As an important component of secondary aerosols,sulfate plays a crucial role in regulating atmospheric radiative balance and influencing the secondary formation of ozone(O_(3)).In real atmosphere,atmospheric oxidants ...As an important component of secondary aerosols,sulfate plays a crucial role in regulating atmospheric radiative balance and influencing the secondary formation of ozone(O_(3)).In real atmosphere,atmospheric oxidants NO_(2)and O_(3)can promote the oxidation of SO_(2)to form sulfate(SO_(4)^(2−))through multiphase chemistry that occur at different time scales.Due to the combined impact of meteorology,pollution sources,atmospheric chemistry,etc.,time-scale dependence of SO_(2)-SO_(4)^(2−)conversion makes the impact of NO_(2)/O_(3)on it more complex.In this study,based on long-term time series(2013-2020)of air pollution variables from seven stations in Hong Kong,the Multifractal Detrended Cross-Correlation Analysis(MFDCCA)method has been employed to quantify the cross-correlations between SO_(2)and SO_(4)^(2−)in real atmosphere at different time scales,for examining the time-scale dependence of SO_(2)-SO_(4)^(2−)conversion efficiency.Furthermore,the Pearson correlation analysis has been used to study the influence of NO_(2)/O_(3)on SO_(2)-SO_(4)^(2−)conversion,and the regional and seasonal differences have been analyzed by considering factors such as meteorology,pollution sources,and regional transport.Changes in the main components of secondary aerosols are closely linked with the co-control of regional PM_(2.5)and O_(3).Therefore,the exploration of the impact of co-existing NO_(2)/O_(3)gases on the secondary formation of sulfates in real atmosphere is significant.展开更多
The photochemical conversion of SO_(2) to sulfates on 4-(benzoyl)benzoic acid(4-BBA)was investigated deeply in the presence of anionic and cationic surfactants.The types of surfactants determined their effect behavior...The photochemical conversion of SO_(2) to sulfates on 4-(benzoyl)benzoic acid(4-BBA)was investigated deeply in the presence of anionic and cationic surfactants.The types of surfactants determined their effect behaviors,and cationic surfactants can significantly enhance the SO_(2) oxidation on 4-BBA under irradiation,as shown by larger SO_(2) uptake coefficients and sulfate production.Hydrophilic moieties in cationic surfactants have a greater enhancement effect on the photochemical conversion of SO_(2) to sulfates than the corresponding hydrophobic moieties.Cationic surfactants obviously increased the accumulation of H_(2)O on the surface,which was proved to be the main factor influencing the SO_(2) uptake and the sulfate formation on 4-BBA.SO_(2) lifetime and sulfate formation rate in the mixture system of photosensitive substances with surfactants were evaluated to be 2.25 days and 0.09μg/(m^(3)·h),respectively.展开更多
Herein,two antimony sulfates,named RbSb(SO_(4))_(2)(1)and CsSb(SO_(4))_(2)(2),have been successfully synthesized with the introduction of Sb^(3+)cation with stereochemically active lone pairs(SCALP)into sulfates by th...Herein,two antimony sulfates,named RbSb(SO_(4))_(2)(1)and CsSb(SO_(4))_(2)(2),have been successfully synthesized with the introduction of Sb^(3+)cation with stereochemically active lone pairs(SCALP)into sulfates by the conventional hydrothermal method.Both two compounds endow short ultraviolet(UV)absorption edges(281 nm and 278 nm,respectively)and large birefringence(0.171@546 nm and 0.174@546 nm,respectively),which means that they are promising short-wave UV optical materials.Interestingly,though both of the two compounds exhibit similar 1D chained structures,and possess the same functional moieties including SbO4 seesaws and SO4 tetrahedral groups,they exhibit significantly opposite macroscopic symmetries,i.e.,compound 1 crystallizes in a centrosymmetric(CS)manner(P2_(1)/n)and compound 2 in a noncentrosymmetric(NCS)manner(P2_(1)2_(1)2_(1)),due to the size of cations[r(Rb+)=1.56 A˚,r(Cs+)=1.67 A˚]affects the orientation of SCALP of the adjacent Sb^(3+).展开更多
To evaluate the feasibility of recovering Pb and Zn sulfides and Ag-containing minerals from Zn leaching residue by the process of reduction roasting followed by flotation,the reaction behaviors of Pb and Zn sulfates ...To evaluate the feasibility of recovering Pb and Zn sulfides and Ag-containing minerals from Zn leaching residue by the process of reduction roasting followed by flotation,the reaction behaviors of Pb and Zn sulfates during this process were investigated.Chemical analysis showed that the transformation ratios of PbSO4 and ZnSO4 could reach 65.51%and 52.12%,respectively,after reduction roasting,and the introduction of a sulfidation agent could improve the transformation ratios of these sulfates.scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy(SEM-EDS)revealed that temperature obviously affects the particle size,crystal growth,and morphology of the artificial Pb and Zn sulfide minerals.Particle size analysis demonstrated that the particle size of the materials increases after roasting.Flotation tests revealed that a flotation concentrate composed of 12.01wt%Pb,27.78wt%Zn,and 6.975×10^(−2)wt%Ag with recoveries of 60.54%,29.24%,and 57.64%,respectively,could be obtained after roasting.展开更多
