With the advent of phasor measurement unit (PMU) technology, the grid observability has got a new dimension. This facet of technology helps in getting the real-time and dynamic scenario of the grid operations which wa...With the advent of phasor measurement unit (PMU) technology, the grid observability has got a new dimension. This facet of technology helps in getting the real-time and dynamic scenario of the grid operations which was a remote possibility some decades before. Achieving this level of observability puts us at an advantage of responding to the system faults with reduced response time, and helps in restoring the grid stability within fraction of second. This paper demonstrates the detailed fault characterization from the PMU inputs, after illustrations from various real-time examples and different faults occurred in India. This paper tries to shed some light on areas where the accurate fault characterization can help the operator in taking the right decision for reliable grid operations.展开更多
Synchrophasor systems, providing low-latency,high-precision, and time-synchronized measurements to enhance power grid performances, are deployed globally.However, the synchrophasor system as a physical network,involve...Synchrophasor systems, providing low-latency,high-precision, and time-synchronized measurements to enhance power grid performances, are deployed globally.However, the synchrophasor system as a physical network,involves communication constraints and data quality issues, which will impact or even disable certain synchrophasor applications. This work investigates the data quality issue for synchrophasor applications. In Part I, the standards of synchrophasor systems and the classifications and data quality requirements of synchrophasor applications are reviewed. Also, the actual events of synchronization signal accuracy, synchrophasor data loss, and latency are counted and analyzed. The review and statistics are expected to provide an overall picture of data accuracy,loss, and latency issues for synchrophasor applications.展开更多
Synchrophasor devices guarantee situation awareness for real-time monitoring and operational visibility of smart grid. With their widespread implementation,significant challenges have emerged, especially in communicat...Synchrophasor devices guarantee situation awareness for real-time monitoring and operational visibility of smart grid. With their widespread implementation,significant challenges have emerged, especially in communication, data quality and cybersecurity. The existing literature treats these challenges as separate problems,when in reality, they have a complex interplay. This paper conducts a comprehensive review of quality and cybersecurity challenges for synchrophasors, and identifies the interdependencies between them. It also summarizes different methods used to evaluate the dependency and surveys how quality checking methods can be used to detect potential cyberattacks.展开更多
Synchrophasors are time-synchronized electrical measurements that represent both the magnitude and phase angle of the electrical sinusoids. Synchrophasors are measured by fast time-stamped devices called phasor measur...Synchrophasors are time-synchronized electrical measurements that represent both the magnitude and phase angle of the electrical sinusoids. Synchrophasors are measured by fast time-stamped devices called phasor measurement units(PMUs) to constitute the basis of realtime monitoring and control actions in the electric grid.Due to its enhanced situational awareness capabilities,many applications of PMUs are presented in the literature in the past decades. This paper presents a comprehensive summary of synchrophasor technology, its architecture,optimal placement techniques and its applications in electric power transmission and distribution systems. These applications include wide-area situational awareness and monitoring, state estimation, fault location and protective relaying, islanding detection etc. This review also covers some of the existing challenges in its implementation and its potential applications.展开更多
This work investigates the data quality issue for synchrophasor applications, and pays particular attention to synchronization signal loss and synchrophasor data loss events. First, the historical synchronization sign...This work investigates the data quality issue for synchrophasor applications, and pays particular attention to synchronization signal loss and synchrophasor data loss events. First, the historical synchronization signal loss events are analyzed and the potential reasons and solutions are discussed. Then, the scenario of a small amount of synchrophasor data loss is studied and a Lagrange interpolating polynomial method is used to adaptively estimate the incomplete and missing data. The performance of proposed method is demonstrated with simulation results.Specifically, the proposed method considers the trade-off between the estimation accuracy and the hardware cost,and could be efficiently employed in reality.展开更多
By maliciously manipulating the synchrophasors produced by phasor measurement units in power systems,cyber attackers can mislead the control center into taking wrong actions.From the viewpoint of machine learning,norm...By maliciously manipulating the synchrophasors produced by phasor measurement units in power systems,cyber attackers can mislead the control center into taking wrong actions.From the viewpoint of machine learning,normal and malicious synchrophasors may exhibit different spatial distribution characteristics when mapped into a latent space.Hence,a malicious synchrophasor detector can be acquired by training a classification model with instances derived from historical operational synchrophasor data.However,malicious synchrophasors occur infrequently in practice.It is likely to incur a great deal of effort and may even introduce inevitable experience errors when extracting and labeling a sufficient number of malicious synchrophasors from historical operational data for training.For most existing detectors,if they are directly trained with highly imbalanced datasets,their performances may severely deteriorate.In this paper,a novel type of malicious synchrophasor detector is developed based on a combinatorial use of data rebalancing,Bagging-based ensemble learning,and the widely recognized eXtreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost)classifier.Experiments show that although fewer malicious instances are provided,the proposed detector is still capable of detecting malicious synchrophasors.展开更多
