Sweat could be a carrier of informative biomarkers for health status identification;therefore,wearable sweat sensors have attracted significant attention for research.An external power source is an important component...Sweat could be a carrier of informative biomarkers for health status identification;therefore,wearable sweat sensors have attracted significant attention for research.An external power source is an important component of wearable sensors,however,the current power supplies,i.e.,batteries,limit further shrinking down the size of these devices and thus limit their application areas and scenarios.Herein,we report a stretchable self-powered biosensor with epidermal electronic format that enables the in situ detec-tion of lactate and glucose concentration in sweat.Enzymatic biofuel cells serve as self-powered sensing modules allowing the sweat sensor to exhibit a determination coefficient(R2)of 0.98 with a sensitivity of 2.48 mV/mM for lactate detection,and R2 of 0.96 with a sensitivity of 0.11 mV/μM for glucose detection.The microfluidic channels developed in an ultra-thin soft flexible polydimethylsiloxane layer not only enable the effective collection of sweat,but also provide excellent mechanical properties with stable performance output even under 30%stretching.The presented soft sweat sensors can be integrated at nearly any location of the body for the continuous monitoring of lactate and glucose changes during normal daily activities such as exercise.Our results provide a promising approach to develop next-generation sweat sensors for real-time and in situ sweat analysis.展开更多
Advanced in wireless technologies and flexible materials with great biocompatibility,wearable devices have been utilized in the field of healthcare,sports management,and diseases prevention,which have been widely appl...Advanced in wireless technologies and flexible materials with great biocompatibility,wearable devices have been utilized in the field of healthcare,sports management,and diseases prevention,which have been widely applied in current electronic equipment.Sweat,as a common metabolite on the skin surface,contains a wealth of biomarkers for disease detection and diagnosis.Therefore,developing wearable sweat sensors can provide a non⁃invasive method for health data collecting,sports monitoring,and clinical diagnosis in a convenient way.Recent research in sweat metabolomics has offered a lot of information for sweat analysis and the wearable sweat sensors with small size,various sensing,and transmission units,and good skin contact has exhibited dynamic multi⁃signal detection.This article introduces the biomarkers in sweat related to different diseases and the current development of sweat sensors for users activation monitoring and diseases detection.The barriers and difficulties in the future are also discussed and perspectives in the next generation sweat sensors are proposed.展开更多
Sweat,as a biofluid with the potential for noninvasive collection,provides profound insights into human health conditions,because it contains various chemicals and information to be utilized for the monitoring of well...Sweat,as a biofluid with the potential for noninvasive collection,provides profound insights into human health conditions,because it contains various chemicals and information to be utilized for the monitoring of well-being,stress levels,exercise,and nutrition.Recently,wearable sweat sensors have been developed as a promising substitute to conventional laboratory sweat detection methods.Such sensors are promising to realize low-cost,real-time,in situ sweat measurements,and provide great opportunities for health status evaluation analysis based on personalized big data.This review first presents an overview of wearable sweat sensors from the perspective of basic components,including materials and structures for specific sensing applications and modalities.Current strategies and specific methods of the fabrication of wearable power management are also summarized.Finally,current challenges and future directions of wearable sweat sensors are discussed.展开更多
Sweat contains numerous vital biomarkers such as metabolites,electrolytes,proteins,nucleic acids and antigens that reflect hydration status,exhaustion,nutrition,and physiological changes.Conventional healthcare diagno...Sweat contains numerous vital biomarkers such as metabolites,electrolytes,proteins,nucleic acids and antigens that reflect hydration status,exhaustion,nutrition,and physiological changes.Conventional healthcare diagnosis relies on disease diagnostics in sophisticated centralized laboratories with invasive sample collection(e.g.,chemical analyses,plasma separation via centrifugation,tissue biopsy,etc.).Cutting-edge point-of-care diagnostics for sweat biomarker analysis allow for non-invasive monitoring of physiologically related biomarkers in sweat and real-time health status tracking.Moreover,using advanced nanoarchitectures,including nanostructured platforms and nanoparticles,can enhance the specificity,sensitivity,wearability and widen the sensing modality of sweat biosensors.Herein,we comprehensively review the secretory mechanisms,clinical uses of sweat biomarkers,and the design,principle,and latest technologies of sweat biosensors.With an emphasis on cutting-edge technologies for sweat biomarker analysis,this review chronicles the issues associated with the current sweat biomarkers analysis of sweat biomarkers and provides insights into strategies for enhancing the translation of such biosensors into routine clinical practice.展开更多
