Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has played a significant role in the prevention and treatment of chronic heart failure(CHF).To study TCM diagnosis of CHF,a total of 278 Chinese clinical research articles on the study...Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has played a significant role in the prevention and treatment of chronic heart failure(CHF).To study TCM diagnosis of CHF,a total of 278 Chinese clinical research articles on the study of CHF syndromes in recent 40 years retrieved from Web of Science,Scopus,Pub Med,Embase,CNKI,Wanfang Data,Cq VIP,and Sino Med.According to cumulative frequency analysis,network analysis,and hierarchical cluster analysis,the study found the distribution of CHF syndromes was syndrome of qi deficiency with blood stasis,syndrome of qi and yin deficiency,syndrome of yang deficiency with water flooding,syndrome of heart blood stasis obstruction,syndrome of turbid phlegm,and syndrome of collapse due to primordial yang deficiency.The syndrome elements on location of illness were heart,kidney,lung,and spleen.The syndrome elements on nature of illness were qi deficiency,blood stasis,yang deficiency,yin deficiency,water retention,and turbid phlegm.These findings can provide reference to the research on diagnosis and treatment of CHF,and contribute to the study on syndrome standardization and objective research of TCM diagnosis.展开更多
Objective To study the relationship between syndrome elements and anterior communicating artery(ACoA)opening in patients with symptomatic severe carotid artery stenosis/occlusion.Methods Thirty-six patients with sympt...Objective To study the relationship between syndrome elements and anterior communicating artery(ACoA)opening in patients with symptomatic severe carotid artery stenosis/occlusion.Methods Thirty-six patients with symptomatic severe carotid stenosis/occlusion were collected,including 26 patients with cerebral infarction and 10 patients with transient ischemic attack(TIA).Syndrome elements at five time points were collected.Computer tomography angiography(CTA)combined with magenic resonance angiograp(MRA)was used to evaluate the primary collateral circulation,and the prognosis and syndrome elements were statistically analyzed according to whether the ACoA was open or not.Results The ACoA was open more in the primary collateral circulation among patients with symptomatic severe carotid stenosis/occlusion.There was a statistically significant difference in national institute of health stroke scale(NIHSS)score improvement and good prognosis[the modified rankin scale(mRS)≤2]between the ACoA open group and the ACoA nonopen group on the 90th day(P<0.05).The proportion of patients with internal wind syndrome,blood stasis syndrome,Qi deficiency syndrome,and Yin deficiency syndrome in the ACoA non-open group was higher than that in the open group.Conclusion In the patients with severe carotid artery stenosis/occlusion,the group with presence of anterior communicating artery had better prognosis.The syndrome elements are more complex in the group without the presence of anterior communicating artery.The proportion of Qi deficiency syndrome was positively correlated with the non-opening of anterior communicating artery.The imaging evaluation of collateral circulation can provide guidance for syndrome differentiation and treatment.展开更多
Objective To explore the characteristics and differencesinChinesemedicine(CM)syndrome elements among patients with different motor subtypes of Parkinson's disease(PD),and the correlations between CM syndrome eleme...Objective To explore the characteristics and differencesinChinesemedicine(CM)syndrome elements among patients with different motor subtypes of Parkinson's disease(PD),and the correlations between CM syndrome elements and the postural instability and gait difficulty(PICD)subtype.Methods Clinical data and CM syndrome elements information were collected from 96 primary PD patients at Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,over the period from August 2022 to December 2023.The patients were assigned to two groups:PIGD type(43 cases)and non-PIGD type(53 cases).During the research,T-tests,U-tests,X tests,or Fisher's exact tests were used to analyze differences in CM syndrome elements between the groups.Besides,Binary logistic regression was employed to assess the correlations between CM syndrome elements and the PIGD phenotype.Results Compared with the non-PIGD group,individuals with PIGD exhibited a higher prevalence of freezing of gait(FOG)(P<0.001),lower scores on Montreal Cognitive Assessment(MoCA)(P=0.042),and higher levodopa equivalent daily doses(P=0.009).The predominant CM syndrome elements in the PIGD group were Shen deficiency(40/43,93.0%),qi deficiency(35/43,81.4%),Pi deficiency(34/43,79.1%),yin deficiency(29/43,67.4%),and blood deficiency(27/43,62.8%).Compared with the non-PIGD group,the incidence of Shen deficiency(P=0.022),Pi deficiency(P<0.001),qi deficiency(P=0.006),and blood deficiency(P=0.001)was significantly higher in the PIGD group,whereas the incidence of Gan wind was significantly lower(P<0.001).Regression analysis revealed a positive correlation between blood deficiency(OR=5.383,P=0.037)and the PICD subtype,while Gan wind was negatively correlated with it(OR=0.016,P<0.001).Conclusion There are differences in the distribution of CM syndrome elements among different motor subtypes of PD.The PIGD subtype is mainly characterized by deficiencies in Shen,qi,Pi,yin,and blood.Blood deficiency exhibits a positive correlation with the PICD phenotype,whereas Gan wind shows a negative correlation.展开更多