The subsynchronous oscillations(SSOs)related to renewable generation seriously affect the stability and safety of the power systems.To realize the dynamic monitoring of SSOs by utilizing the high computational efficie...The subsynchronous oscillations(SSOs)related to renewable generation seriously affect the stability and safety of the power systems.To realize the dynamic monitoring of SSOs by utilizing the high computational efficiency and noise-resilient features of the matrix pencil method(MPM),this paper propos es an improved MPM-based parameter identification with syn chrophasors.The MPM is enhanced by the angular frequency fitting equations based on the characteristic polynomial coeffi cients of the matrix pencil to ensure the accuracy of the identi fied parameters,since the existing eigenvalue solution of the MPM ignores the angular frequency conjugation constraints of the two fundamental modes and two oscillation modes.Then,the identification and recovery of bad data are proposed by uti lizing the difference in temporal continuity of the synchropha sors before and after noise reduction.The proposed parameter identification is verified with synthetic,simulated,and actual measured phase measurement unit(PMU)data.Compared with the existing MPM,the improved MPM achieves better accuracy for parameter identification of each component in SSOs,better real-time performance,and significantly reduces the effect of bad data.展开更多
State estimation is a critical functionality of energy management system(EMS) to provide power system states in real-time operations. However, problems such as failure to converge, prone to failure during contingencie...State estimation is a critical functionality of energy management system(EMS) to provide power system states in real-time operations. However, problems such as failure to converge, prone to failure during contingencies,and biased estimates while system is under stressed condition occur so that state estimation results may not be reliable.The unreliable results further impact downstream network and market applications, such as contingency analysis,voltage stability analysis, transient stability analysis, system alarming, and unit commitment. Thus, operators may lose the awareness of system condition in EMS. This paper proposes a fully independent and one-of-a-kind system by integrating linear state estimator into situational awareness applications based on real-time synchrophasor data. With guaranteed and accurate state estimation solution and advanced real-time data analytic and monitoring functionalities, the system is capable of assisting operators to assess and diagnose current system conditions for proactive and necessary corrective actions. The architecture, building components, and implementation of the proposed system are explored in detail. Two case studies with simulated data from the subsystems of Electric Reliability Council of Texas(ERCOT) and Los Angeles Department of Water and Power(LADWP) are presented. The test results show the effectiveness and reliability of the system, and its value for realtime power system operations.展开更多
The present-day power system is a complex network that caters to the demands of several applications with diverse energy requirements.Such a complex network is susceptible to faults caused due to several reasons such ...The present-day power system is a complex network that caters to the demands of several applications with diverse energy requirements.Such a complex network is susceptible to faults caused due to several reasons such as the failure of the equipment,hostile weather conditions,etc.These faults if not detected in the real-time may lead to cascading failures resulting in a blackout.These blackouts have catastrophic consequences which result in a huge loss of resources.For example,a blackout in 2004 caused an economic loss of 10 billion U.S dollars as per the report of the Electricity Consumers Resource Council.Subsequent investigation of the blackout revealed that the catastrophe could have been prevented if there was an early warning system.Similar other blackouts across the globe forced the power system engineers to devise an effective solution for real-time monitoring and control of the power system.The consequence of these efforts is the wide area measurement system(WAMS).The WAMS consists of several sensors known as the phasor measurement units(PMUs)that collect the real information pertaining to the health of the power grid.This information in the form time synchronized voltage and current phasors is communicated to the central control center or the phasor data concentrator(PDC)where the data is analyzed for detection of power system anomalies.The communication of the synchrophasor data from each PMU to the PDC constitutes the synchrophasor communication system(SPCS).Thus,the SPCS can be considered as the edifice of the WAMS and its reliable operation is essential for the effective monitoring and control of the power system.This paper presents a comprehensive review of the various synchrophasor communication technologies,communication standards and applications.It also identifies the existing knowledge gaps and the scope for future research work.展开更多
