Background: Respiratory infections challenge the swine industry, despite common medicinal practices. The dual signaling nature of PGE2(supporting both inflammation and resolution) makes it a potent regulator of immune...Background: Respiratory infections challenge the swine industry, despite common medicinal practices. The dual signaling nature of PGE2(supporting both inflammation and resolution) makes it a potent regulator of immune cell function. Therefore, the use of dietary long chain n-6 PUFA to enhance PGE2 effects merits investigation.Methods: Day-old pigs(n = 60) were allotted to one of three dietary groups for 21 d(n = 20/diet), and received either a control diet(CON, arachidonate = 0.5% of total fatty acids), an arachidonate(ARA)-enriched diet(LC n-6,ARA = 2.2%), or an eicosapentaenoic(EPA)-enriched diet(LC n-3, EPA = 3.0%). Alveolar macrophages and lung parenchymal tissue were collected for fatty acid analysis. Isolated alveolar macrophages were stimulated with LPS in situ for 24 h, and m RNA was isolated to assess markers associated with inflammation and eicosanoid production.Culture media were collected to assess PGE2 secretion. Oxidative burst in macrophages was measured by: 1)oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification(via Seahorse), 2) cytoplasmic oxidation and 3) nitric oxide production following 4, 18, and 24 h of LPS stimulation.Results: Concentration of ARA(% of fatty acids, w/w) in macrophages from pigs fed LC n-6 was 86% higher than CON and 18% lower in pigs fed LC n-3(P < 0.01). Following LPS stimulation, abundance of COX-2 and TNF-α mRNA(P < 0.0001), and PGE2 secretion(P < 0. 01) were higher in LC n-6 PAM vs. CON. However, ALOX5 abundance was1.6-fold lower than CON. Macrophages from CON and LC n-6 groups were 4-fold higher in ALOX12/15 abundance(P < 0.0001) compared to LC n-3. Oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rates increased over 4 h following LPS stimulation(P < 0.05) regardless of treatment. Similarly, increases in cytoplasmic oxidation(P < 0.001)and nitric oxide production(P < 0.002) were observed after 18 h of LPS stimulation but were unaffected by diet.Conclusions: We infer that enriching diets with arachidonic acid may be an effective means to enhance a stronger innate immunologic response to respiratory challenges in neonatal pigs. However, further work is needed to examine long-term safety, clinical efficacy and economic viability.展开更多
It is generally believed that the expression of a gene is restricted ＂within the right place and at the right time＂. This principle has long been considered applicable as well to the expression of immunoglobulin （I...It is generally believed that the expression of a gene is restricted ＂within the right place and at the right time＂. This principle has long been considered applicable as well to the expression of immunoglobulin （Ig） lymphocytes of B cell lineage. However, increasing evidence has shown Ig ＂paradoxically＂ expressed in malignant tumors of epithelial origin. We reviewed the recent progress in the study of cancer-derived Ig, and also discussed its mechanisms and possible functions, trying to arouse interest and attention to those working in the field of immunology and oncology.展开更多
Activation-induced deaminase （AID） initiates the secondary antibody diversification process in B lymphocytes. In mammalian B cells, this process includes somatic hypermutation （SHM） and class switch recombination ...Activation-induced deaminase （AID） initiates the secondary antibody diversification process in B lymphocytes. In mammalian B cells, this process includes somatic hypermutation （SHM） and class switch recombination （CSR）, both of which require AID. AID induces U：G mismatch lesions in DNA that are subsequently converted into point mutations or DNA double stranded breaks during SHM/CSR. In a physiological context, AID targets immunogiobulin （Ig） loci to mediate SHM/CSR. However, recent studies reveal genome-wide access of AID to numerous non-Ig loci. Thus, AID poses a threat to the genome of B cells if AID-initiated DNA lesions cannot be properly repaired. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms that regulate the specificity of AID targeting and the repair pathways responsible for processing AID-initiated DNA lesions.展开更多
Recently, immunoglobulins （Igs） were unexpectedly found to be expressed in epithelial cancers. Immunoglobulin class switching or class switch recombination （CSR） is a natural biological process that alters a B cel...Recently, immunoglobulins （Igs） were unexpectedly found to be expressed in epithelial cancers. Immunoglobulin class switching or class switch recombination （CSR） is a natural biological process that alters a B cell＇s production of antibodies （immunoglobulins） from one class to another. However, the mechanism of CSR of Iggenes in cancer is still unknown. Here, we confirmed by detecting the hallmark of CSR that the Iga gene in cancer underwent CSR. Then we focused on activation-induced cytidine deaminase （AID）, a crucial factor for initiating CSR. Further studies using tumor necrosis factor （TNF）-α stimulation and specific inhibitor of NF-KB revealed that TNF-α could increase AID expression through NF-κB signaling. Finally, we demonstrated that AID could co-localize with protein kinase A and bind to the switching （Sα） region of the Igα gene. Overexpression of AID obviously enhanced Igα heavy chain expression and its binding ability to the Sa region. These findings indicated that TNF-α-induced AID expression is involved with CSR in cancer.展开更多