Sweat loss monitoring is important for understanding the body’s thermoregulation and hydration status,as well as for comprehensive sweat analysis.Despite recent advances,developing a low-cost,scalable,and universal m...Sweat loss monitoring is important for understanding the body’s thermoregulation and hydration status,as well as for comprehensive sweat analysis.Despite recent advances,developing a low-cost,scalable,and universal method for the fabrication of colorimetric microfluidics designed for sweat loss monitoring remains challenging.In this study,we propose a novel laserengraved surface roughening strategy for various flexible substrates.This process permits the construction of microchannels that show distinct structural reflectance changes before and after sweat filling.By leveraging these unique optical properties,we have developed a fully laser-engraved microfluidic device for the quantification of naked-eye sweat loss.This sweat loss sensor is capable of a volume resolution of 0.5µL and a total volume capacity of 11µL,and can be customized to meet different performance requirements.Moreover,we report the development of a crosstalk-free dual-mode sweat microfluidic system that integrates an Ag/AgCl chloride sensor and a matching wireless measurement flexible printed circuit board.This integrated system enables the real-time monitoring of colorimetric sweat loss signals and potential ion concentration signals without crosstalk.Finally,we demonstrate the potential practical use of this microfluidic sweat loss sensor and its integrated system for sports medicine via on-body studies.展开更多
Real-time monitoring of ion content variations in humans offers a noninvasive approach to ensuring health,made possible through wearable sensors.However,challenges such as the low capacitance of the solid-contact(SC)l...Real-time monitoring of ion content variations in humans offers a noninvasive approach to ensuring health,made possible through wearable sensors.However,challenges such as the low capacitance of the solid-contact(SC)layer and the formation of a water layer hinder the low-concentration ion detection and stable performance of these sensors.To address these limitations,a novel design is proposed using graphene quantum dots(GQD)-doped polypyrrole(PPy)nano-dendritic membranes,combined with a hydrophobic Nafion membrane,for sweat ion sensors.The GQD-doped PPy membrane serves as the SC layer,where GQD enhance capacitance and the nano-dendritic structure improves ion-to-electron transduction efficiency.Meanwhile,the hydrophobic Nafion membrane prevents water layer formation,stabilizing the sensor's performance.This design significantly improves both the sensitivity(from 49 m V/decade to 70 m V/decade)and stability(potential drift decreasing from 1.3 m V/h to18.7μV/h)of the sensor.Leveraging this configuration,Na^(+)and K^(+)sensors are integrated onto a flexible electrode using a dispense-coupled inkjet printing technique.This enables real-time,continuous monitoring of Na^(+)and K^(+) concentrations in human sweat simultaneously.The proposed sensing device demonstrates strong potential for noninvasive sweat monitoring,contributing to enhanced health management in daily life.展开更多
Wearable biosensors provide continuous,real-time physiological monitoring of biochemical markers in biofluids such as sweat,tears,saliva,and interstitial fluid.However,achieving high stretchability and stable biochemi...Wearable biosensors provide continuous,real-time physiological monitoring of biochemical markers in biofluids such as sweat,tears,saliva,and interstitial fluid.However,achieving high stretchability and stable biochemical signal monitoring remains challenging.Here,we propose a hybrid microstructure(HMS)strategy to fabricate highly stretchable multifunctional biosensors capable of detecting sweat electrolyte concentrations,pH levels,and surface electromyography(EMG)signals.By integrating a HMS,stable conductivity under large strains is ensured.Stretching tests up to 5000 cycles demonstrated the electrodes’stretchable stability and reliability.The high-performance electrodes were used for EMG monitoring on human skin.Additionally,active materials were coated onto the stretchable electrodes to create multifunctional sweat sensors capable of monitoring pH as well as calcium,sodium,and potassium ions(Ca^(2+),Na^(+),K^(+)).The electrodes reliably maintained their functionality under 60%strain,providing new insights into the fabrication of stable,highly stretchable biosensors.展开更多
基金the City University of Hong Kong,China(Nos.9610423,9667199,and 9667221)Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,China(No.21210820)+2 种基金Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission,China(No.JCYJ20200109110201713)Science and Technology of Sichuan Province,China(No.2020YFH0181)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2019TQ0051).