To select the best interestingness measure appropriate for evaluating the correlation between Chinese medicine （CM） syndrome elements and symptoms, 60 objective interestingness measures were selected from differen...To select the best interestingness measure appropriate for evaluating the correlation between Chinese medicine （CM） syndrome elements and symptoms, 60 objective interestingness measures were selected from different subjects. Firstly, a hypothesis for a good measure was proposed. Based on the hypothesis, an experiment was designed to evaluate the measures. The experiment was based on the clinical record database of past dynasties including 51 186 clinical cases. The selected data set in this study had 44 600 records. Cold and heat were selected as the experimental CM syndrome elements. Three indicators calculated according to the distances between two CM syndrome elements were obtained in the experiment and combined into one indicator. The Z score, φ-coefficient, and Kappa were selected from 60 measures after the experiment. The Z score and φ-coefficient were selected according to subjective interestingness. Finally, the φ-coefficient was selected as the best measure for its low The method introduced in this paper may be used in other similar territories.展开更多
Objective To investigate the therapeutic efficacy and potential mechanisms of fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),and to preliminarily identify the traditional Chinese ...Objective To investigate the therapeutic efficacy and potential mechanisms of fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),and to preliminarily identify the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)syndrome element characteristics of FMT in the treatment of T2DM.Methods Between March 25,2023 and September 30,2024,T2DM patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled at the Department of Rheumatology and Endocrinology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.Participants received oral microbiota capsules as an adjunct to metformin therapy.Information obtained by four diagnostic methods of TCM,along with clinical and laboratory parameters,was collected before and after the intervention.Metagenomic sequencing was employed to analyze the gut microbiota,and Spearman correlation analysis was used to explore the relationship between laboratory indicators and differential bacterial genera.According to the post-treatment reduction in glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c),patients were categorized into a response(R)group and a non-response(NR)group.Treatment outcomes,safety indicators,gut microbiota changes,and TCM syndrome element features were compared between the two groups.Results A total of 53 T2DM patients were included in the final analysis,and 30 patients were assigned to R group and 23 to NR group.After treatment,the R group exhibited significant reductions in HbA1c,fasting plasma glucose(FPG),and 2-hour postprandial glucose(2hPG)(P<0.05 or P<0.01).The NR group also showed significant decreases in HbA1c and FPG levels P<0.01 or P<0.05.Compared with the NR group,after treatment,FPG level in the R group demonstrated significant reductions(P<0.01).As compared with before treatment,pancreatic islet function demonstrated enhancement in the R group,a significant increase in the 2-hour pastprandial C-peptide(2hC-P)levels in R group(P<0.05),whereas no marked change was observed in the NR group.Regarding body composition indicators,the R group showed significantly lower waist-hip ratio(WHR),visceral fat(VF),and subcutaneous fat(SF)levels compared with the NR group(P<0.01).After treatment,the NR group exhibited a significant elevation in aspartate aminotransferase(AST)levels(P<0.05).Other safety-related indicators fluctuated within normal reference ranges,and no other adverse events,such as diarrhea,fever,or nausea,were reported.Metagenomic sequencing showed that FMT improved the diversity and richness of the gut microbiota,remodeling its overall structure.At the phylum level,the abundance of p_Firmicutes decreased significantly(P<0.01),while the abundances of p_Bacteroidota and p_Proteobacteria increased significantly(P<0.01).At the family level,among the 125 identified taxa,the abundances of f_Bacteroidaceae,f_Lactobacillaceae,and f_Sutterellaceae were significantly elevated,whereas six families,including f_Lachnospiraceae,f_Ruminococcaceae,and f_Coriobacteriaceae,were significantly decreased(all P<0.05).Among the 367 taxa at the genus level,the top 10 differential genera showed significantly increased abundances of g_Bacteroides and g_Sutterella,and significantly decreased abundances in eight genera,including g_Faecalibacterium,g_Ruminococcus,g_Blautia,and g_Collinsella(all P<0.05).Correlation analysis suggested that the phylum p_Bacillota was positively correlated with improvements in T2DM laboratory parameters,g_norank_f_Prevotellaceae was significantly positively correlated with fasting C-peptide(FC-P)and 2hC-P(P<0.05).HbA1c demonstrated a significantly positive correlation with g_Blautia and g_Gemmiger(P<0.05)and a significantly negative correlation with g_Bacteroides and g_Collinsella(P>0.05).Analysis of syndrome element characteristics revealed that the R group was primarily characterized by pathological patterns of dampness,phlegm,and Yang deficiency.Before treatment,statistically significant reductions in syndrome element scores were observed for dampness,Yang deficiency,spleen,phlegm,Qi deficiency,Qi stagnation,and Yin deficiency(P<0.01),as well as for heat and liver(P<0.05).The NR group was mainly featured with Qi deficiency and Yin deficiency.Statistically significant changes in their syndrome element scores after treatment were noted for Qi deficiency(P<0.01),and for spleen,Qi stagnation,liver,and blood deficiency(P<0.05).In this group,the score changes for Yang deficiency,Yin deficiency,heat,and dampness were not statistically significant(P>0.05).Conclusion The principles of syndrome element differentiation can be effectively applied to predict treatment efficacy and facilitate patient selection for FMT in the treatment of T2DM.Patients with T2DM presented with specific TCM syndrome element characteristics,notably dampness,phlegm,and Yang deficiency,represent a highly responsive population to FMT therapy.展开更多
Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)syndrome is an integral and essential component of TCM theory,and goes beyond philosophic concepts.This article reviews the concept of TCM syndromes and summarizes research findings on...Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)syndrome is an integral and essential component of TCM theory,and goes beyond philosophic concepts.This article reviews the concept of TCM syndromes and summarizes research findings on the biologic foundation of syndromes.In addition,insight is provided into the promotion of standardization of syndrome classification by enforcing uniformity of TCM terminology,applying standardized diagnostic criteria and operating procedures to minimize subjective effects.Also incorporating interdisciplinary approaches such as data mining and structure modeling,as well as integrating findings on biomarker research are discussed.Consideration is made of the fundamental TCM aspects of syndrome elements,symptoms,phenotypic features,as well as diseases,to form an integral process in the diagnostic path.We believe that better understanding of the biologic basis of the TCM syndrome and standardization of syndrome classification will improve diagnosis,which in turn will enhance therapeutic efficacy and disease prognosis.展开更多
In traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),ophthalmic syndrome differentiation is an ophthalmology-specific method for identifying syndromes based on the“Five Orbiculi”theory.It was devised by Professor Qing-Hua PENG thro...In traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),ophthalmic syndrome differentiation is an ophthalmology-specific method for identifying syndromes based on the“Five Orbiculi”theory.It was devised by Professor Qing-Hua PENG through an unprecedented combination of syndrome element differentiation and ophthalmic clinical practices,based on the Clinical Terminology of Chinese Medical Diagnosis and Treatment-Syndromes of the National Standards of the People's Republic of China.This approach integrates an ophthalmic syndrome differentiation system with digital Chinese medicine(DCM),and proposes the extraction of syndrome elements of ophthalmic diseases from research on DCM.These elements are then quantified and organized to form a model of digital diagnosis and treatment specific to ophthalmology,which should help to achieve synergistic development of the ophthalmic syndrome differentiation system and DCM.展开更多
Objective Natural language processing (NLP) was used to excavate and visualize the core content of syndrome element syndrome differentiation (SESD). Methods The first step was to build a text mining and analysis envir...Objective Natural language processing (NLP) was used to excavate and visualize the core content of syndrome element syndrome differentiation (SESD). Methods The first step was to build a text mining and analysis environment based on Python language, and built a corpus based on the core chapters of SESD. The second step was to digitalize the corpus. The main steps included word segmentation, information cleaning and merging, document-entry matrix, dictionary compilation and information conversion. The third step was to mine and display the internal information of SESD corpus by means of word cloud, keyword extraction and visualization. Results NLP played a positive role in computer recognition and comprehension of SESD. Different chapters had different keywords and weights. Deficiency syndrome elements were an important component of SESD, such as "Qi deficiency""Yang deficiency" and "Yin deficiency". The important syndrome elements of substantiality included "Blood stasis""Qi stagnation", etc. Core syndrome elements were closely related. Conclusions Syndrome differentiation and treatment was the core of SESD. Using NLP to excavate syndromes differentiation could help reveal the internal relationship between syndromes differentiation and provide basis for artificial intelligence to learn syndromes differentiation.展开更多
Artificial intelligence(AI)serves as a key technology in global industrial transformation and technological restructuring and as the core driver of the fourth industrial revolution.Currently,deep learning techniques,s...Artificial intelligence(AI)serves as a key technology in global industrial transformation and technological restructuring and as the core driver of the fourth industrial revolution.Currently,deep learning techniques,such as convolutional neural networks,enable intelligent information collection in fields such as tongue and pulse diagnosis owing to their robust feature-processing capabilities.Natural language processing models,including long short-term memory and transformers,have been applied to traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)for diagnosis,syndrome differentiation,and prescription generation.Traditional machine learning algorithms,such as neural networks,support vector machines,and random forests,are also widely used in TCM diagnosis and treatment because of their strong regression and classification performance on small structured datasets.Future research on AI in TCM diagnosis and treatment may emphasize building large-scale,high-quality TCM datasets with unified criteria based on syndrome elements;identifying algorithms suited to TCM theoretical data distributions;and leveraging AI multimodal fusion and ensemble learning techniques for diverse raw features,such as images,text,and manually processed structured data,to increase the clinical efficacy of TCM diagnosis and treatment.展开更多