基金funded in part by the North Carolina State University Agricultural Foundation,USDA-NIFA Animal Health Program
文摘Background: Respiratory infections challenge the swine industry, despite common medicinal practices. The dual signaling nature of PGE2(supporting both inflammation and resolution) makes it a potent regulator of immune cell function. Therefore, the use of dietary long chain n-6 PUFA to enhance PGE2 effects merits investigation.Methods: Day-old pigs(n = 60) were allotted to one of three dietary groups for 21 d(n = 20/diet), and received either a control diet(CON, arachidonate = 0.5% of total fatty acids), an arachidonate(ARA)-enriched diet(LC n-6,ARA = 2.2%), or an eicosapentaenoic(EPA)-enriched diet(LC n-3, EPA = 3.0%). Alveolar macrophages and lung parenchymal tissue were collected for fatty acid analysis. Isolated alveolar macrophages were stimulated with LPS in situ for 24 h, and m RNA was isolated to assess markers associated with inflammation and eicosanoid production.Culture media were collected to assess PGE2 secretion. Oxidative burst in macrophages was measured by: 1)oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification(via Seahorse), 2) cytoplasmic oxidation and 3) nitric oxide production following 4, 18, and 24 h of LPS stimulation.Results: Concentration of ARA(% of fatty acids, w/w) in macrophages from pigs fed LC n-6 was 86% higher than CON and 18% lower in pigs fed LC n-3(P < 0.01). Following LPS stimulation, abundance of COX-2 and TNF-α mRNA(P < 0.0001), and PGE2 secretion(P < 0. 01) were higher in LC n-6 PAM vs. CON. However, ALOX5 abundance was1.6-fold lower than CON. Macrophages from CON and LC n-6 groups were 4-fold higher in ALOX12/15 abundance(P < 0.0001) compared to LC n-3. Oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rates increased over 4 h following LPS stimulation(P < 0.05) regardless of treatment. Similarly, increases in cytoplasmic oxidation(P < 0.001)and nitric oxide production(P < 0.002) were observed after 18 h of LPS stimulation but were unaffected by diet.Conclusions: We infer that enriching diets with arachidonic acid may be an effective means to enhance a stronger innate immunologic response to respiratory challenges in neonatal pigs. However, further work is needed to examine long-term safety, clinical efficacy and economic viability.
基金grants from China Medicine Board (No. 96655, No. 04-799)State Key Basic Research andDevelopment Plan (973) of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (No. 2004CB518703)+4 种基金National High Technology Research and Development Program (863) of China (No. 2006AA02A404)Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 38930410, No. 30530710)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 39080015, No. 39400153, No. 39470299, No. 39600082, No. 69700170, No. 30171047, No. 30271218, No. 30471968, No. 30570700, No. 30772465)National Natural Science Funds for Distinguished Young Scholar (No. 39525022)Key Project of Hunan Province (04SK1001).
文摘It is generally believed that the expression of a gene is restricted ＂within the right place and at the right time＂. This principle has long been considered applicable as well to the expression of immunoglobulin （Ig） lymphocytes of B cell lineage. However, increasing evidence has shown Ig ＂paradoxically＂ expressed in malignant tumors of epithelial origin. We reviewed the recent progress in the study of cancer-derived Ig, and also discussed its mechanisms and possible functions, trying to arouse interest and attention to those working in the field of immunology and oncology.
文摘Activation-induced deaminase （AID） initiates the secondary antibody diversification process in B lymphocytes. In mammalian B cells, this process includes somatic hypermutation （SHM） and class switch recombination （CSR）, both of which require AID. AID induces U：G mismatch lesions in DNA that are subsequently converted into point mutations or DNA double stranded breaks during SHM/CSR. In a physiological context, AID targets immunogiobulin （Ig） loci to mediate SHM/CSR. However, recent studies reveal genome-wide access of AID to numerous non-Ig loci. Thus, AID poses a threat to the genome of B cells if AID-initiated DNA lesions cannot be properly repaired. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms that regulate the specificity of AID targeting and the repair pathways responsible for processing AID-initiated DNA lesions.
文摘Recently, immunoglobulins （Igs） were unexpectedly found to be expressed in epithelial cancers. Immunoglobulin class switching or class switch recombination （CSR） is a natural biological process that alters a B cell＇s production of antibodies （immunoglobulins） from one class to another. However, the mechanism of CSR of Iggenes in cancer is still unknown. Here, we confirmed by detecting the hallmark of CSR that the Iga gene in cancer underwent CSR. Then we focused on activation-induced cytidine deaminase （AID）, a crucial factor for initiating CSR. Further studies using tumor necrosis factor （TNF）-α stimulation and specific inhibitor of NF-KB revealed that TNF-α could increase AID expression through NF-κB signaling. Finally, we demonstrated that AID could co-localize with protein kinase A and bind to the switching （Sα） region of the Igα gene. Overexpression of AID obviously enhanced Igα heavy chain expression and its binding ability to the Sa region. These findings indicated that TNF-α-induced AID expression is involved with CSR in cancer.