文摘Sweat could be a carrier of informative biomarkers for health status identification;therefore,wearable sweat sensors have attracted significant attention for research.An external power source is an important component of wearable sensors,however,the current power supplies,i.e.,batteries,limit further shrinking down the size of these devices and thus limit their application areas and scenarios.Herein,we report a stretchable self-powered biosensor with epidermal electronic format that enables the in situ detec-tion of lactate and glucose concentration in sweat.Enzymatic biofuel cells serve as self-powered sensing modules allowing the sweat sensor to exhibit a determination coefficient(R2)of 0.98 with a sensitivity of 2.48 mV/mM for lactate detection,and R2 of 0.96 with a sensitivity of 0.11 mV/μM for glucose detection.The microfluidic channels developed in an ultra-thin soft flexible polydimethylsiloxane layer not only enable the effective collection of sweat,but also provide excellent mechanical properties with stable performance output even under 30%stretching.The presented soft sweat sensors can be integrated at nearly any location of the body for the continuous monitoring of lactate and glucose changes during normal daily activities such as exercise.Our results provide a promising approach to develop next-generation sweat sensors for real-time and in situ sweat analysis.
基金Sponsored by the Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2019YFB1310200)the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51521003)the Self⁃Planned Task of State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System,Harbin Institute of Technology(Grant Nos.SKLRS201801B and SKLRS201607B).
文摘Advanced in wireless technologies and flexible materials with great biocompatibility,wearable devices have been utilized in the field of healthcare,sports management,and diseases prevention,which have been widely applied in current electronic equipment.Sweat,as a common metabolite on the skin surface,contains a wealth of biomarkers for disease detection and diagnosis.Therefore,developing wearable sweat sensors can provide a non⁃invasive method for health data collecting,sports monitoring,and clinical diagnosis in a convenient way.Recent research in sweat metabolomics has offered a lot of information for sweat analysis and the wearable sweat sensors with small size,various sensing,and transmission units,and good skin contact has exhibited dynamic multi⁃signal detection.This article introduces the biomarkers in sweat related to different diseases and the current development of sweat sensors for users activation monitoring and diseases detection.The barriers and difficulties in the future are also discussed and perspectives in the next generation sweat sensors are proposed.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51975513 and 52105593)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province,China(No.LR20E050003)and the Major Research Plan of Ningbo Innovation 2025(No.2020Z022).
文摘Sweat,as a biofluid with the potential for noninvasive collection,provides profound insights into human health conditions,because it contains various chemicals and information to be utilized for the monitoring of well-being,stress levels,exercise,and nutrition.Recently,wearable sweat sensors have been developed as a promising substitute to conventional laboratory sweat detection methods.Such sensors are promising to realize low-cost,real-time,in situ sweat measurements,and provide great opportunities for health status evaluation analysis based on personalized big data.This review first presents an overview of wearable sweat sensors from the perspective of basic components,including materials and structures for specific sensing applications and modalities.Current strategies and specific methods of the fabrication of wearable power management are also summarized.Finally,current challenges and future directions of wearable sweat sensors are discussed.
基金supported by the JSPS fellowship to M.K.M(Grant Number P20039)support from JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project(JPMJER2003)+1 种基金the funding from the Queensland government through the Advance Queensland Fellowship Program(AQIRF043-2020-CV)supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council(NHMRC,1195451).
