structural properties of IMCs and their structure-performance relationship,guiding the development of more efficient and stable catalysts for future nitrogen electrochemistry.
文摘The urgent demand for clean energy solutions has intensified the search for advanced storage materials,with rechargeable alkali-ion batteries(AIBs)playing a pivotal role in electrochemical energy storage.Enhancing electrode performance is critical to addressing the increasing need for high-energy and high-power AIBs.Next-generation anode materials face significant challenges,including limited energy storage capacities and complex reaction mechanisms that complicate structural modeling.Sn-based materials have emerged as promising candidates for AIBs due to their inherent advantages.Recent research has increasingly focused on the development of heterojunctions as a strategy to enhance the performance of Sn-based anode materials.Despite significant advances in this field,comprehensive reviews summarizing the latest developments are still sparse.This review provides a detailed overview of recent progress in Sn-based heterojunction-type anode materials.It begins with an explanation of the concept of heterojunctions,including their fabrication,characterization,and classification.Cutting-edge research on Sn-based heterojunction-type anodes for AIBs is highlighted.Finally,the review summarizes the latest advancements in heterojunction technology and discusses future directions for research and development in this area.
文摘Graphene and carbon nanotube(CNT) are representative carbon nanomaterials which have aroused numerous research interest due to their extraordinary material properties and promising application potentials,especially in the energy storage and conversion areas.However,the agglomeration happening in these materials has largely blocked their applications.Hybridization of CNT with graphene can,on one hand,prevent the agglomeration behavior,on the other hand,generate a synergistic effect between them with enhanced physical and chemical properties.There have been many studies conducted to find out the suitable approaches to synthesize graphene/CNT composites,and realize the application potentials of these structures.Based on the recent advances,this paper reviews the current research progress that has been achieved in synthesizing graphene/CNT composites,and the energy-related applications.Through this review,we aim at stimulating more significant research on this subject.
文摘The component synthesis active vibration suppression method （CSVS） can be applied to suppress the vibration of flexible systems. By this method, several same or similar time-varying components are arranged according to certain rules along the time axis. The synthesized command can suppress the arbitrary unwanted vibration harmonic while achieving the desired rigid body motion. The number of the components increases rapidly when the number of harmonic vibration is growing. In this article, the CSVS based on zero-placement technique is used to construct the synthesized command to suppress the multi-harmonics simultaneously in the discrete domain. The nature of zero-placement method is to put enough zeros to cancel system poles at necessary points. The designed synthesized command has equal time intervals between each component and which is much easier to be implemented. Using this method, the number of components increases linearly with the increasing of the number of being suppressed harmonics. For the spacecraft with flexible appendages, CSVS based on zero-placement is used to design the time optimal large angle maneuver control strategy. Simulations have verified the validity and superiority of the proposed approach.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51973157,51673148 and 51678411)the Special Grade of the Financial Support from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020 T130469)+1 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Grant(2019 M651047)the Science and Technology Plans of Tianjin(No.17PTSYJC00040 and18PTSYJC00180)for their financial support。
文摘Lithium-ion(Li-ion) battery and lithium-sulfur(Li-S) battery have attracted significant attention as promising components for large-scale energy storage because of high theoretical capacity of Li,excellent energy density or environmental friendness for two kinds of batteries.However,there still exist some respective obstacles for commercial applications,such as limited theoretical capacity,high cost and low conductivity of Li-ion cells or shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides of Li-S cells.As typical twodimensional materials,layered double hydroxides(LDHs) exhibit excellent potential in the field of energy storage due to facile tunability of composition,structure and morphology as well as convenient composite and strong catalytic properties.Consequently,various LDHs toward novel separators or interlayers,cathodes,anodes,and interesting catalytic templates are researched to resolve these challenges.In this review,the recent progress for LDHs applied in Li-ion batteries and Li-S batteries including the synthesis methods,designs and applications is presented and reviewed.Meanwhile,the existing challenges and future perspectives associated with material designs and practical applications of LDHs for these two classes of cells are discussed.WeWe hope that the review can attract more attention and inspire more profound researches toward the LDH-based electrochemical materials for energy storage.