Objective： Recently, a new traditional Chinese medicine differentiation theory ＂Syndrome Element（SE）＂ has been raised. In this study, the main syndrome element types and their correlations with the results of cor...Objective： Recently, a new traditional Chinese medicine differentiation theory ＂Syndrome Element（SE）＂ has been raised. In this study, the main syndrome element types and their correlations with the results of coronary angiography （CAG） in patients with coronary heart disease （CHD） were investigated. Methods： Epidemiology cross-sectional study method was employed and 324 patients with CHD were enrolled, and their syndrome element types as well as the CAG results were analyzed. The correlations among syndrome element types, Gensini score, and the number of abnormal branches were also analyzed based on the distribution characteristics of syndrome element and coronary angiography results in the 324 cases. Results：According to their occurrence frequency in 324 CHD patients, the top eight major heart syndrome elements were Xin （心） blood stasis （85.8%）, Xin qi deficiency （79.6%）, Xin heat blockage （41.1%）, Xin phlegm with turbid fluid （38.0%）, Xin qi stagnation （24.7%）, Xin yang deficiency （18.9%）, Xin yin deficiency （17.5%） and Xin cold coagulation （4.4%）, respectively, which suggested that Xin blood stasis and Xin qi deficiency were the two most common syndrome elements. Also, as coronary artery Gensini score increased, the changing trend of the syndrome element was ＂Xin yang deficiency with blood stasis＂ to ＂Xin phlegm obstruction with heat blockage＂ to ＂Xin yin deficiency with blood stasis＂ to ＂Xin qi deficiency with blood stasis＂ to ＂Xin cold coagulation with phlegm and turbid fluid, ＂Xin cold coagulation with blood stasis＂ to ＂Xin deficiency of qi, yin and yang＂. As the number of abnormal branches increased, the syndrome element changing trend was simultaneous occurrence of cold and heat syndrome＂ to ＂Xin qi and yang deficiency with blood stasis＂ to ＂Xin retention of phlegm with turbid fluid＂ to ＂Xin cold coagulation in the heart meridian＂, ＂Xin deficiency of both qi and yin＂. The result of this study shows that Xin qi deficiency and Xin blood stasis were the major syndrome elements in patients with CHD. Conclusion： As the severity and extent of coronary artery lesion increased, there were some apparent correlations among syndrome elements, Gensini score and number of abnormal coronary artery branches.展开更多
Background: Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) plays a crucial role in the prevention and control of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19). Objective: The study aimed to reveal the distribution characteristics of COVID-19...Background: Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) plays a crucial role in the prevention and control of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19). Objective: The study aimed to reveal the distribution characteristics of COVID-19 TCM syndrome types and syndrome elements and the law of TCM treatment and medication. Methods: The TCM diagnosis and treatment protocol for COVID-19 and clinical research data were obtained through network retrieval, and Revman 5.3 and SPSS 23.0 were employed to analyze the composition of TCM syndromes and the situation of TCMs in meta and frequency. Results: The top three TCM syndromes of COVID-19 included damp-heat accumulation in the lung pattern, damp abundance due to spleen deficiency, and epidemic toxin invading the lung pattern, while the syndrome elements were dampness, heat, and toxin. Gypsum fibrosum, Pogostemonis herba, and Armeniacae semen were identified as the commonly used drugs. Different syndrome elements were identified at lung disease location: Forsythiae fructus, Glycyrrhizae radix, and Armeniacae semen can be used for “wind;” Glycyrrhizae radix, Armeniacae semen, and Scutellariae radix can be used for “Heat;” Armeniacae semen, Sheng Gypsum fibrosum, and Ephedrae herba can be used for “Toxin;” Ephedrae herba, Armeniacae semen, and Atractylodis rhizome can be used for “Damp;” Magnoliae officinalis Cortex, Ephedrae herba, and Zingiberis Rhizoma recens can be used for “cold;” and Armeniacae semen, Gypsum fibrosum, Ephedrae herba, and Lepidii/Descurainiae semen can be used for “epidemic.” Conclusion: The establishment of a treatment scheme based on the classification of disease syndrome elements should be considered for sudden infectious diseases, such as COVID-19. Pogostemonis herba, Armeniacae semen, Gypsum fibrosum, and Glycyrrhizae radix should be considered as effective drugs from TCM for the treatment of COVID-19.展开更多
基金financed by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81803996)Shanghai Key Laboratory of Health Identification and Assessment(No.21DZ2271000)。
文摘Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has played a significant role in the prevention and treatment of chronic heart failure(CHF).To study TCM diagnosis of CHF,a total of 278 Chinese clinical research articles on the study of CHF syndromes in recent 40 years retrieved from Web of Science,Scopus,Pub Med,Embase,CNKI,Wanfang Data,Cq VIP,and Sino Med.According to cumulative frequency analysis,network analysis,and hierarchical cluster analysis,the study found the distribution of CHF syndromes was syndrome of qi deficiency with blood stasis,syndrome of qi and yin deficiency,syndrome of yang deficiency with water flooding,syndrome of heart blood stasis obstruction,syndrome of turbid phlegm,and syndrome of collapse due to primordial yang deficiency.The syndrome elements on location of illness were heart,kidney,lung,and spleen.The syndrome elements on nature of illness were qi deficiency,blood stasis,yang deficiency,yin deficiency,water retention,and turbid phlegm.These findings can provide reference to the research on diagnosis and treatment of CHF,and contribute to the study on syndrome standardization and objective research of TCM diagnosis.