Synchrophasor measurements are essential to realtime situational awareness of the smart grid but vulnerable to cyber-attacks during the process of transmission and invocation.To ensure data security and mitigate the i...Synchrophasor measurements are essential to realtime situational awareness of the smart grid but vulnerable to cyber-attacks during the process of transmission and invocation.To ensure data security and mitigate the impact of spoofed synchrophasor measurements,this work proposes a novel object detection method using a Weight-based One-dimensional Convolutional Segmentation Network(WOCSN)with the ability of attack behavior identification and time localization.In WOCSN,automatic data feature extraction can be achieved by onedimensional convolution from the input signal,thereby reducing the impact of handcrafted features.A weight loss function is designed to distribute the contribution for normal and attack signals.Then,attack time is located via the proposed binary method based on pixel segmentation.Furthermore,the actual synchrophasor data collected from four locations are used for the performance evaluation of the WOCSN.Finally,combined with designed evaluation metrics,the time localization ability of WOCSN is validated in the scenarios of composite attacks with different spoofed intensities and time-sensitivities.展开更多
High-precision synchronized measurement data with short measurement latency are required for the applications of phasor measurement units(PMUs).This paper proposes a synchrophasor measurement method based on cascaded ...High-precision synchronized measurement data with short measurement latency are required for the applications of phasor measurement units(PMUs).This paper proposes a synchrophasor measurement method based on cascaded infinite impulse response(IIR)and dual finite impulse response(FIR)filters,meeting the M-class and P-class requirements in the IEC/IEEE 60255-118-1 standard.A low-group-delay IIR filter is designed to remove out-of-band interference components.Two FIR filters with different center frequencies are designed to filter out the fundamental negative frequency component and obtain synchrophasor estimates.The ratio of the amplitudes of the synchrophasor is used to calculate the frequency according to the one-to-one correspondence between the ratio of the amplitude frequency response of the FIR filters and the frequency.To shorten the response time introduced by IIR filter,a step identification and processing method based on the rate of change of frequency(RoCoF)is proposed and analyzed.The synchrophasor is accurately compensated based on the frequency and the frequency response of the IIR and FIR filters,achieving high-precision synchrophasor and frequency estimates with short measurement latency.Simulation and experiment tests demonstrate that the proposed method is superior to existing methods and can provide synchronized measurement data for M-class PMU applications with short measurement latency.展开更多
随着分布式新能源渗透率不断提高,智能配电网电力电子化趋势明显,电气参数更加复杂,亟需研究适用于配电网的同步相量测量装置(Synchrophasor measurement unit for distribution network,D-PMU)。然而,现有通信协议与条件无法满足D-PMU...随着分布式新能源渗透率不断提高,智能配电网电力电子化趋势明显,电气参数更加复杂,亟需研究适用于配电网的同步相量测量装置(Synchrophasor measurement unit for distribution network,D-PMU)。然而,现有通信协议与条件无法满足D-PMU的接入需求。针对该问题,该文设计一种适用于D-PMU的基频相量、谐波/间谐波同步测量、异步传输的结构框架,提出一种谐波/间谐波的数据传输协议,减少了通信负担。在上述框架的条件下,分析网络通信延时与丢包率的影响因素,搭建通信性能测试平台,进行通信性能实际测试,验证所提通信方法的可行性,并根据测试结果提出一种D-PMU通信接入参数的设置方法。展开更多
文摘With the advent of phasor measurement unit (PMU) technology, the grid observability has got a new dimension. This facet of technology helps in getting the real-time and dynamic scenario of the grid operations which was a remote possibility some decades before. Achieving this level of observability puts us at an advantage of responding to the system faults with reduced response time, and helps in restoring the grid stability within fraction of second. This paper demonstrates the detailed fault characterization from the PMU inputs, after illustrations from various real-time examples and different faults occurred in India. This paper tries to shed some light on areas where the accurate fault characterization can help the operator in taking the right decision for reliable grid operations.
基金supported in part by the U.S.National Science Foundation(U.S.NSF)through the U.S.NSF/Department of Energy(DOE)Engineering Research Center Program under Award EEC-1041877 for CURENT
文摘Synchrophasor systems, providing low-latency,high-precision, and time-synchronized measurements to enhance power grid performances, are deployed globally.However, the synchrophasor system as a physical network,involves communication constraints and data quality issues, which will impact or even disable certain synchrophasor applications. This work investigates the data quality issue for synchrophasor applications. In Part I, the standards of synchrophasor systems and the classifications and data quality requirements of synchrophasor applications are reviewed. Also, the actual events of synchronization signal accuracy, synchrophasor data loss, and latency are counted and analyzed. The review and statistics are expected to provide an overall picture of data accuracy,loss, and latency issues for synchrophasor applications.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China (No.CNS-1553494)the Department of Energy Grant (No. 800006104)
文摘Synchrophasor devices guarantee situation awareness for real-time monitoring and operational visibility of smart grid. With their widespread implementation,significant challenges have emerged, especially in communication, data quality and cybersecurity. The existing literature treats these challenges as separate problems,when in reality, they have a complex interplay. This paper conducts a comprehensive review of quality and cybersecurity challenges for synchrophasors, and identifies the interdependencies between them. It also summarizes different methods used to evaluate the dependency and surveys how quality checking methods can be used to detect potential cyberattacks.
