Tree growth synchrony serves as a valuable ecological indicator of forest resilience to climate stress and disturbances.However,our understanding of how increasing temperature affects tree growth synchrony during rapi...Tree growth synchrony serves as a valuable ecological indicator of forest resilience to climate stress and disturbances.However,our understanding of how increasing temperature affects tree growth synchrony during rapidly and slowly warming periods in ecosystems with varying climatic conditions remains limited.By using tree-ring data from temperate broadleaf(Fraxinus mandshurica,Phellodendron amurense,Quercus mongolica,and Juglans mandshurica)and Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis)mixed forests in northeast China,we investigated the effects of climate change,particularly warming,on the growth synchrony of five dominant temperate tree species across contrasting warm-dry and cool-wet climate conditions.Results show that temperature over water availability was the primary factor driving the growth and growth synchrony of the five species.Growth synchrony was significantly higher in warm-dry than in cool-wet areas,primarily due to more uniform climate conditions and higher climate sensitivity in the former.Rapid warming from the 1960s to the 1990s significantly enhanced tree growth synchrony in both areas,followed by a marked reversal as temperatures exceeded a certain threshold or warming slowed down,particularly in the warm-dry area.The growth synchrony variation patterns of the five species were highly consistent over time,although broadleaves exhibited higher synchrony than conifers,suggesting potential risks to forest resilience and stability under future climate change scenarios.Growing season temperatures and non-growing season temperatures and precipitation had a stronger positive effect on tree growth in the cool-wet area compared to the warm-dry area.High relative humidity hindered growth in the cool-wet area but enhanced it in the warm-dry area.Overall,our study highlights that the diversity and sensitivity of climate-growth relationships directly determine spatiotemporal growth synchrony.Temperature,along with water availability,shape long-term forest dynamics by affecting tree growth and synchrony.These results provide crucial insights for forest management practice to enhance structural diversity and resilience capacity against climate changeinduced synchrony shifts.展开更多
DDeeaarr EEddiittoorr,,The encoding and retrieval of emotional memories demands intricate interplay within the limbic network,where the network state is subject to significant reconfiguration by learning-induced plast...DDeeaarr EEddiittoorr,,The encoding and retrieval of emotional memories demands intricate interplay within the limbic network,where the network state is subject to significant reconfiguration by learning-induced plasticity,behavioral state,and contextual information[1].展开更多
Objective To evaluate short time effects of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) and rtPA thrombolysis+PCI (rtPA+PCI) on myocardial viability and ventricular systolic synchrony in AMI patients.Methods Eig...Objective To evaluate short time effects of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) and rtPA thrombolysis+PCI (rtPA+PCI) on myocardial viability and ventricular systolic synchrony in AMI patients.Methods Eighty seven patients with first AMI were divided into two groups: group A ( n =42), pPCI group, the patients underwent PCI within 6h after onset of AMI; group B ( n =45), rtPA+PCI group, the patients underwent PCI after thrombolysis within 6h after onset of AMI; Myocardial viability was measured by 99m Tc MIBI SPECT. While, the parameters of cardiac function LVEF and ventricular systolic synchrony LVPS were measured by 99m Tc gated cardiac blood pool image on the first and the fourth weekend. Results (1) The peak CK MB was significantly lower in group A than that in group B( P <0.01 ). (2) Myocardial infarction area (MIA) was decreased and radioactivity counts in MIA was significantly increased in group A and B on the 4th weekend compared with that on the first weekend ( P <0.01 ), but there were no significant difference between group A and group B. (3) LVEF, LVPS were no significant difference between group A and group B.Conclusions (1)pPCI in acute myocardial infartion can limit infarct area, maintain ventricular systolic synchrony and improve ventricular function; (2) but, in those hospitals that there were no any condition for PCI, they should transfer the patients to central hospital for PCI after thrombolysis at the first time. It is beneficial to improve myocardial viability and ventricular systolic synchrony of AMI patients in short time.展开更多
目的:分析射波刀Synchrony同步追踪系统的质量保证验证方法是否符合临床肿瘤三维运动的要求,以保证射波刀临床治疗的质量。方法:利用改进的Synchrony模体采集CT影像信息,制订同步呼吸追踪的E2E(end to end)治疗验证计划。执行治疗计划,...目的:分析射波刀Synchrony同步追踪系统的质量保证验证方法是否符合临床肿瘤三维运动的要求,以保证射波刀临床治疗的质量。方法:利用改进的Synchrony模体采集CT影像信息,制订同步呼吸追踪的E2E(end to end)治疗验证计划。执行治疗计划,将装有EBT胶片的球方模体放在治疗床上,球方在不同运动条件下执行模拟验证计划,利用E2E软件对照射后的胶片进行分析,得出同步追踪的治疗误差。结果:射波刀Synchrony同步追踪系统在一维、二维、三维方向的治疗误差分别为0.91、1.03、0.90 mm。结论:射波刀Synchrony同步追踪系统的质量保证验证方法满足临床肿瘤精确治疗的要求。展开更多
Simultaneous heading of plants within the same rice variety, also refer to heading synchrony, is an important factor that affects simultaneous ripening of the variety. Understanding of the genetic basis of heading syn...Simultaneous heading of plants within the same rice variety, also refer to heading synchrony, is an important factor that affects simultaneous ripening of the variety. Understanding of the genetic basis of heading synchrony may contribute to molecular breeding of rice with simultaneous heading and ripening. In the present study, a doubled haploid （DH） population, derived from a cross between Chunjiang 06 and TN1 was used to analyze quantitative trait locus （QTL） for heading synchrony related traits, i.e., early heading date （EHD）, late heading date （LHD）, heading asynchrony （HAS）, and tiller number （PN）. A total of 19 QTLs for four traits distributed on nine chromosomes were detected in two environments. One QTL, qHAS-8 for HAS, explained 27.7% of the phenotypic variation, co-located with the QTLs for EHD and LHD, but it was only significant under long-day conditions in Hangzhou, China. The other three QTLs, qHAS-6, qHAS-9, and qHAS-10, were identified under short-day conditions in Hainan, China, each of which explained about 11% of the phenotypic variation. Two of them, qHAS-6 and qHAS-9, were co-located with the QTLs for EHD and LHD. Two QTLs, qPN-4 and qPN-5 for PN, were detected in Hangzhou, and qPN-5 was also detected in Hainan. However, none of them was co-located with QTLs for EHD, LHD, and HAS, suggesting that PN and HAS were controlled by different genetic factors. The results of this study can be useful in marker assisted breeding for improvement of heading synchrony.展开更多
By applying multiple wavelet coherence (MWC) to data from human body movements in triadic interaction, this study quantified triadic synchrony, rhythmic similarity among three interactants. Thirty-nine Japanese underg...By applying multiple wavelet coherence (MWC) to data from human body movements in triadic interaction, this study quantified triadic synchrony, rhythmic similarity among three interactants. Thirty-nine Japanese undergraduates were randomly assigned in a triad, and engaged in a brain-storming task. Triadic synchrony was quantified by calculating MWC to the time-series movement data collected by Kinect v2 sensor. The existence of synchrony was statistically tested by using a pseudo-synchrony paradigm. Results showed that the averaged value of MWC was higher in the experimental participant trio than in those of the pseudo trio in the frequency band of 0.5 - 1 Hz. The result supports the possible utility of applying multiple wavelet coherence to evaluate triadic synchrony in a small group interaction.展开更多