基金We thank for the funding support from the Science&Technology Development Fund of Tianjin Education Commission for Higher Education(No.2017KJ150).
文摘Objective To study the relationship between syndrome elements and anterior communicating artery(ACoA)opening in patients with symptomatic severe carotid artery stenosis/occlusion.Methods Thirty-six patients with symptomatic severe carotid stenosis/occlusion were collected,including 26 patients with cerebral infarction and 10 patients with transient ischemic attack(TIA).Syndrome elements at five time points were collected.Computer tomography angiography(CTA)combined with magenic resonance angiograp(MRA)was used to evaluate the primary collateral circulation,and the prognosis and syndrome elements were statistically analyzed according to whether the ACoA was open or not.Results The ACoA was open more in the primary collateral circulation among patients with symptomatic severe carotid stenosis/occlusion.There was a statistically significant difference in national institute of health stroke scale(NIHSS)score improvement and good prognosis[the modified rankin scale(mRS)≤2]between the ACoA open group and the ACoA nonopen group on the 90th day(P<0.05).The proportion of patients with internal wind syndrome,blood stasis syndrome,Qi deficiency syndrome,and Yin deficiency syndrome in the ACoA non-open group was higher than that in the open group.Conclusion In the patients with severe carotid artery stenosis/occlusion,the group with presence of anterior communicating artery had better prognosis.The syndrome elements are more complex in the group without the presence of anterior communicating artery.The proportion of Qi deficiency syndrome was positively correlated with the non-opening of anterior communicating artery.The imaging evaluation of collateral circulation can provide guidance for syndrome differentiation and treatment.
文摘Objective To explore the characteristics and differencesinChinesemedicine(CM)syndrome elements among patients with different motor subtypes of Parkinson's disease(PD),and the correlations between CM syndrome elements and the postural instability and gait difficulty(PICD)subtype.Methods Clinical data and CM syndrome elements information were collected from 96 primary PD patients at Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,over the period from August 2022 to December 2023.The patients were assigned to two groups:PIGD type(43 cases)and non-PIGD type(53 cases).During the research,T-tests,U-tests,X tests,or Fisher's exact tests were used to analyze differences in CM syndrome elements between the groups.Besides,Binary logistic regression was employed to assess the correlations between CM syndrome elements and the PIGD phenotype.Results Compared with the non-PIGD group,individuals with PIGD exhibited a higher prevalence of freezing of gait(FOG)(P<0.001),lower scores on Montreal Cognitive Assessment(MoCA)(P=0.042),and higher levodopa equivalent daily doses(P=0.009).The predominant CM syndrome elements in the PIGD group were Shen deficiency(40/43,93.0%),qi deficiency(35/43,81.4%),Pi deficiency(34/43,79.1%),yin deficiency(29/43,67.4%),and blood deficiency(27/43,62.8%).Compared with the non-PIGD group,the incidence of Shen deficiency(P=0.022),Pi deficiency(P<0.001),qi deficiency(P=0.006),and blood deficiency(P=0.001)was significantly higher in the PIGD group,whereas the incidence of Gan wind was significantly lower(P<0.001).Regression analysis revealed a positive correlation between blood deficiency(OR=5.383,P=0.037)and the PICD subtype,while Gan wind was negatively correlated with it(OR=0.016,P<0.001).Conclusion There are differences in the distribution of CM syndrome elements among different motor subtypes of PD.The PIGD subtype is mainly characterized by deficiencies in Shen,qi,Pi,yin,and blood.Blood deficiency exhibits a positive correlation with the PICD phenotype,whereas Gan wind shows a negative correlation.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.30772695,No.81001500)11th Five-Year National Science Support Project of China(No.2006BA108B01-05)National Science and Technology Major Projects(No.2009ZX10005-019)
文摘To select the best interestingness measure appropriate for evaluating the correlation between Chinese medicine （CM） syndrome elements and symptoms, 60 objective interestingness measures were selected from different subjects. Firstly, a hypothesis for a good measure was proposed. Based on the hypothesis, an experiment was designed to evaluate the measures. The experiment was based on the clinical record database of past dynasties including 51 186 clinical cases. The selected data set in this study had 44 600 records. Cold and heat were selected as the experimental CM syndrome elements. Three indicators calculated according to the distances between two CM syndrome elements were obtained in the experiment and combined into one indicator. The Z score, φ-coefficient, and Kappa were selected from 60 measures after the experiment. The Z score and φ-coefficient were selected according to subjective interestingness. Finally, the φ-coefficient was selected as the best measure for its low The method introduced in this paper may be used in other similar territories.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of Joint Fund in China (U22A20376)。