文摘Synchrophasors are time-synchronized electrical measurements that represent both the magnitude and phase angle of the electrical sinusoids. Synchrophasors are measured by fast time-stamped devices called phasor measurement units(PMUs) to constitute the basis of realtime monitoring and control actions in the electric grid.Due to its enhanced situational awareness capabilities,many applications of PMUs are presented in the literature in the past decades. This paper presents a comprehensive summary of synchrophasor technology, its architecture,optimal placement techniques and its applications in electric power transmission and distribution systems. These applications include wide-area situational awareness and monitoring, state estimation, fault location and protective relaying, islanding detection etc. This review also covers some of the existing challenges in its implementation and its potential applications.
基金supported in part by the U.S.National Science Foundation(U.S.NSF)through the U.S.NSF/Department of Energy(DOE)Engineering Research Center Program under Award EEC-1041877 for CURENT
文摘This work investigates the data quality issue for synchrophasor applications, and pays particular attention to synchronization signal loss and synchrophasor data loss events. First, the historical synchronization signal loss events are analyzed and the potential reasons and solutions are discussed. Then, the scenario of a small amount of synchrophasor data loss is studied and a Lagrange interpolating polynomial method is used to adaptively estimate the incomplete and missing data. The performance of proposed method is demonstrated with simulation results.Specifically, the proposed method considers the trade-off between the estimation accuracy and the hardware cost,and could be efficiently employed in reality.
基金This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51777081).
文摘By maliciously manipulating the synchrophasors produced by phasor measurement units in power systems,cyber attackers can mislead the control center into taking wrong actions.From the viewpoint of machine learning,normal and malicious synchrophasors may exhibit different spatial distribution characteristics when mapped into a latent space.Hence,a malicious synchrophasor detector can be acquired by training a classification model with instances derived from historical operational synchrophasor data.However,malicious synchrophasors occur infrequently in practice.It is likely to incur a great deal of effort and may even introduce inevitable experience errors when extracting and labeling a sufficient number of malicious synchrophasors from historical operational data for training.For most existing detectors,if they are directly trained with highly imbalanced datasets,their performances may severely deteriorate.In this paper,a novel type of malicious synchrophasor detector is developed based on a combinatorial use of data rebalancing,Bagging-based ensemble learning,and the widely recognized eXtreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost)classifier.Experiments show that although fewer malicious instances are provided,the proposed detector is still capable of detecting malicious synchrophasors.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52077004).
文摘The subsynchronous oscillations(SSOs)related to renewable generation seriously affect the stability and safety of the power systems.To realize the dynamic monitoring of SSOs by utilizing the high computational efficiency and noise-resilient features of the matrix pencil method(MPM),this paper propos es an improved MPM-based parameter identification with syn chrophasors.The MPM is enhanced by the angular frequency fitting equations based on the characteristic polynomial coeffi cients of the matrix pencil to ensure the accuracy of the identi fied parameters,since the existing eigenvalue solution of the MPM ignores the angular frequency conjugation constraints of the two fundamental modes and two oscillation modes.Then,the identification and recovery of bad data are proposed by uti lizing the difference in temporal continuity of the synchropha sors before and after noise reduction.The proposed parameter identification is verified with synthetic,simulated,and actual measured phase measurement unit(PMU)data.Compared with the existing MPM,the improved MPM achieves better accuracy for parameter identification of each component in SSOs,better real-time performance,and significantly reduces the effect of bad data.
文摘State estimation is a critical functionality of energy management system(EMS) to provide power system states in real-time operations. However, problems such as failure to converge, prone to failure during contingencies,and biased estimates while system is under stressed condition occur so that state estimation results may not be reliable.The unreliable results further impact downstream network and market applications, such as contingency analysis,voltage stability analysis, transient stability analysis, system alarming, and unit commitment. Thus, operators may lose the awareness of system condition in EMS. This paper proposes a fully independent and one-of-a-kind system by integrating linear state estimator into situational awareness applications based on real-time synchrophasor data. With guaranteed and accurate state estimation solution and advanced real-time data analytic and monitoring functionalities, the system is capable of assisting operators to assess and diagnose current system conditions for proactive and necessary corrective actions. The architecture, building components, and implementation of the proposed system are explored in detail. Two case studies with simulated data from the subsystems of Electric Reliability Council of Texas(ERCOT) and Los Angeles Department of Water and Power(LADWP) are presented. The test results show the effectiveness and reliability of the system, and its value for realtime power system operations.