文摘Sweat contains numerous vital biomarkers such as metabolites,electrolytes,proteins,nucleic acids and antigens that reflect hydration status,exhaustion,nutrition,and physiological changes.Conventional healthcare diagnosis relies on disease diagnostics in sophisticated centralized laboratories with invasive sample collection(e.g.,chemical analyses,plasma separation via centrifugation,tissue biopsy,etc.).Cutting-edge point-of-care diagnostics for sweat biomarker analysis allow for non-invasive monitoring of physiologically related biomarkers in sweat and real-time health status tracking.Moreover,using advanced nanoarchitectures,including nanostructured platforms and nanoparticles,can enhance the specificity,sensitivity,wearability and widen the sensing modality of sweat biosensors.Herein,we comprehensively review the secretory mechanisms,clinical uses of sweat biomarkers,and the design,principle,and latest technologies of sweat biosensors.With an emphasis on cutting-edge technologies for sweat biomarker analysis,this review chronicles the issues associated with the current sweat biomarkers analysis of sweat biomarkers and provides insights into strategies for enhancing the translation of such biosensors into routine clinical practice.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62174152)。
文摘Sweat loss monitoring is important for understanding the body’s thermoregulation and hydration status,as well as for comprehensive sweat analysis.Despite recent advances,developing a low-cost,scalable,and universal method for the fabrication of colorimetric microfluidics designed for sweat loss monitoring remains challenging.In this study,we propose a novel laserengraved surface roughening strategy for various flexible substrates.This process permits the construction of microchannels that show distinct structural reflectance changes before and after sweat filling.By leveraging these unique optical properties,we have developed a fully laser-engraved microfluidic device for the quantification of naked-eye sweat loss.This sweat loss sensor is capable of a volume resolution of 0.5µL and a total volume capacity of 11µL,and can be customized to meet different performance requirements.Moreover,we report the development of a crosstalk-free dual-mode sweat microfluidic system that integrates an Ag/AgCl chloride sensor and a matching wireless measurement flexible printed circuit board.This integrated system enables the real-time monitoring of colorimetric sweat loss signals and potential ion concentration signals without crosstalk.Finally,we demonstrate the potential practical use of this microfluidic sweat loss sensor and its integrated system for sports medicine via on-body studies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22278010,22125801)the Science and Technology Innovation Key R&D Program of Chongqing(CSTB2024TIAD-STX0024)。
文摘Real-time monitoring of ion content variations in humans offers a noninvasive approach to ensuring health,made possible through wearable sensors.However,challenges such as the low capacitance of the solid-contact(SC)layer and the formation of a water layer hinder the low-concentration ion detection and stable performance of these sensors.To address these limitations,a novel design is proposed using graphene quantum dots(GQD)-doped polypyrrole(PPy)nano-dendritic membranes,combined with a hydrophobic Nafion membrane,for sweat ion sensors.The GQD-doped PPy membrane serves as the SC layer,where GQD enhance capacitance and the nano-dendritic structure improves ion-to-electron transduction efficiency.Meanwhile,the hydrophobic Nafion membrane prevents water layer formation,stabilizing the sensor's performance.This design significantly improves both the sensitivity(from 49 m V/decade to 70 m V/decade)and stability(potential drift decreasing from 1.3 m V/h to18.7μV/h)of the sensor.Leveraging this configuration,Na^(+)and K^(+)sensors are integrated onto a flexible electrode using a dispense-coupled inkjet printing technique.This enables real-time,continuous monitoring of Na^(+)and K^(+) concentrations in human sweat simultaneously.The proposed sensing device demonstrates strong potential for noninvasive sweat monitoring,contributing to enhanced health management in daily life.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFC2414500,2023YFC2414502)National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(62201558,62101544,62101545,62201559 and 12074402)+5 种基金Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program(KQTD20210811090217009)Shenzhen Science and Technology Pro-gram(KJZD20230923114108015)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2023B1515040008)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2023B1515120090)Shenzhen Major Science and Technology Projects(KJZD20230923114710022)Key Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance and Multimodality Imaging of Guangdong Province(2023B1212060052).
文摘Wearable biosensors provide continuous,real-time physiological monitoring of biochemical markers in biofluids such as sweat,tears,saliva,and interstitial fluid.However,achieving high stretchability and stable biochemical signal monitoring remains challenging.Here,we propose a hybrid microstructure(HMS)strategy to fabricate highly stretchable multifunctional biosensors capable of detecting sweat electrolyte concentrations,pH levels,and surface electromyography(EMG)signals.By integrating a HMS,stable conductivity under large strains is ensured.Stretching tests up to 5000 cycles demonstrated the electrodes’stretchable stability and reliability.The high-performance electrodes were used for EMG monitoring on human skin.Additionally,active materials were coated onto the stretchable electrodes to create multifunctional sweat sensors capable of monitoring pH as well as calcium,sodium,and potassium ions(Ca^(2+),Na^(+),K^(+)).The electrodes reliably maintained their functionality under 60%strain,providing new insights into the fabrication of stable,highly stretchable biosensors.