Understanding the influence of sulfates over catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH_(3)(NH_(3)-SCR)is crucial due to the universal presence of SO_(2)in exhaust gas.Depending on the degree of sulfati...Understanding the influence of sulfates over catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH_(3)(NH_(3)-SCR)is crucial due to the universal presence of SO_(2)in exhaust gas.Depending on the degree of sulfation,there mainly exist surface and bulk sulfates and NH_(3)-SCR activity is generally considered to suffer more from bulk sulfates.Herein,the unique function of bulk sulfates over Ce O_(2)in promoting hightemperature SCR reaction is revealed.Notably,compared with CeO_(2)dominated with surface sulfates(S-CeO_(2)-4h)and commercial V_2O_5-WO_(3)/TiO_(2),CeO_(2)with bulk sulfates(S-Ce O_(2)-72h)exhibits admirable NO conversion at the temperature range of 400-550℃.Bulk sulfates provide more Br?nsted acid sites with stronger strength for NH_(3)adsorption.Moreover,the oxidation ability of Ce O_(2)is significantly inhibited due to electron-withdrawing effect from bulk sulfates,which alleviates NH_(3)oxidation at high temperatures.More NH_(3)adsorption with high stability and limited NH_(3)oxidation capacity ensure the excellent catalytic performance for S-CeO_(2)-72h in high-temperature denitration.This work provides new insight of bulk sulfates in promoting SCR activity and open a new avenue to design de NO_xcatalysts employed at high temperatures.展开更多
The hygroscopicity and optical properties of alkylaminium sulfates （AASs） were investigated using a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer coupled to a cavity ring-down spectrometer and a nephelometer....The hygroscopicity and optical properties of alkylaminium sulfates （AASs） were investigated using a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer coupled to a cavity ring-down spectrometer and a nephelometer. AAS particles do not exhibit a deliquescence phenomenon and show a monotonic increase in diameter as the relative humidity （RH） ascends. Hygroscopic growth factors （GFs） for 40, 100 and 150 nm alkylaminium sulfate particles do not show an apparent Kelvin effect when RH is less than 45%, whereas GFs of the salt aerosols increase with initial particle size when RH is higher than 45%. Calculation using the Zdanovskii-Stokes-Robinson mixing rule suggests that hygroscopic growth of triethylaminium sulfate-ammonium sulfate mixtures is non-deliquescent, occurring at very low RH, implying that the displacement of ammonia by amine will significantly enhance the hygroscopicity of （NH4）2SO4 aerosols. In addition, light extinction of AAS particles is a combined effect of both scattering and absorption under dry conditions, but is dominated by scattering under wet conditions.展开更多
Neutral aqueous alkali sulfate has shown great interests for developing environmentally friendly high voltage and high energy supercapacitors. This work focuses on systematically investigating the properties of symmet...Neutral aqueous alkali sulfate has shown great interests for developing environmentally friendly high voltage and high energy supercapacitors. This work focuses on systematically investigating the properties of symmetric carbon/carbon supercapacitors in neutral aqueous alkali sulfates. At room temperature, the largest power and energy density were obtained with K2SO4 electrolyte due to the smallest cation dimensions and highest electrical conductivity. At low temperature, aqueous Li2SO4 electrolyte presents the best performance due to the largest solubility, allowing a long-term stability at temperatures ranging between 20℃ and –10℃ at a maximum voltage of 1.8 V. The excellent stability has been confirmed that capacitance retention achieves as high as 92% after 10,000 cycles. The capacitance variations with temperatures could essentially result from kinetic diffusion barrier, ion dimension changes and fewer pseudo-capacitance contributions under different temperatures. This work highlights the selected virtues of different alkali sulfate electrolytes for enhanced supercapacitors.展开更多