Objective:To study the correlation of the ultrasound parameters of left ventricular remodeling and systolic synchrony in patients with primary hypertension with serum cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).Met...Objective:To study the correlation of the ultrasound parameters of left ventricular remodeling and systolic synchrony in patients with primary hypertension with serum cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).Methods:134 patients with primary hypertension receiving three-dimensional echocardiography examination in our hospital between May 2013 and March 2016 were selected and divided into the group A with normal pattern (n=71), group B with concentric hypertrophy (n=39) and group C with eccentric hypertrophy (n=24) according to the left ventricular internal diameter at end-diastole (LVIDd) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI), and the ultrasound parameters of left ventricular remodeling and systolic synchrony as well as serum content of cytokines and MMPs were determined.Results: The time to minimal systolic volume of 16-segmental standard deviation (SDI), maximum time difference (DIF), Tpe, Tpe interphase and its correction (Tpec), LVIDd, LVMI and left ventricular remodeling index (LVRI) of group B and group C were significantly higher than those of group A (P<0.05), and SDI, DIF, Tpe, Tpec, LVIDd, LVMI and LVRI of group C were significantly higher than those of group B (P<0.05);serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-17 (IL-17), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), MMP3 and MMP9 content of group B and group C were significantly higher than those of group A (P<0.05), and serum TNF-α, IL-17, TGF-β1, MMP2, MMP3 and MMP9 content of group C were significantly higher than those of group B (P<0.05) and positively correlated with LVIDd, LVMI, LVRI, SDI, DIF, Tpe and Tpec;serum TIMP1 and TIMP2 content of group B and group C were significantly lower than those of group A (P<0.05), and serum TIMP1 and TIMP2 content of group C were significantly lower than those of group B (P<0.05) and negatively correlated with LVIDd, LVMI, LVRI, SDI, DIF, Tpe and Tpec.Conclusions:The ultrasound parameters of left ventricular remodeling and systolic synchrony significantly change in patients with primary hypertension and are closely related to the changes in the content of serum cytokines and MMPs.展开更多
Background Tree rings play an important role in reconstructing past climate.Growth diferences among individual trees due to microclimatic conditions and local disturbances are averaged in developing tree-ring chronolo...Background Tree rings play an important role in reconstructing past climate.Growth diferences among individual trees due to microclimatic conditions and local disturbances are averaged in developing tree-ring chronologies.Here,we addressed the problem of averaging by investigating growth synchrony in individual trees.We used tree-ring data of 1046 juniper trees from 32 sites on the Tibetan Plateau and 538 pine trees from 20 sites in the subtropical region of eastern China and calculated the tree-growth synchrony index(TGS).Results Our results showed that both the TGS index and tree-ring index could be indicators of interannual variation of climatic factors.The TGS index identifed 20%more climatic extremes than tree-ring index over the last 50 years that high synchrony indicates extreme climate forcing in controlling forest growth.Conclusions The TGS index can identify extreme climatic events efectively than tree-ring index.This study provides a novel perspective for climate reconstruction,especially in the realm of tree growth response to extreme climate.Our fndings contribute to understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics and the causes of historical climate extremes and provide guidance for protecting trees from climate extremes in the future.展开更多
The suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus is the master circadian clock in mammals,coordinating physiological processes with the 24-hour day–night cycle.Comprising various cell types,the suprachiasmatic nucleus...The suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus is the master circadian clock in mammals,coordinating physiological processes with the 24-hour day–night cycle.Comprising various cell types,the suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN)integrates environmental signals to maintain complex and robust circadian rhythms.Understanding the complexity and synchrony within SCN neurons is essential for effective circadian clock function.Synchrony involves coordinated neuronal firing for robust rhythms,while complexity reflects diverse activity patterns and interactions,indicating adaptability.Interestingly,the SCN retains circadian rhythms in vitro,demonstrating intrinsic rhythmicity.This study introduces the multiscale structural complexity method to analyze changes in SCN neuronal activity and complexity at macro and micro levels,based on Bagrov et al.’s approach.By examining structural complexity and local complexities across scales,we aim to understand how tetrodotoxin,a neurotoxin that inhibits action potentials,affects SCN neurons.Our method captures critical scales in neuronal interactions that traditional methods may overlook.Validation with the Goodwin model confirms the reliability of our observations.By integrating experimental data with theoretical models,this study provides new insights into the effects of tetrodotoxin(TTX)on neuronal complexities,contributing to the understanding of circadian rhythms.展开更多
Background： Propofol is increasingly nsed during partial support mechanical ventilation such as pressure support ventilation （PSV） in postoperative patients. However breathing pattern, respiratory drive, and patien...Background： Propofol is increasingly nsed during partial support mechanical ventilation such as pressure support ventilation （PSV） in postoperative patients. However breathing pattern, respiratory drive, and patient-ventilator synchrony are affected by the sedative used and the sedation depth. The present study aimed to evaluate the physiologic effects of varying depths ofpropofbl sedation oll respiratory drive and patient-ventilator synchrony during PSV in postoperative patients. Methods： Eight postoperative patients receiving PSV for 〈24 h were enrolled. Propofol was administered to achieve and maintain a Ramsay score of 4, and the inspiratory pressure support was titrated to obtain a tidal volume （VT） of 6-8 ml/kg. Then, tile propolbl dose was reduced to achieve and maintain a Ramsay score of 3 and then 2. At each Ramsay level, the patient underwent 30-rain trials of PSV. We measured the electrical activity of the diaphragm, flow, airway presstlre, neuro-ventilatory efficiency （NVE）, and patient-ventilator synchrony. Results： Increasing the depth of sedation reduced the peak and mean electrical activity of the diaphragm, which suggested a decrease in respiratory drive, while VT remained unchanged. The NVE increased with an increase in the depth of sedation. Minute ventilation and inspiratory duty cycle decreased with an increase in the depth of sedation, but this only achieved statistical significance between Ramsay 2 and both Ramsay 4 and 3 （P 〈 0.05）. The ineffective triggering index increased with increasing sedation depth （9.5 -4- 4.0%, 6.7 - 2.0%, and 4.2-2.1% for Ramsay 4, 3, and 2, respectively） and achieved statistical significance between each pair of depth of sedation （P 〈 0.05）. The depth of sedation did not affect gas exchange. Conclusions： Propofol inhibits respiratory drive and deteriorates patient-ventilator synchrony to tile extent that varies with tile depth of sedation. Propolbl has less effect on breathing pattern and has no effect on VT and gas exchange in postoperative patients with PSV.展开更多