基金financial support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52102241)Doctor of Suzhou University Scientific Research Foundation(Nos.2022BSK019,2020BS015)+2 种基金the Primary Research and Development Program of Anhui Province(No.201904a05020087)the Natural Science Research Project in Universities of Anhui Province in China(Nos.2022AH051386,KJ2021A1114)the Foundation(No.GZKF202211)of State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking Qilu University of Technology。
文摘Available online Alkaline water electrolysis(AWE)is a prominent technique for obtaining a sustainable hydrogen source and effectively managing the energy infrastructure.Noble metal-based electrocatalysts,owing to their exceptional hydrogen binding energy,exhibit remarkable catalytic activity and long-term stability in the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).However,the restricted accessibility and exorbitant cost of noble-metal materials pose obstacles to their extensive adoption in industrial contexts.This review investigates strategies aimed at reducing the dependence on noble-metal electrocatalysts and developing a cost-effective alkaline HER catalyst,while considering the principles of sustainable development.The initial discussion covers the fundamental principle of HER,followed by an overview of prevalent techniques for synthesizing catalysts based on noble metals,along with a thorough examination of recent advancements.The subsequent discussion focuses on the strategies employed to improve noble metalbased catalysts,including enhancing the intrinsic activity at active sites and increasing the quantity of active sites.Ultimately,this investigation concludes by examining the present state and future direction of research in the field of electrocatalysis for the HER.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22122113)National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB3506200).
文摘Rare earth has a unique electronic structure and brings highly anticipated properties in light,electricity,heat and magnetism.Lanthanum is widely distributed among the rare earth elements and has a great potential for the electrocatalytic application.This paper reviews the common types and synthesis methods of lanthanum-based catalysts used in the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction,and highlights the optimization of lanthanum-based catalysts.The electronic structure and active sites of the catalysts can be adjusted through atomic doping,interfacial modulation,and structural defects to enhance the OER.Further,the development of lanthanum-based catalyst is envisioned.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 62464010)the Spring City Plan-Special Program for Young Talents (K202005007)+3 种基金the Yunnan Talents Support Plan for Young Talents (XDYC-QNRC-2022-0482)Yunnan Local Colleges Applied Basic Research Projects (202101BA070001-138)Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructures in Yunnan Higher EducationFrontier Research Team of Kunming University 2023
文摘Zinc-ion batteries(ZIBs)have significant potential for advancements in energy storage systems owing to their high level of safety and theoretical capacity.However,ZIBs face several challenges,such as cathode capacity degradation and short cycle life.Ordinary metal–organic frameworks(MOFs)are characterized by high specific surface areas,large pore channels,and controllable structures and functions,making them suitable for use in ZIB cathodes with good performance.However,the insulating properties of MOFs hinder their further development.In contrast,electronic conductive MOFs(EC-MOFs)show high electronic conductivity,which facilitates rapid electron transport and ameliorates the charging and discharging efficiency of ZIBs.This paper introduces the unique conduction mechanism of EC-MOFs and elaborates various strategies for constructing EC-MOFs with high conductivity and stability.Additionally,the synthesis methods of EC-MOF-based cathode materials and their properties in ZIBs are elucidated.Finally,this paper presents a summary and outlook on the advancements of EC-MOFs for ZIB cathodes.This review provides guidance for designing and applying EC-MOFs in ZIBs and other energy storage devices.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52302293 and 22272110)Innovation Project of Education Department of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2023KTSCX124)+2 种基金Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(Grant No.KJZD2023092311460401)Guangdong Higher Education Letter(Grant No.[2024]No.30)Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Applied Technologies of Super-Diamond and Functional Crystals(Grant No.ZDSYS20230626091303007).
文摘With the boom in electric vehicles(EVs),there is an increasing demand for high-performance lithium-ion batteries.Lithium manganese iron phosphate(LMFP)has emerged as an enhanced variation of LiFePO4(LFP),offering an energy density 10%–20%greater than that of LFP.Structural distortion caused by the Jahn–Teller effect decreases the capacity and voltage platform,thus restricting the commercialization of this material.Herein,ideas to overcome these challenges,including the crystal structure of LMFP and strategies to mitigate the Jahn–Teller distortion,are first explored.Then,the migration pathways of Li+during charging and discharging and the phase transition mechanisms that affect the material’s performance are discussed.Next,the optimal Mn:Fe ratio for achieving the desired performance is described.The influences of various synthesis and modification methods on the morphology and structure of LMFP are reviewed.Additionally,different modification techniques,such as doping and coating,to enhance the performance of LMFP are highlighted.Finally,an overview of the current state of research on the recycling and reuse of LMFP is provided.By addressing these key topics,this paper offers a theoretical foundation for the further development of LMFP,thus contributing to its eventual commercialization.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52072217)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFB3807700)+2 种基金the Joint Funds of the Hubei Natural Science Foundation Innovation and Development(No.2022CFD034)Hubei Natural Science Foundation Innovation Group Project(No.2022CFA020)the Major Technological Innovation Project of Hubei Science and Technology Department(No.2019AAA164).