To explore the effects of ligustrazine on bone marrow heparan sulfates (HS) expression in bone marrow transplantation (BMT) mice, the syngeneic BMT mice were orally given 2 mg ligustrazine twice a day. On the 7th, 10t...To explore the effects of ligustrazine on bone marrow heparan sulfates (HS) expression in bone marrow transplantation (BMT) mice, the syngeneic BMT mice were orally given 2 mg ligustrazine twice a day. On the 7th, 10th, 14th, 18th day after BMT, peripheral blood cells and bone marrow nuclear cells (BMNC) were counted, and the expression levels of HS in bone marrow and on the stromal cell surfaces were detected by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry assay respectively. In ligustrazine-treated group, the white blood cells (WBC) and BMNC on the 7th, 10th, 14th, 18th day and platelets (PLT) on the 7th, 10th day were all significantly more than those in control group (P<0.05). The bone marrow HS expression levels in ligustrazine-treated group were higher than those in control group (P<0.05) on the 7th, 10th, 14th, 18th day. However, the HS expression levels on the stromal cell surfaces showed no significant difference between the two groups on the 18th day (P>0.05). It was concluded that ligustrazine could up-regulate HS expression in bone marrow, which might be one of the mechanisms contributing to ligustrazine promoting hematopoietic reconstitution after BMT.展开更多
For the 2008 Olympic Games, drastic control measures were implemented on industrial and urban emissions of sulfur dioxide （SO2）, nitrogen oxides （NOx） and other pollutants to address the issues of poor air quality...For the 2008 Olympic Games, drastic control measures were implemented on industrial and urban emissions of sulfur dioxide （SO2）, nitrogen oxides （NOx） and other pollutants to address the issues of poor air quality in Beijing. To investigate the effects of SO2 and NOx reductions on the particulate sulfate and nitrate concentrations as well as their size distributions, size-segregated aerosol samples were collected using micro-orifice uniform deposit impactors （MOUDIs） at urban and downwind rural sites in Beijing before and after full-scale controls. During the sampling period, the mass concentrations of fine particles （PMI.s） at the urban and rural sites were 94.0 and 85.9 p.g m-3, respectively. More than 90% of the sulfates and 60% of nitrates formed as fine particles. Benefiting from the advantageous meteorological conditions and the source controls, sulfates were observed in rather low concentrations and primarily in condensation mode during the Olympics. The effects of the control measures were separately analyzed for the northerly and the southerly air-mass-dominated days to account for any bias. After the control measures were implemented, PM, sulfates, and nitrates were significantly reduced when the northerly air masses prevailed, with a higher percentage of reduction in larger particles. The droplet mode particles, which dominated the sulfates and nitrates before the controls were implemented, were remarkably reduced in mass concentration after the control measures were implemented. Nevertheless, when the polluted southerly air masses prevailed, the local source control measures in Beijing did not effectively reduce the ambient sulfate concentration due to the enormous regional contribution from the North China Plain.展开更多
Numerous light rare earth elements(LREE)minerals containing Fe and P were processed by sulfuric acid roasting method,and the leaching solution mainly comprises LREE sulfate,Fe2(SO4)3,H3PO4,and H2SO4,however,the solubi...Numerous light rare earth elements(LREE)minerals containing Fe and P were processed by sulfuric acid roasting method,and the leaching solution mainly comprises LREE sulfate,Fe2(SO4)3,H3PO4,and H2SO4,however,the solubility data of LREE sulfates in this system is few.This work studies the solubility of LREE sulfates in independent LREE sulfate system RE2(SO4)3-Fe2(SO4)3-H3 PO4-H2SO4(RE=La,Ce,Pr or Nd)and mixed LREE sulfates system(La,Ce,Pr,Nd)2(SO4)3-Fe2(SO4)3-H3 PO4-H2SO4 at different temperature(25-65℃)and concentrations of Fe2(SO4)3(Fe2 O3,0-50.13 g/L),H2SO4(0.5 mol/L),and H3 PO4(P2 O5,20.34 g/L)based on the industrial operating condition at low liquid and solid ratio 2:1.The solubility of each LREE sulfate in the independent system(La2 O3,12.25-20.88 g/L;CeO2,41.93-62.35 g/L;Pr6 O11,37.34-56.69 g/L;Nd2 O3,26.60-37.63 g/L)is much higher than that of the mixed system(La2 O3,6.95-11.03 g/L;CeO2,10.63-21.51 g/L;Pr6 O11,11.56-20.36 g/L;Nd2 O3,12.36-19.79 g/L)under the same other conditions.The results also indicate that,in the two systems,both Fe and the temperature have negative effects on the solubility of LREE sulfates.That may occur due to the complication reactions between the complexes of RESO4+and Fe(SO4)2-.However,the influence degree of temperature and iron concentration on the LREE sulfates solubility varies in the two systems and among different LREE species.This research is of theoretical significance for optimizing the conditions of the sulfuric acid process for recovering the LREE from the mixed LREE bearing minerals as well as the single LREE containing secondary rare earth scraps.展开更多