Background:Conventional pressure support ventilation(PSP)is triggered and cycled off by pneumatic signals such as flow.Patient-ventilator asynchrony is common during pressure support ventilation,thereby contributing t...Background:Conventional pressure support ventilation(PSP)is triggered and cycled off by pneumatic signals such as flow.Patient-ventilator asynchrony is common during pressure support ventilation,thereby contributing to an increased inspiratory effort.Using diaphragm electrical activity,neurally controlled pressure support(PSN)could hypothetically eliminate the asynchrony and reduce inspiratory effort.The purpose of this study was to compare the differences between PSN and PSP in terms of patient-ventilator synchrony,inspiratory effort,and breathing pattern.Methods:Eight post-operative patients without respiratory system comorbidity,eight patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS)and obvious restrictive acute respiratory failure(ARF),and eight patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)and mixed restrictive and obstructive ARF were enrolled.Patient-ventilator interactions were analyzed with macro asynchronies(ineffective,double,and auto triggering),micro asynchronies(inspiratory trigger delay,premature,and late cycling),and the total asynchrony index(AI).Inspiratory efforts for triggering and total inspiration were analyzed.Results:Total AI of PSN was consistently lower than that of PSP in COPD(3%vs.93%,P=0.012 for 100%support level;8%vs.104%,P=0.012 for 150%support level),ARDS(8%vs.29%,P=0.012 for 100%support level;16%vs.41%,P=0.017 for 150%support level),and post-operative patients(21%vs.35%,P=0.012 for 100%support level;15%vs.50%,P=0.017 for 150%support level).Improved support levels from 100%to 150%statistically increased total AI during PSP but not during PSN in patients with COPD or ARDS.Patients’inspiratory efforts for triggering and total inspiration were significantly lower during PSN than during PSP in patients with COPD or ARDS under both support levels(P<0.05).There was no difference in breathing patterns between PSN and PSP.Conclusions:PSN improves patient-ventilator synchrony and generates a respiratory pattern similar to PSP independently of any level of support in patients with different respiratory system mechanical properties.PSN,which reduces the trigger and total patient’s inspiratory effort in patients with COPD or ARDS,might be an alternative mode for PSP.Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov,NCT01979627;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01979627.展开更多
Aims Understanding fluctuations in plant reproductive investment can constitute a key challenge in ecology,conservation and manage-ment.Masting events of trees(i.e.the intermittent and synchronous production of abunda...Aims Understanding fluctuations in plant reproductive investment can constitute a key challenge in ecology,conservation and manage-ment.Masting events of trees(i.e.the intermittent and synchronous production of abundant seeding material)is an extreme example of such fluctuations.Our objective was to establish the degree of spa-tial and temporal synchrony in common four masting tree species in boreal Finland and account for potential causal drivers of these patterns.Methods We investigated the spatial intraspecific and temporal interspe-cific fluctuations in annual seed production of four tree species in Finland,silver birch Betula pendula Roth,downy birch Betula pubescens Ehrh.,Norway spruce Picea abies(L.)H.Karst.and row-anberry Sorbus aucuparia L.We also tested to see whether varia-tions in seed production were linked to annual weather conditions.Seeding abundance data were derived from tens of stands per spe-cies across large spatial scales within Finland during 1979 to 2014(for rowanberries only 1986 to 2014).Important Findings All species showed spatial synchrony in seed production at scales up to 1000 km.Annual estimates of seed production were strongly correlated between species.Spring and summer temperatures explained most variation in crop sizes of tree species with 0-to 2-year time lags,whereas rainfall had relatively little influence.Warm weather during flowering(May temperature)in the flower-ing year(Year t)and 2 years before(t−2)were correlated with seed production.However,high May temperatures during the previous year(t−1)adversely affected seed production.Summer tempera-tures in Year t−1 was positively correlated with seed production,likely because this parameter enhances the development of flower primordials,but the effect was negative with a time lag of 2 years.The negative feedback in temperature coefficients is also likely due to patterns of resource allocation,as abundant flowering and seed production in these species is thought to reduce the sub-sequent initiation of potential new flower buds.Since the most important weather variables also showed spatial correlation up to 1000 km,weather parameters likely explain much of the spatial and temporal synchrony in seed production of these four studied tree species.展开更多
Background:Super-responders(SRs)to cardiac resynchronization therapy(CRT)regain near-normal or normal cardiac function.The extent of cardiac synchrony of SRs and whether continuous biventricular(BIV)pacing is needed r...Background:Super-responders(SRs)to cardiac resynchronization therapy(CRT)regain near-normal or normal cardiac function.The extent of cardiac synchrony of SRs and whether continuous biventricular(BIV)pacing is needed remain unknown.The aim of this study was to evaluate the cardiac electrical and mechanical synchrony of SRs.Methods:We retrospectively analyzed CRT recipients between 2008 and 2016 in 2 centers to identify SRs,whose left ventricular(LV)ejection fraction was increased to≥50%at follow-up.Cardiac synchrony was evaluated in intrinsic and BIV-paced rhythms.Electrical synchrony was estimated by QRS duration and LV mechanical synchrony by single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging.Results:Seventeen SRs were included with LV ejection fraction increased from 33.0±4.6%to 59.3±6.3%.The intrinsic QRS duration after super-response was 148.8±30.0 ms,significantly shorter than baseline(174.8±11.9 ms,P=0.004,t=3.379)but longer than BIV-paced level(135.5±16.7 ms,P=0.042,t=2.211).Intrinsic LV mechanical synchrony significantly improved after super-response(phase standard deviation[PSD],51.1±16.5°vs.19.8±8.1°,P<0.001,t=5.726;phase histogram bandwidth(PHB),171.7±64.2°vs.60.5±22.9°,P<0.001,t=5.376)but was inferior to BIV-paced synchrony(PSD,19.8±8.1°vs.15.2±6.4°,P=0.005,t=3.414;PHB,60.5±22.9°vs.46.0±16.3°,P=0.009,t=3.136).Conclusions:SRs had significant improvements in cardiac electrical and LV mechanical synchrony.Since intrinsic synchrony of SRs was still inferior to BIV-paced rhythm,continued BIV pacing is needed to maintain longstanding and synchronized contraction.展开更多