文摘With the rapid development of new energy and the high proportion of new energy connected to the grid,energy storage has become the leading technology driving significant adjustments in the global energy landscape.Electrochemical energy storage,as the most popular and promising energy storage method,has received extensive attention.Currently,the most widely used energy storage method is metal-ion secondary batteries,whose performance mainly depends on the cathode material.Prussian blue analogues(PBAs)have a unique open framework structures that allow quick and reversible insertion/extraction of metal ions such as Na^(+),K^(+),Zn^(2+),Li^(+)etc.,thus attracting widespread attention.The advantages of simple synthesis process,abundant resources,and low cost also distinguish it from its counterparts.Unfortunately,the crystal water and structural defects in the PBAs lattice that is generated during the synthesis process,as well as the low Na content,significantly affect their electrochemical performance.This paper focuses on PBAs’synthesis methods,crystal structure,modification strategies,and their potential applications as cathode materials for various metal ion secondary batteries and looks forward to their future development direction.
文摘Systematic effort dedicated to the exploration of feasible ways how to permanently come up with even more space-efficient implementation of digital circuits based on conventional CMOS technology node may soon reach the ultimate point, which is mostly given by the constraints associated with physical scaling of fundamental electronic components. One of the possible ways of how to mitigate this problem can be recognized in deployment of multifunctional circuit elements. In addition, the polymorphic electronics paradigm, with its considerable independence on a parti- cular technology, opens a way how to fulfil this objective through the adoption of emerging semiconductor materials and advanced synthesis methods. In this paper, main attention is focused on the introduction of polymorphic operators (i.e. digital logic gates) that would allow to further increase the efficiency of multifunctional circuit synthesis techniques. Key aspect depicting the novelty of the proposed approach is primarily based on the intrinsic exploitation of components with ambi- polar conduction property. Finally, relevant models of the polymorphic operators are presented in conjunction with the experimental results.
文摘Sampling synthesis is one of the most practical and widely used approaches among the various sound synthesis methods used for creating a realistic simulation of acoustic instruments. Using numerous high quality sound samples it is possible to reproduce a sound of almost any musical instrument, including subtle variations caused by the registers of an instrument or through the use of different articulation techniques and dynamic levels. However, this method has some disadvantages. Firstly, with high fidelity reproduction systems, the repeatability of samples becomes quickly apparent for more experienced listeners. This is sometimes manually corrected by switching between several different samples of the same note. Secondly, it is standard approach to record and reproduce each note separately. It prevents samplers from reproducing natural note transitions, making fluent, connected articulations, such as legato, unnatural. Finally, samplers provide a very limited number of sound parameters to control. Therefore, it is difficult to introduce a set of purposeful fluctuations of selected parameters uniquely attributable to human performances. A synthesis system which addresses the aforementioned problems has been developed at the Academy of Music in Krakow (Poland) for a group of wind instruments as part of a symphony orchestra. The system is based on a large collection of non-standard samples. Samples contain short sequences of notes instead of single notes. In order to use them, a number of techniques have been implemented to allow the seamless connecting of recorded sequences and the control of note durations as well as tempo and dynamics envelopes. Decision-making algorithms and signal processing are applied to create melodic figures by choosing, modifying, and connecting fragments of samples, while keeping natural note transitions intact. The problem of mimicking human performances is addressed by implementing a set of performance rules. It allows to introduce context-dependent variations into the regular playback of the material contained in the musical notation to properly shape the expression of musical structures, similarly to that of live performances by musicians. This article presents the main modules of the modified sampling synthesis system designed by us as well as its general structure and principle of operation. The modules are responsible for performing musical score analyses, an automatic selection and connection of sound samples, and the application of performance rules.