文摘Objective To investigate the therapeutic efficacy and potential mechanisms of fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),and to preliminarily identify the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)syndrome element characteristics of FMT in the treatment of T2DM.Methods Between March 25,2023 and September 30,2024,T2DM patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled at the Department of Rheumatology and Endocrinology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.Participants received oral microbiota capsules as an adjunct to metformin therapy.Information obtained by four diagnostic methods of TCM,along with clinical and laboratory parameters,was collected before and after the intervention.Metagenomic sequencing was employed to analyze the gut microbiota,and Spearman correlation analysis was used to explore the relationship between laboratory indicators and differential bacterial genera.According to the post-treatment reduction in glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c),patients were categorized into a response(R)group and a non-response(NR)group.Treatment outcomes,safety indicators,gut microbiota changes,and TCM syndrome element features were compared between the two groups.Results A total of 53 T2DM patients were included in the final analysis,and 30 patients were assigned to R group and 23 to NR group.After treatment,the R group exhibited significant reductions in HbA1c,fasting plasma glucose(FPG),and 2-hour postprandial glucose(2hPG)(P<0.05 or P<0.01).The NR group also showed significant decreases in HbA1c and FPG levels P<0.01 or P<0.05.Compared with the NR group,after treatment,FPG level in the R group demonstrated significant reductions(P<0.01).As compared with before treatment,pancreatic islet function demonstrated enhancement in the R group,a significant increase in the 2-hour pastprandial C-peptide(2hC-P)levels in R group(P<0.05),whereas no marked change was observed in the NR group.Regarding body composition indicators,the R group showed significantly lower waist-hip ratio(WHR),visceral fat(VF),and subcutaneous fat(SF)levels compared with the NR group(P<0.01).After treatment,the NR group exhibited a significant elevation in aspartate aminotransferase(AST)levels(P<0.05).Other safety-related indicators fluctuated within normal reference ranges,and no other adverse events,such as diarrhea,fever,or nausea,were reported.Metagenomic sequencing showed that FMT improved the diversity and richness of the gut microbiota,remodeling its overall structure.At the phylum level,the abundance of p_Firmicutes decreased significantly(P<0.01),while the abundances of p_Bacteroidota and p_Proteobacteria increased significantly(P<0.01).At the family level,among the 125 identified taxa,the abundances of f_Bacteroidaceae,f_Lactobacillaceae,and f_Sutterellaceae were significantly elevated,whereas six families,including f_Lachnospiraceae,f_Ruminococcaceae,and f_Coriobacteriaceae,were significantly decreased(all P<0.05).Among the 367 taxa at the genus level,the top 10 differential genera showed significantly increased abundances of g_Bacteroides and g_Sutterella,and significantly decreased abundances in eight genera,including g_Faecalibacterium,g_Ruminococcus,g_Blautia,and g_Collinsella(all P<0.05).Correlation analysis suggested that the phylum p_Bacillota was positively correlated with improvements in T2DM laboratory parameters,g_norank_f_Prevotellaceae was significantly positively correlated with fasting C-peptide(FC-P)and 2hC-P(P<0.05).HbA1c demonstrated a significantly positive correlation with g_Blautia and g_Gemmiger(P<0.05)and a significantly negative correlation with g_Bacteroides and g_Collinsella(P>0.05).Analysis of syndrome element characteristics revealed that the R group was primarily characterized by pathological patterns of dampness,phlegm,and Yang deficiency.Before treatment,statistically significant reductions in syndrome element scores were observed for dampness,Yang deficiency,spleen,phlegm,Qi deficiency,Qi stagnation,and Yin deficiency(P<0.01),as well as for heat and liver(P<0.05).The NR group was mainly featured with Qi deficiency and Yin deficiency.Statistically significant changes in their syndrome element scores after treatment were noted for Qi deficiency(P<0.01),and for spleen,Qi stagnation,liver,and blood deficiency(P<0.05).In this group,the score changes for Yang deficiency,Yin deficiency,heat,and dampness were not statistically significant(P>0.05).Conclusion The principles of syndrome element differentiation can be effectively applied to predict treatment efficacy and facilitate patient selection for FMT in the treatment of T2DM.Patients with T2DM presented with specific TCM syndrome element characteristics,notably dampness,phlegm,and Yang deficiency,represent a highly responsive population to FMT therapy.