Conifer-feeding budworms emerge from overwintering sites as small larvae in early spring, several days before budburst, and mine old needles. These early-emerging larvae suffer considerable mortality during this forag...Conifer-feeding budworms emerge from overwintering sites as small larvae in early spring, several days before budburst, and mine old needles. These early-emerging larvae suffer considerable mortality during this foraging period as they disperse in search of available, current-year buds. Once buds flush, surviving budworms construct feeding shelters and must complete maturation before fresh host foliage senesces and lignifies later in the summer. Late-developing larvae suffer greater mortality and survivors have lower fecundity when feeding on older foliage. Thus, there is a seasonal trade-off in fitness associated with host synchrony： early-emerging budworms have a greater risk of mortality during spring dispersal but gain better access to the most nutritious foliage, while, on the other hand, late-emerging larvae incur a lower risk during the initial foraging period but must contend with rapidly diminishing resource quality at the end of the feeding period. We investigate the balance that results from these early-season and late-season synchrony fitness trade-offs using the concept of the phenological window. Parameters associated with the variation in the phenological window are used to estimate generational fitness as a function of host-plant synchrony. Because defoliation modifies these relationships, it is also included in the analysis. We show that fitness trade-offs characterizing the phenological window result in a robust synchrony relationship between budworm and host plant over a wide geographic range in southern British Columbia, Canada.展开更多
This article reviews the psychological and neuroscience achievements in concept learning since 2010 from the perspectives of individual learning and social learning,and discusses several issues related to concept lear...This article reviews the psychological and neuroscience achievements in concept learning since 2010 from the perspectives of individual learning and social learning,and discusses several issues related to concept learning,including the assistance of machine learning about concept learning.In terms of individual learning,current evidence shows that the brain tends to process concrete concepts through typical features(shared features);and for abstract concepts,semantic processing is the most important cognitive way.In terms of social learning,interpersonal neural synchrony(INS)is considered the main indicator of efficient knowledge transfer(such as teaching activities between teachers and students),but this phenomenon only broadens the channels for concept sources and does not change the basic mode of individual concept learning.Ultimately,this article argues that the way the human brain processes concepts depends on the concept’s own characteristics,so there are no“better”strategies in teaching,only more“suitable”strategies.展开更多
Although seasonal breeding has been documented in many non-human primates, it is not clear whether sexual behaviors show seasonal variation among male individuals. To test this hypothesis, the focal animal sampling me...Although seasonal breeding has been documented in many non-human primates, it is not clear whether sexual behaviors show seasonal variation among male individuals. To test this hypothesis, the focal animal sampling method and continuous recording were used to investigate seasonal variation and synchronization of sexual behaviors in five male Tibetan macaques （Macaca thibetana） at Mt. Huangshan from Oct 2005 to Sept 2006. Both copulatory and sexually motivated behaviors （i.e., sexual chase, grimace, and sexual-inspection）, which were significantly higher in the mating season than non-mating season. Furthermore, seasonal variations of sexual behaviors, including copulatory and sexually motivated behaviors, were synchronized among males. The results shed light on sexual competition and tactics for reproductive success of male M. thibetana and other non-human primates with seasonal breeding.展开更多
Epicardial Cardiac pacing may lead to severe Mitral Regurgitation by one of the following mechanisms: 1) Inappropriate Atrioventricular interval. 2) Myocardial ischemia due to fast heart rate may cause transient papil...Epicardial Cardiac pacing may lead to severe Mitral Regurgitation by one of the following mechanisms: 1) Inappropriate Atrioventricular interval. 2) Myocardial ischemia due to fast heart rate may cause transient papillary muscle dysfunction. 3) Right Ventricular apical pacing may lead to Left Ventricular dyssynchrony in the presence of optimal Atrioventricular synchrony. Acute severe Mitral Regurgitation leading to acute severe hemodynamic deterioration is a reported complication of Permanent Pacemaker insertion. Our case demonstrated acute severe MR as a consequence of RV Pacing leading to acute hemodynamic deterioration, which was relieved on withdrawal of pacing. Left Ventricular dyssynchrony can be relieved by reducing the peacemaker rate or changing to biventricular pacing, this reduces the severity of Mitral Regurgitation and improves the hemodynamics due to simultaneous activation of left and right ventricles. This case illustrates the acute and potentially dramatic effects of intra-Left Ventricular dyssynchrony upon Mitral Valve function. Informed consent was obtained from the patient to report the case. Thus right ventricular pacing can cause left ventricular dyssynchrony leading to worsening of Mitral Regurgitation. It is important to pay attention to mode of pacing when evaluating Mitral Regurgitation in patients with Right Ventricular pacemaker and unstable hemodynamics after initiation of pacing.展开更多
Among the behavioral traits shared by some nonhuman primate species and humans there is singing. Unfortunately, our understanding of animals' rhythmic abilities is still in its infancy. Indris are the only lemurs ...Among the behavioral traits shared by some nonhuman primate species and humans there is singing. Unfortunately, our understanding of animals' rhythmic abilities is still in its infancy. Indris are the only lemurs who sing and live in monogamous pairs, usually forming a group with their offspri ng. All adult members of a group usually participate in choruses that are emitted regularly and play a role in advertising territorial occupa ncy and in tergroup spaci ng. Males and females emit phrases that have similar frequency ranges but may differ in their temporal structure. We examined whether the individuals' contribution to the song may change according to chorus size, the total duration of the song or the duration of the individual con tribution using the in ter-on set intervals within a phrase and between phrases. We found that the rhythmic structure of indri's songs depends on factors that are different for males and females. We showed that females have sigrdficantly higher variation in the rhythm of their contribution to the song and that, changes according to chorus size. Our findings indicate that female indris sustain a higher cost of singing than males whe n the nu mber of singers in creases. These results suggest that cross-species investigatio ns will be crucial to un derstanding the evoluti on ary frame in which such sexually dimorphic traits occurred.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42107476 and 42177421)the China Postdoctoral International Exchange Fellowship Program(No.PC2021099)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(No.2020RC2058)the China Scholarship Council(CSC,No.202206600004,to D.Yuan).