Seven new rare earth transition metal sulfates were synthesized by hydrothermal reactions under conditions slightly above the critical point of water. Their crystal structures were determined from single crystal X-ray...Seven new rare earth transition metal sulfates were synthesized by hydrothermal reactions under conditions slightly above the critical point of water. Their crystal structures were determined from single crystal X-ray data. The compositions of the new compounds can be represented by two general formulae ： REM （OH） 3 （SO4） and RE2M （OH） 3 （SO4） 2F （H2O） with RE = Gd, Tb, Dy ; M = Ni, Cu. Three different crystal structure types were found for the formula REM （OH） 3 （SO4）. The structures of the new compounds all feature infinite chains of REOn coordination polyhedra, which are connected to chains of CuO6 or NiO6 octabedra. The limited size range of the rare earth cations observed in these compounds is most likely because of interactions between the octabedral chains and the chains of REOn polyhedra. The new compounds are closely related to the known yttrium transition metal sulfates.展开更多
The kinetic characteristics of alkenes involved in thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) have been never reported in geological literature. In this study, TSR by ethene under hydrothermal conditions was performed in ...The kinetic characteristics of alkenes involved in thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) have been never reported in geological literature. In this study, TSR by ethene under hydrothermal conditions was performed in the constrained simulation experiments. Typical TSR products consisted of H<sub>2</sub>S, CO<sub>2</sub>, mercaptans, sulfides, thiophenes derivatives and benzothiophene. The apparent activation energy E and apparent frequency factor A for TSR by ethene were determined as 76.370 kJ/mol and 4.579 s<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. The lower activation energy for ethene involved in TSR relative to ethane suggested that the reactivity of ethene is much higher than that of ethane, in accordance with the thermodynamic analysis. Rate constants were determined experimentally using first-order kinetics extrapolate to MgSO<sub>4</sub> half-lives of 67.329 years - 3.053 years in deep burial diagenetic settings (120°C - 180°C). These values demonstrate that the reaction rate for TSR by ethene is extraordinarily fast in high-temperature gas reservoirs (120°C - 180°C). Consequently, the newly formed ethene from thermal cracking and TSR alteration of natural gas and/or petroleum could not survive after TSR process and were rarely detected in natural TSR reservoirs.展开更多
Sulfate minerals are widely distributed across various geological settings on Earth and provide critical insights into a range of geochemical processes and environmental evolution.Both modern and ancient sulfates poss...Sulfate minerals are widely distributed across various geological settings on Earth and provide critical insights into a range of geochemical processes and environmental evolution.Both modern and ancient sulfates possess exceptional potential for preserving biosignatures.Recent studies utilizing remote sensing and in situ exploration techniques have identified extensive sulfate-bearing deposits on the Martian surface.Investigating the habitability and the potential for biosignature preservation in these regions is a key focus in the search for life on Mars.Therefore,this review synthesizes the types,distribution,and formation environments of terrestrial sulfate minerals and summarizes the occurrence and preservation characteristics of biosignatures within both modern and ancient terrestrial sulfates.In light of the current understanding of the occurrence of Martian sulfates,the study further explores the potential for biosignature preservation within Martian sulfate deposits.Finally,drawing on results from current in situ life-detection missions and the objectives of forthcoming Mars sample return missions,this paper provides scientific recommendations for biosignature detection strategies and landing site selection in future Mars exploration missions.展开更多