基金the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)the research theory of Zangxiang based on‘Gan Cang Xue Zhu Shu Xie’,No.2011CB505100the National Natural Science Fund:Anti-Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Research of Calculus bovis under the Theory of Same Treatment for Different Diseases,No.81303260.
文摘Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)syndrome is an integral and essential component of TCM theory,and goes beyond philosophic concepts.This article reviews the concept of TCM syndromes and summarizes research findings on the biologic foundation of syndromes.In addition,insight is provided into the promotion of standardization of syndrome classification by enforcing uniformity of TCM terminology,applying standardized diagnostic criteria and operating procedures to minimize subjective effects.Also incorporating interdisciplinary approaches such as data mining and structure modeling,as well as integrating findings on biomarker research are discussed.Consideration is made of the fundamental TCM aspects of syndrome elements,symptoms,phenotypic features,as well as diseases,to form an integral process in the diagnostic path.We believe that better understanding of the biologic basis of the TCM syndrome and standardization of syndrome classification will improve diagnosis,which in turn will enhance therapeutic efficacy and disease prognosis.
文摘In traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),ophthalmic syndrome differentiation is an ophthalmology-specific method for identifying syndromes based on the“Five Orbiculi”theory.It was devised by Professor Qing-Hua PENG through an unprecedented combination of syndrome element differentiation and ophthalmic clinical practices,based on the Clinical Terminology of Chinese Medical Diagnosis and Treatment-Syndromes of the National Standards of the People's Republic of China.This approach integrates an ophthalmic syndrome differentiation system with digital Chinese medicine(DCM),and proposes the extraction of syndrome elements of ophthalmic diseases from research on DCM.These elements are then quantified and organized to form a model of digital diagnosis and treatment specific to ophthalmology,which should help to achieve synergistic development of the ophthalmic syndrome differentiation system and DCM.
基金the funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81874429)Digital and Applied Research Platform for Diagnosis of Traditional Chinese Medicine (No. 49021003005)+1 种基金2018 Hunan Provincial Postgraduate Research Innovation Project (No. CX2018B465)Excellent Youth Project of Hunan Education Department in 2018 (No. 18B241)
文摘Objective Natural language processing (NLP) was used to excavate and visualize the core content of syndrome element syndrome differentiation (SESD). Methods The first step was to build a text mining and analysis environment based on Python language, and built a corpus based on the core chapters of SESD. The second step was to digitalize the corpus. The main steps included word segmentation, information cleaning and merging, document-entry matrix, dictionary compilation and information conversion. The third step was to mine and display the internal information of SESD corpus by means of word cloud, keyword extraction and visualization. Results NLP played a positive role in computer recognition and comprehension of SESD. Different chapters had different keywords and weights. Deficiency syndrome elements were an important component of SESD, such as "Qi deficiency""Yang deficiency" and "Yin deficiency". The important syndrome elements of substantiality included "Blood stasis""Qi stagnation", etc. Core syndrome elements were closely related. Conclusions Syndrome differentiation and treatment was the core of SESD. Using NLP to excavate syndromes differentiation could help reveal the internal relationship between syndromes differentiation and provide basis for artificial intelligence to learn syndromes differentiation.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Key Program)(No.82230124)Traditional Chinese Medicine Inheritance and Innovation“Ten million”talent project-Qihuang Project Chief Scientist Project(No.0201000401)+1 种基金State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2nd National Traditional Chinese Medicine Inheritance Studio Construction Project(Official Letter of the State Office of Traditional Chinese Medicine[2022]No.245)National Natural Science Foundation of China(General Program)(No.81974556).