文摘Tree growth synchrony serves as a valuable ecological indicator of forest resilience to climate stress and disturbances.However,our understanding of how increasing temperature affects tree growth synchrony during rapidly and slowly warming periods in ecosystems with varying climatic conditions remains limited.By using tree-ring data from temperate broadleaf(Fraxinus mandshurica,Phellodendron amurense,Quercus mongolica,and Juglans mandshurica)and Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis)mixed forests in northeast China,we investigated the effects of climate change,particularly warming,on the growth synchrony of five dominant temperate tree species across contrasting warm-dry and cool-wet climate conditions.Results show that temperature over water availability was the primary factor driving the growth and growth synchrony of the five species.Growth synchrony was significantly higher in warm-dry than in cool-wet areas,primarily due to more uniform climate conditions and higher climate sensitivity in the former.Rapid warming from the 1960s to the 1990s significantly enhanced tree growth synchrony in both areas,followed by a marked reversal as temperatures exceeded a certain threshold or warming slowed down,particularly in the warm-dry area.The growth synchrony variation patterns of the five species were highly consistent over time,although broadleaves exhibited higher synchrony than conifers,suggesting potential risks to forest resilience and stability under future climate change scenarios.Growing season temperatures and non-growing season temperatures and precipitation had a stronger positive effect on tree growth in the cool-wet area compared to the warm-dry area.High relative humidity hindered growth in the cool-wet area but enhanced it in the warm-dry area.Overall,our study highlights that the diversity and sensitivity of climate-growth relationships directly determine spatiotemporal growth synchrony.Temperature,along with water availability,shape long-term forest dynamics by affecting tree growth and synchrony.These results provide crucial insights for forest management practice to enhance structural diversity and resilience capacity against climate changeinduced synchrony shifts.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(T2394531)the National Key R&D Program of China(2024YFF1206500)+1 种基金the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(2018SHZDZX01)ZJ Lab,and the Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Technology,China.
文摘DDeeaarr EEddiittoorr,,The encoding and retrieval of emotional memories demands intricate interplay within the limbic network,where the network state is subject to significant reconfiguration by learning-induced plasticity,behavioral state,and contextual information[1].
文摘Objective To evaluate short time effects of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) and rtPA thrombolysis+PCI (rtPA+PCI) on myocardial viability and ventricular systolic synchrony in AMI patients.Methods Eighty seven patients with first AMI were divided into two groups: group A ( n =42), pPCI group, the patients underwent PCI within 6h after onset of AMI; group B ( n =45), rtPA+PCI group, the patients underwent PCI after thrombolysis within 6h after onset of AMI; Myocardial viability was measured by 99m Tc MIBI SPECT. While, the parameters of cardiac function LVEF and ventricular systolic synchrony LVPS were measured by 99m Tc gated cardiac blood pool image on the first and the fourth weekend. Results (1) The peak CK MB was significantly lower in group A than that in group B( P <0.01 ). (2) Myocardial infarction area (MIA) was decreased and radioactivity counts in MIA was significantly increased in group A and B on the 4th weekend compared with that on the first weekend ( P <0.01 ), but there were no significant difference between group A and group B. (3) LVEF, LVPS were no significant difference between group A and group B.Conclusions (1)pPCI in acute myocardial infartion can limit infarct area, maintain ventricular systolic synchrony and improve ventricular function; (2) but, in those hospitals that there were no any condition for PCI, they should transfer the patients to central hospital for PCI after thrombolysis at the first time. It is beneficial to improve myocardial viability and ventricular systolic synchrony of AMI patients in short time.
文摘目的:分析射波刀Synchrony同步追踪系统的质量保证验证方法是否符合临床肿瘤三维运动的要求,以保证射波刀临床治疗的质量。方法:利用改进的Synchrony模体采集CT影像信息,制订同步呼吸追踪的E2E(end to end)治疗验证计划。执行治疗计划,将装有EBT胶片的球方模体放在治疗床上,球方在不同运动条件下执行模拟验证计划,利用E2E软件对照射后的胶片进行分析,得出同步追踪的治疗误差。结果:射波刀Synchrony同步追踪系统在一维、二维、三维方向的治疗误差分别为0.91、1.03、0.90 mm。结论:射波刀Synchrony同步追踪系统的质量保证验证方法满足临床肿瘤精确治疗的要求。
基金supported by the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture (948 project No.2006-G1 and ANTA project No.200803034)the Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province (No.2006C12091 and 2007C32014)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No.R3080016)
文摘Simultaneous heading of plants within the same rice variety, also refer to heading synchrony, is an important factor that affects simultaneous ripening of the variety. Understanding of the genetic basis of heading synchrony may contribute to molecular breeding of rice with simultaneous heading and ripening. In the present study, a doubled haploid （DH） population, derived from a cross between Chunjiang 06 and TN1 was used to analyze quantitative trait locus （QTL） for heading synchrony related traits, i.e., early heading date （EHD）, late heading date （LHD）, heading asynchrony （HAS）, and tiller number （PN）. A total of 19 QTLs for four traits distributed on nine chromosomes were detected in two environments. One QTL, qHAS-8 for HAS, explained 27.7% of the phenotypic variation, co-located with the QTLs for EHD and LHD, but it was only significant under long-day conditions in Hangzhou, China. The other three QTLs, qHAS-6, qHAS-9, and qHAS-10, were identified under short-day conditions in Hainan, China, each of which explained about 11% of the phenotypic variation. Two of them, qHAS-6 and qHAS-9, were co-located with the QTLs for EHD and LHD. Two QTLs, qPN-4 and qPN-5 for PN, were detected in Hangzhou, and qPN-5 was also detected in Hainan. However, none of them was co-located with QTLs for EHD, LHD, and HAS, suggesting that PN and HAS were controlled by different genetic factors. The results of this study can be useful in marker assisted breeding for improvement of heading synchrony.