文摘The present-day power system is a complex network that caters to the demands of several applications with diverse energy requirements.Such a complex network is susceptible to faults caused due to several reasons such as the failure of the equipment,hostile weather conditions,etc.These faults if not detected in the real-time may lead to cascading failures resulting in a blackout.These blackouts have catastrophic consequences which result in a huge loss of resources.For example,a blackout in 2004 caused an economic loss of 10 billion U.S dollars as per the report of the Electricity Consumers Resource Council.Subsequent investigation of the blackout revealed that the catastrophe could have been prevented if there was an early warning system.Similar other blackouts across the globe forced the power system engineers to devise an effective solution for real-time monitoring and control of the power system.The consequence of these efforts is the wide area measurement system(WAMS).The WAMS consists of several sensors known as the phasor measurement units(PMUs)that collect the real information pertaining to the health of the power grid.This information in the form time synchronized voltage and current phasors is communicated to the central control center or the phasor data concentrator(PDC)where the data is analyzed for detection of power system anomalies.The communication of the synchrophasor data from each PMU to the PDC constitutes the synchrophasor communication system(SPCS).Thus,the SPCS can be considered as the edifice of the WAMS and its reliable operation is essential for the effective monitoring and control of the power system.This paper presents a comprehensive review of the various synchrophasor communication technologies,communication standards and applications.It also identifies the existing knowledge gaps and the scope for future research work.
基金This work is supported in part by the CURENT Industry Partnership Program,in part by the Engineering Research Center Program of the National Science Foundation,DOE under NSF Award Number EEC-1041877in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under award number 52177078in part with the project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation under award number BX20220102.
文摘Synchrophasor measurements are essential to realtime situational awareness of the smart grid but vulnerable to cyber-attacks during the process of transmission and invocation.To ensure data security and mitigate the impact of spoofed synchrophasor measurements,this work proposes a novel object detection method using a Weight-based One-dimensional Convolutional Segmentation Network(WOCSN)with the ability of attack behavior identification and time localization.In WOCSN,automatic data feature extraction can be achieved by onedimensional convolution from the input signal,thereby reducing the impact of handcrafted features.A weight loss function is designed to distribute the contribution for normal and attack signals.Then,attack time is located via the proposed binary method based on pixel segmentation.Furthermore,the actual synchrophasor data collected from four locations are used for the performance evaluation of the WOCSN.Finally,combined with designed evaluation metrics,the time localization ability of WOCSN is validated in the scenarios of composite attacks with different spoofed intensities and time-sensitivities.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52377098)。
文摘High-precision synchronized measurement data with short measurement latency are required for the applications of phasor measurement units(PMUs).This paper proposes a synchrophasor measurement method based on cascaded infinite impulse response(IIR)and dual finite impulse response(FIR)filters,meeting the M-class and P-class requirements in the IEC/IEEE 60255-118-1 standard.A low-group-delay IIR filter is designed to remove out-of-band interference components.Two FIR filters with different center frequencies are designed to filter out the fundamental negative frequency component and obtain synchrophasor estimates.The ratio of the amplitudes of the synchrophasor is used to calculate the frequency according to the one-to-one correspondence between the ratio of the amplitude frequency response of the FIR filters and the frequency.To shorten the response time introduced by IIR filter,a step identification and processing method based on the rate of change of frequency(RoCoF)is proposed and analyzed.The synchrophasor is accurately compensated based on the frequency and the frequency response of the IIR and FIR filters,achieving high-precision synchrophasor and frequency estimates with short measurement latency.Simulation and experiment tests demonstrate that the proposed method is superior to existing methods and can provide synchronized measurement data for M-class PMU applications with short measurement latency.
文摘随着分布式新能源渗透率不断提高,智能配电网电力电子化趋势明显,电气参数更加复杂,亟需研究适用于配电网的同步相量测量装置(Synchrophasor measurement unit for distribution network,D-PMU)。然而,现有通信协议与条件无法满足D-PMU的接入需求。针对该问题,该文设计一种适用于D-PMU的基频相量、谐波/间谐波同步测量、异步传输的结构框架,提出一种谐波/间谐波的数据传输协议,减少了通信负担。在上述框架的条件下,分析网络通信延时与丢包率的影响因素,搭建通信性能测试平台,进行通信性能实际测试,验证所提通信方法的可行性,并根据测试结果提出一种D-PMU通信接入参数的设置方法。