文摘Artificial intelligence(AI)serves as a key technology in global industrial transformation and technological restructuring and as the core driver of the fourth industrial revolution.Currently,deep learning techniques,such as convolutional neural networks,enable intelligent information collection in fields such as tongue and pulse diagnosis owing to their robust feature-processing capabilities.Natural language processing models,including long short-term memory and transformers,have been applied to traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)for diagnosis,syndrome differentiation,and prescription generation.Traditional machine learning algorithms,such as neural networks,support vector machines,and random forests,are also widely used in TCM diagnosis and treatment because of their strong regression and classification performance on small structured datasets.Future research on AI in TCM diagnosis and treatment may emphasize building large-scale,high-quality TCM datasets with unified criteria based on syndrome elements;identifying algorithms suited to TCM theoretical data distributions;and leveraging AI multimodal fusion and ensemble learning techniques for diverse raw features,such as images,text,and manually processed structured data,to increase the clinical efficacy of TCM diagnosis and treatment.
基金Supported by Grants from 973 Program of China(No.2003CB517103)
文摘Objective： Recently, a new traditional Chinese medicine differentiation theory ＂Syndrome Element（SE）＂ has been raised. In this study, the main syndrome element types and their correlations with the results of coronary angiography （CAG） in patients with coronary heart disease （CHD） were investigated. Methods： Epidemiology cross-sectional study method was employed and 324 patients with CHD were enrolled, and their syndrome element types as well as the CAG results were analyzed. The correlations among syndrome element types, Gensini score, and the number of abnormal branches were also analyzed based on the distribution characteristics of syndrome element and coronary angiography results in the 324 cases. Results：According to their occurrence frequency in 324 CHD patients, the top eight major heart syndrome elements were Xin （心） blood stasis （85.8%）, Xin qi deficiency （79.6%）, Xin heat blockage （41.1%）, Xin phlegm with turbid fluid （38.0%）, Xin qi stagnation （24.7%）, Xin yang deficiency （18.9%）, Xin yin deficiency （17.5%） and Xin cold coagulation （4.4%）, respectively, which suggested that Xin blood stasis and Xin qi deficiency were the two most common syndrome elements. Also, as coronary artery Gensini score increased, the changing trend of the syndrome element was ＂Xin yang deficiency with blood stasis＂ to ＂Xin phlegm obstruction with heat blockage＂ to ＂Xin yin deficiency with blood stasis＂ to ＂Xin qi deficiency with blood stasis＂ to ＂Xin cold coagulation with phlegm and turbid fluid, ＂Xin cold coagulation with blood stasis＂ to ＂Xin deficiency of qi, yin and yang＂. As the number of abnormal branches increased, the syndrome element changing trend was simultaneous occurrence of cold and heat syndrome＂ to ＂Xin qi and yang deficiency with blood stasis＂ to ＂Xin retention of phlegm with turbid fluid＂ to ＂Xin cold coagulation in the heart meridian＂, ＂Xin deficiency of both qi and yin＂. The result of this study shows that Xin qi deficiency and Xin blood stasis were the major syndrome elements in patients with CHD. Conclusion： As the severity and extent of coronary artery lesion increased, there were some apparent correlations among syndrome elements, Gensini score and number of abnormal coronary artery branches.
基金supported by Shanghai Municipal Health Commission(NO:XGYJKY2022-0307)。
文摘Background: Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) plays a crucial role in the prevention and control of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19). Objective: The study aimed to reveal the distribution characteristics of COVID-19 TCM syndrome types and syndrome elements and the law of TCM treatment and medication. Methods: The TCM diagnosis and treatment protocol for COVID-19 and clinical research data were obtained through network retrieval, and Revman 5.3 and SPSS 23.0 were employed to analyze the composition of TCM syndromes and the situation of TCMs in meta and frequency. Results: The top three TCM syndromes of COVID-19 included damp-heat accumulation in the lung pattern, damp abundance due to spleen deficiency, and epidemic toxin invading the lung pattern, while the syndrome elements were dampness, heat, and toxin. Gypsum fibrosum, Pogostemonis herba, and Armeniacae semen were identified as the commonly used drugs. Different syndrome elements were identified at lung disease location: Forsythiae fructus, Glycyrrhizae radix, and Armeniacae semen can be used for “wind;” Glycyrrhizae radix, Armeniacae semen, and Scutellariae radix can be used for “Heat;” Armeniacae semen, Sheng Gypsum fibrosum, and Ephedrae herba can be used for “Toxin;” Ephedrae herba, Armeniacae semen, and Atractylodis rhizome can be used for “Damp;” Magnoliae officinalis Cortex, Ephedrae herba, and Zingiberis Rhizoma recens can be used for “cold;” and Armeniacae semen, Gypsum fibrosum, Ephedrae herba, and Lepidii/Descurainiae semen can be used for “epidemic.” Conclusion: The establishment of a treatment scheme based on the classification of disease syndrome elements should be considered for sudden infectious diseases, such as COVID-19. Pogostemonis herba, Armeniacae semen, Gypsum fibrosum, and Glycyrrhizae radix should be considered as effective drugs from TCM for the treatment of COVID-19.