文摘By applying multiple wavelet coherence (MWC) to data from human body movements in triadic interaction, this study quantified triadic synchrony, rhythmic similarity among three interactants. Thirty-nine Japanese undergraduates were randomly assigned in a triad, and engaged in a brain-storming task. Triadic synchrony was quantified by calculating MWC to the time-series movement data collected by Kinect v2 sensor. The existence of synchrony was statistically tested by using a pseudo-synchrony paradigm. Results showed that the averaged value of MWC was higher in the experimental participant trio than in those of the pseudo trio in the frequency band of 0.5 - 1 Hz. The result supports the possible utility of applying multiple wavelet coherence to evaluate triadic synchrony in a small group interaction.
文摘Objective:To study the correlation of the ultrasound parameters of left ventricular remodeling and systolic synchrony in patients with primary hypertension with serum cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).Methods:134 patients with primary hypertension receiving three-dimensional echocardiography examination in our hospital between May 2013 and March 2016 were selected and divided into the group A with normal pattern (n=71), group B with concentric hypertrophy (n=39) and group C with eccentric hypertrophy (n=24) according to the left ventricular internal diameter at end-diastole (LVIDd) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI), and the ultrasound parameters of left ventricular remodeling and systolic synchrony as well as serum content of cytokines and MMPs were determined.Results: The time to minimal systolic volume of 16-segmental standard deviation (SDI), maximum time difference (DIF), Tpe, Tpe interphase and its correction (Tpec), LVIDd, LVMI and left ventricular remodeling index (LVRI) of group B and group C were significantly higher than those of group A (P<0.05), and SDI, DIF, Tpe, Tpec, LVIDd, LVMI and LVRI of group C were significantly higher than those of group B (P<0.05);serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-17 (IL-17), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), MMP3 and MMP9 content of group B and group C were significantly higher than those of group A (P<0.05), and serum TNF-α, IL-17, TGF-β1, MMP2, MMP3 and MMP9 content of group C were significantly higher than those of group B (P<0.05) and positively correlated with LVIDd, LVMI, LVRI, SDI, DIF, Tpe and Tpec;serum TIMP1 and TIMP2 content of group B and group C were significantly lower than those of group A (P<0.05), and serum TIMP1 and TIMP2 content of group C were significantly lower than those of group B (P<0.05) and negatively correlated with LVIDd, LVMI, LVRI, SDI, DIF, Tpe and Tpec.Conclusions:The ultrasound parameters of left ventricular remodeling and systolic synchrony significantly change in patients with primary hypertension and are closely related to the changes in the content of serum cytokines and MMPs.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grant Nos.32271886 and 32271672)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientifc Expedition and Research Program(STEP)(Grant No.2019QZKK0301)the Qinghai Provincial Forestry and Grassland Administration(project code QHXH-2021-022/Package 2).
文摘Background Tree rings play an important role in reconstructing past climate.Growth diferences among individual trees due to microclimatic conditions and local disturbances are averaged in developing tree-ring chronologies.Here,we addressed the problem of averaging by investigating growth synchrony in individual trees.We used tree-ring data of 1046 juniper trees from 32 sites on the Tibetan Plateau and 538 pine trees from 20 sites in the subtropical region of eastern China and calculated the tree-growth synchrony index(TGS).Results Our results showed that both the TGS index and tree-ring index could be indicators of interannual variation of climatic factors.The TGS index identifed 20%more climatic extremes than tree-ring index over the last 50 years that high synchrony indicates extreme climate forcing in controlling forest growth.Conclusions The TGS index can identify extreme climatic events efectively than tree-ring index.This study provides a novel perspective for climate reconstruction,especially in the realm of tree growth response to extreme climate.Our fndings contribute to understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics and the causes of historical climate extremes and provide guidance for protecting trees from climate extremes in the future.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12275179,11875042,and 12150410309)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(Grant No.21ZR1443900).
文摘The suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus is the master circadian clock in mammals,coordinating physiological processes with the 24-hour day–night cycle.Comprising various cell types,the suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN)integrates environmental signals to maintain complex and robust circadian rhythms.Understanding the complexity and synchrony within SCN neurons is essential for effective circadian clock function.Synchrony involves coordinated neuronal firing for robust rhythms,while complexity reflects diverse activity patterns and interactions,indicating adaptability.Interestingly,the SCN retains circadian rhythms in vitro,demonstrating intrinsic rhythmicity.This study introduces the multiscale structural complexity method to analyze changes in SCN neuronal activity and complexity at macro and micro levels,based on Bagrov et al.’s approach.By examining structural complexity and local complexities across scales,we aim to understand how tetrodotoxin,a neurotoxin that inhibits action potentials,affects SCN neurons.Our method captures critical scales in neuronal interactions that traditional methods may overlook.Validation with the Goodwin model confirms the reliability of our observations.By integrating experimental data with theoretical models,this study provides new insights into the effects of tetrodotoxin(TTX)on neuronal complexities,contributing to the understanding of circadian rhythms.