Deep-ultraviolet(deep-UV)nonlinear optical(NLO)crystals are of current interest because they play an indis-pensable role in modern scientific equipment.Searching these crystals was traditionally limited toπ-conjugate...Deep-ultraviolet(deep-UV)nonlinear optical(NLO)crystals are of current interest because they play an indis-pensable role in modern scientific equipment.Searching these crystals was traditionally limited toπ-conjugated systems,such as borates and carbonates.In 2019,our group reported two non-π-conjugated sulfates as new sources of deep-UV NLO crystals for the first time.In this mini review,we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent development of non-π-conjugated NLO sulfates with deep-UV absorption edge in aspect of synthesis methods,crystal structures,thermal stability,and optical performance.Besides,we conclude the crucial structure-property relationships,and further give some prospects for exploring non-π-conjugated NLO sulfates with deep-UV absorption edge with high thermal stability,enhanced second-order NLO effects,birefringence,etc.We believe that this mini review will not only facilitate researchers to design superior non-π-conjugated NLO sulfates with deep-UV absorption edge but also shed useful insights on the explorations of other non-π-conjugated deep-UV NLO crystal systems.展开更多
Scientific knowledge on the chemical compositions of fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)) is essential for properly assessing its health and climate effects,and for decisionmakers to develop efficient mitigation strategi...Scientific knowledge on the chemical compositions of fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)) is essential for properly assessing its health and climate effects,and for decisionmakers to develop efficient mitigation strategies.A high-resolution PM_(2.5) chemical composition dataset(CAQRA-aerosol)is developed in this study,which provides hourly maps of organic carbon,black carbon,ammonium,nitrate,and sulfate in China from 2013 to 2020 with a horizontal resolution of 15 km.This paper describes the method,access,and validation results of this dataset.It shows that CAQRA-aerosol has good consistency with observations and achieves higher or comparable accuracy with previous PM_(2.5) composition datasets.Based on CAQRA-aerosol,spatiotemporal changes of different PM_(2.5) compositions were investigated from a national viewpoint,which emphasizes different changes of nitrate from other compositions.The estimated annual rate of population-weighted concentrations of nitrate is 0.23μg m^(−3)yr^(−1) from 2015 to 2020,compared with−0.19 to−1.1μg m^(−3)yr^(−1) for other compositions.The whole dataset is freely available from the China Air Pollution Data Center(https://doi.org/10.12423/capdb_PKU.2023.DA).展开更多
The progressive failure characteristics of geomaterial are a remarkable and challenging topic in geotechnical engineering.To study the effect of salt content and temperature on the progressive failure characteristics ...The progressive failure characteristics of geomaterial are a remarkable and challenging topic in geotechnical engineering.To study the effect of salt content and temperature on the progressive failure characteristics of frozen sodium sulfate saline sandy soil,a series of uniaxial compression tests were performed by integrating digital image correlation(DIC)technology into the testing apparatus.The evolution law of the uniaxial compression strength(UCS),the failure strain,and the formation of the shear band of the frozen sodium sulfate saline sandy soil were analyzed.The test results show that within the scope of this study,with the increase of salt content,both the UCS and the shear band angle initially decrease with increasing salt content before showing an increase.In contrast,the failure strain and the width of the shear band exhibit an initial increase followed by a decrease in the samples.In addition,to investigate the brittle failure characteristics of frozen sodium sulfate saline sandy soil,two classic brittleness evaluation methods were employed to quantitatively assess the brittleness level for the soil samples.The findings suggest that the failure characteristics under all test conditions in this study belong to the transition stage between brittle and ductile,indicating that frozen sodium sulfate saline sandy soil exhibits certain brittle behavior under uniaxial compression conditions,and the brittleness index basically decreases and then increases with the rise in salt content.展开更多
The paper presents experimental investigation results of crack pattern change in cement pastes caused by external sulfate attack(ESA).To visualize the formation and development of cracks in cement pastes under ESA,an ...The paper presents experimental investigation results of crack pattern change in cement pastes caused by external sulfate attack(ESA).To visualize the formation and development of cracks in cement pastes under ESA,an X-ray computed tomography(X-ray CT)was used,i e,the tomography system of Zeiss Xradia 510 versa.The results indicate that X-CT can monitor the development process and distribution characteristics of the internal cracks of cement pastes under ESA with attack time.In addition,the C3A content in the cement significantly affects the damage mode of cement paste specimens during sulfate erosion.The damage of ordinary Portland cement(OPC)pastes subjected to sulfate attack with high C3A content are severe,while the damage of sulfate resistant Portland cement(SRPC)pastes is much smaller than that of OPC pastes.Furthermore,a quadratic function describes the correlation between the crack volume fraction and development depth for two cement pastes immermed in sulfate solution.展开更多