文摘Background： Propofol is increasingly nsed during partial support mechanical ventilation such as pressure support ventilation （PSV） in postoperative patients. However breathing pattern, respiratory drive, and patient-ventilator synchrony are affected by the sedative used and the sedation depth. The present study aimed to evaluate the physiologic effects of varying depths ofpropofbl sedation oll respiratory drive and patient-ventilator synchrony during PSV in postoperative patients. Methods： Eight postoperative patients receiving PSV for 〈24 h were enrolled. Propofol was administered to achieve and maintain a Ramsay score of 4, and the inspiratory pressure support was titrated to obtain a tidal volume （VT） of 6-8 ml/kg. Then, tile propolbl dose was reduced to achieve and maintain a Ramsay score of 3 and then 2. At each Ramsay level, the patient underwent 30-rain trials of PSV. We measured the electrical activity of the diaphragm, flow, airway presstlre, neuro-ventilatory efficiency （NVE）, and patient-ventilator synchrony. Results： Increasing the depth of sedation reduced the peak and mean electrical activity of the diaphragm, which suggested a decrease in respiratory drive, while VT remained unchanged. The NVE increased with an increase in the depth of sedation. Minute ventilation and inspiratory duty cycle decreased with an increase in the depth of sedation, but this only achieved statistical significance between Ramsay 2 and both Ramsay 4 and 3 （P 〈 0.05）. The ineffective triggering index increased with increasing sedation depth （9.5 -4- 4.0%, 6.7 - 2.0%, and 4.2-2.1% for Ramsay 4, 3, and 2, respectively） and achieved statistical significance between each pair of depth of sedation （P 〈 0.05）. The depth of sedation did not affect gas exchange. Conclusions： Propofol inhibits respiratory drive and deteriorates patient-ventilator synchrony to tile extent that varies with tile depth of sedation. Propolbl has less effect on breathing pattern and has no effect on VT and gas exchange in postoperative patients with PSV.
基金National Science and Technology Major Project(No.2020ZX09201015)Clinical Science and Technology Specific Projects of Jiangsu Province(Nos.BE2018743,BE2019749)+3 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81870066,81670074,81930058)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20171271)Jiangsu Provincial Medical Youth Talent(No.QNRC 2016807)Third Level Talents of the"333 High Level Talents Training Project"in the fifth phase in Jiangsu(No.LGY2016051)。
文摘Background:Conventional pressure support ventilation(PSP)is triggered and cycled off by pneumatic signals such as flow.Patient-ventilator asynchrony is common during pressure support ventilation,thereby contributing to an increased inspiratory effort.Using diaphragm electrical activity,neurally controlled pressure support(PSN)could hypothetically eliminate the asynchrony and reduce inspiratory effort.The purpose of this study was to compare the differences between PSN and PSP in terms of patient-ventilator synchrony,inspiratory effort,and breathing pattern.Methods:Eight post-operative patients without respiratory system comorbidity,eight patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS)and obvious restrictive acute respiratory failure(ARF),and eight patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)and mixed restrictive and obstructive ARF were enrolled.Patient-ventilator interactions were analyzed with macro asynchronies(ineffective,double,and auto triggering),micro asynchronies(inspiratory trigger delay,premature,and late cycling),and the total asynchrony index(AI).Inspiratory efforts for triggering and total inspiration were analyzed.Results:Total AI of PSN was consistently lower than that of PSP in COPD(3%vs.93%,P=0.012 for 100%support level;8%vs.104%,P=0.012 for 150%support level),ARDS(8%vs.29%,P=0.012 for 100%support level;16%vs.41%,P=0.017 for 150%support level),and post-operative patients(21%vs.35%,P=0.012 for 100%support level;15%vs.50%,P=0.017 for 150%support level).Improved support levels from 100%to 150%statistically increased total AI during PSP but not during PSN in patients with COPD or ARDS.Patients’inspiratory efforts for triggering and total inspiration were significantly lower during PSN than during PSP in patients with COPD or ARDS under both support levels(P<0.05).There was no difference in breathing patterns between PSN and PSP.Conclusions:PSN improves patient-ventilator synchrony and generates a respiratory pattern similar to PSP independently of any level of support in patients with different respiratory system mechanical properties.PSN,which reduces the trigger and total patient’s inspiratory effort in patients with COPD or ARDS,might be an alternative mode for PSP.Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov,NCT01979627;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01979627.
基金A.L.received financial support from the Academy of Finland(grant no.275606).
文摘Aims Understanding fluctuations in plant reproductive investment can constitute a key challenge in ecology,conservation and manage-ment.Masting events of trees(i.e.the intermittent and synchronous production of abundant seeding material)is an extreme example of such fluctuations.Our objective was to establish the degree of spa-tial and temporal synchrony in common four masting tree species in boreal Finland and account for potential causal drivers of these patterns.Methods We investigated the spatial intraspecific and temporal interspe-cific fluctuations in annual seed production of four tree species in Finland,silver birch Betula pendula Roth,downy birch Betula pubescens Ehrh.,Norway spruce Picea abies(L.)H.Karst.and row-anberry Sorbus aucuparia L.We also tested to see whether varia-tions in seed production were linked to annual weather conditions.Seeding abundance data were derived from tens of stands per spe-cies across large spatial scales within Finland during 1979 to 2014(for rowanberries only 1986 to 2014).Important Findings All species showed spatial synchrony in seed production at scales up to 1000 km.Annual estimates of seed production were strongly correlated between species.Spring and summer temperatures explained most variation in crop sizes of tree species with 0-to 2-year time lags,whereas rainfall had relatively little influence.Warm weather during flowering(May temperature)in the flower-ing year(Year t)and 2 years before(t−2)were correlated with seed production.However,high May temperatures during the previous year(t−1)adversely affected seed production.Summer tempera-tures in Year t−1 was positively correlated with seed production,likely because this parameter enhances the development of flower primordials,but the effect was negative with a time lag of 2 years.The negative feedback in temperature coefficients is also likely due to patterns of resource allocation,as abundant flowering and seed production in these species is thought to reduce the sub-sequent initiation of potential new flower buds.Since the most important weather variables also showed spatial correlation up to 1000 km,weather parameters likely explain much of the spatial and temporal synchrony in seed production of these four studied tree species.
基金This study was supported by the grants from the Science and Technology Department of Suzhou City(No.KJXW2017057)the Science and Technology Department of Jiangsu Province(No.BE2016764)from the Training Program of“the National Tutorial System”of Suzhou City.
文摘Background:Super-responders(SRs)to cardiac resynchronization therapy(CRT)regain near-normal or normal cardiac function.The extent of cardiac synchrony of SRs and whether continuous biventricular(BIV)pacing is needed remain unknown.The aim of this study was to evaluate the cardiac electrical and mechanical synchrony of SRs.Methods:We retrospectively analyzed CRT recipients between 2008 and 2016 in 2 centers to identify SRs,whose left ventricular(LV)ejection fraction was increased to≥50%at follow-up.Cardiac synchrony was evaluated in intrinsic and BIV-paced rhythms.Electrical synchrony was estimated by QRS duration and LV mechanical synchrony by single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging.Results:Seventeen SRs were included with LV ejection fraction increased from 33.0±4.6%to 59.3±6.3%.The intrinsic QRS duration after super-response was 148.8±30.0 ms,significantly shorter than baseline(174.8±11.9 ms,P=0.004,t=3.379)but longer than BIV-paced level(135.5±16.7 ms,P=0.042,t=2.211).Intrinsic LV mechanical synchrony significantly improved after super-response(phase standard deviation[PSD],51.1±16.5°vs.19.8±8.1°,P<0.001,t=5.726;phase histogram bandwidth(PHB),171.7±64.2°vs.60.5±22.9°,P<0.001,t=5.376)but was inferior to BIV-paced synchrony(PSD,19.8±8.1°vs.15.2±6.4°,P=0.005,t=3.414;PHB,60.5±22.9°vs.46.0±16.3°,P=0.009,t=3.136).Conclusions:SRs had significant improvements in cardiac electrical and LV mechanical synchrony.Since intrinsic synchrony of SRs was still inferior to BIV-paced rhythm,continued BIV pacing is needed to maintain longstanding and synchronized contraction.
文摘Conifer-feeding budworms emerge from overwintering sites as small larvae in early spring, several days before budburst, and mine old needles. These early-emerging larvae suffer considerable mortality during this foraging period as they disperse in search of available, current-year buds. Once buds flush, surviving budworms construct feeding shelters and must complete maturation before fresh host foliage senesces and lignifies later in the summer. Late-developing larvae suffer greater mortality and survivors have lower fecundity when feeding on older foliage. Thus, there is a seasonal trade-off in fitness associated with host synchrony： early-emerging budworms have a greater risk of mortality during spring dispersal but gain better access to the most nutritious foliage, while, on the other hand, late-emerging larvae incur a lower risk during the initial foraging period but must contend with rapidly diminishing resource quality at the end of the feeding period. We investigate the balance that results from these early-season and late-season synchrony fitness trade-offs using the concept of the phenological window. Parameters associated with the variation in the phenological window are used to estimate generational fitness as a function of host-plant synchrony. Because defoliation modifies these relationships, it is also included in the analysis. We show that fitness trade-offs characterizing the phenological window result in a robust synchrony relationship between budworm and host plant over a wide geographic range in southern British Columbia, Canada.
文摘This article reviews the psychological and neuroscience achievements in concept learning since 2010 from the perspectives of individual learning and social learning,and discusses several issues related to concept learning,including the assistance of machine learning about concept learning.In terms of individual learning,current evidence shows that the brain tends to process concrete concepts through typical features(shared features);and for abstract concepts,semantic processing is the most important cognitive way.In terms of social learning,interpersonal neural synchrony(INS)is considered the main indicator of efficient knowledge transfer(such as teaching activities between teachers and students),but this phenomenon only broadens the channels for concept sources and does not change the basic mode of individual concept learning.Ultimately,this article argues that the way the human brain processes concepts depends on the concept’s own characteristics,so there are no“better”strategies in teaching,only more“suitable”strategies.
文摘Although seasonal breeding has been documented in many non-human primates, it is not clear whether sexual behaviors show seasonal variation among male individuals. To test this hypothesis, the focal animal sampling method and continuous recording were used to investigate seasonal variation and synchronization of sexual behaviors in five male Tibetan macaques （Macaca thibetana） at Mt. Huangshan from Oct 2005 to Sept 2006. Both copulatory and sexually motivated behaviors （i.e., sexual chase, grimace, and sexual-inspection）, which were significantly higher in the mating season than non-mating season. Furthermore, seasonal variations of sexual behaviors, including copulatory and sexually motivated behaviors, were synchronized among males. The results shed light on sexual competition and tactics for reproductive success of male M. thibetana and other non-human primates with seasonal breeding.
文摘Epicardial Cardiac pacing may lead to severe Mitral Regurgitation by one of the following mechanisms: 1) Inappropriate Atrioventricular interval. 2) Myocardial ischemia due to fast heart rate may cause transient papillary muscle dysfunction. 3) Right Ventricular apical pacing may lead to Left Ventricular dyssynchrony in the presence of optimal Atrioventricular synchrony. Acute severe Mitral Regurgitation leading to acute severe hemodynamic deterioration is a reported complication of Permanent Pacemaker insertion. Our case demonstrated acute severe MR as a consequence of RV Pacing leading to acute hemodynamic deterioration, which was relieved on withdrawal of pacing. Left Ventricular dyssynchrony can be relieved by reducing the peacemaker rate or changing to biventricular pacing, this reduces the severity of Mitral Regurgitation and improves the hemodynamics due to simultaneous activation of left and right ventricles. This case illustrates the acute and potentially dramatic effects of intra-Left Ventricular dyssynchrony upon Mitral Valve function. Informed consent was obtained from the patient to report the case. Thus right ventricular pacing can cause left ventricular dyssynchrony leading to worsening of Mitral Regurgitation. It is important to pay attention to mode of pacing when evaluating Mitral Regurgitation in patients with Right Ventricular pacemaker and unstable hemodynamics after initiation of pacing.
文摘Among the behavioral traits shared by some nonhuman primate species and humans there is singing. Unfortunately, our understanding of animals' rhythmic abilities is still in its infancy. Indris are the only lemurs who sing and live in monogamous pairs, usually forming a group with their offspri ng. All adult members of a group usually participate in choruses that are emitted regularly and play a role in advertising territorial occupa ncy and in tergroup spaci ng. Males and females emit phrases that have similar frequency ranges but may differ in their temporal structure. We examined whether the individuals' contribution to the song may change according to chorus size, the total duration of the song or the duration of the individual con tribution using the in ter-on set intervals within a phrase and between phrases. We found that the rhythmic structure of indri's songs depends on factors that are different for males and females. We showed that females have sigrdficantly higher variation in the rhythm of their contribution to the song and that, changes according to chorus size. Our findings indicate that female indris sustain a higher cost of singing than males whe n the nu mber of singers in creases. These results suggest that cross-species investigatio ns will be crucial to un derstanding the evoluti on ary frame in which such sexually dimorphic traits occurred.