A zinc sulfate open framework matrix,[Zn(SO_4)(DMSO)](1),was synthesized by solvothermal evaporationusing dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)as the solvent.A compositeP@1,which exhibits fluorescence and room tempera-ture phospho...A zinc sulfate open framework matrix,[Zn(SO_4)(DMSO)](1),was synthesized by solvothermal evaporationusing dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)as the solvent.A compositeP@1,which exhibits fluorescence and room tempera-ture phosphorescence(RTP)properties,was prepared by doping 2,6-naphthalic acid(P)into matrix1at a low con-centration.P@1emitted a green RTP that was visible to the naked eye and lasted for approximately 2 s.P@1exhib-ited selective phosphorescence enhancement response towards Pb^(2+),with a detection limit of 2.52μmol·L^(-1).Themain detection mechanism is the Pb—O coordination-induced phosphorescence enhancement in the system.Inter-estingly,P@1also functioned as a dual-channel probe for the rapid detection of Fe^(3+)ions through fluorescencequenching with a detection limit of 0.038μmol·L^(-1).The recognition mechanism may be attributed to the competi-tive energy absorption betweenP@1and Fe^(3+)ions.CCDC:2388502,1.展开更多
Chondroitin sulfate(CS) B and T are rare subtypes of CS,which are scare in nature.There are also limited synthetic methods to prepare them.Here we report an ingenious semisynthetic approach to prepare a library of dis...Chondroitin sulfate(CS) B and T are rare subtypes of CS,which are scare in nature.There are also limited synthetic methods to prepare them.Here we report an ingenious semisynthetic approach to prepare a library of disaccharides,tetrasaccharides and hexasaccharides of CS-B and CS-T based on the acid or enzymatic degradation of natural CS polysaccharide in 9 or 10 steps.Our approach is the shortest synthetic route toward size-defined CS-B and CS-T oligosaccharides reported to date.In addition,a regioselective protection method of hydroxyls is highlighted,which has achieved the regioselective protection of 4 hydroxyl groups among 7 equatorial hydroxyl groups.By preparing size-defined rare CS oligosaccharides from commercially available natural CS polysaccharides,this strategy has the potential to meet the need of rare natural oligosaccharides.展开更多
Sulfate transporters(SULTRs)facilitate sulfate uptake and transport in plants.In plants,SULTRs can be classified into four distinct functional groups,among which SULTR3 members are the least characterized,and their fu...Sulfate transporters(SULTRs)facilitate sulfate uptake and transport in plants.In plants,SULTRs can be classified into four distinct functional groups,among which SULTR3 members are the least characterized,and their functions have not yet been confirmed,especially for SULTR3 in rice.In this study,we analyzed the expression patterns,subcellular localization,and inorganic phosphate(Pi)transporter activity of SULTR3 proteins in yeast.Except for OsSULTR3.4,which localized to the plasma membrane,other OsSULTR3 members were localized to the endoplasmic reticulum(ER)membrane in rice protoplast cells.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52160024)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China(No.2022JJ30475)+2 种基金the Innovation Team Funds of China West Normal University(No.KCXTD2023-4)the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan,China(No.24NSFSC0537)the Fundamental Research Funds of China West Normal University(Nos.22kE015 and 22kE016).
文摘As an important component of secondary aerosols,sulfate plays a crucial role in regulating atmospheric radiative balance and influencing the secondary formation of ozone(O_(3)).In real atmosphere,atmospheric oxidants NO_(2)and O_(3)can promote the oxidation of SO_(2)to form sulfate(SO_(4)^(2−))through multiphase chemistry that occur at different time scales.Due to the combined impact of meteorology,pollution sources,atmospheric chemistry,etc.,time-scale dependence of SO_(2)-SO_(4)^(2−)conversion makes the impact of NO_(2)/O_(3)on it more complex.In this study,based on long-term time series(2013-2020)of air pollution variables from seven stations in Hong Kong,the Multifractal Detrended Cross-Correlation Analysis(MFDCCA)method has been employed to quantify the cross-correlations between SO_(2)and SO_(4)^(2−)in real atmosphere at different time scales,for examining the time-scale dependence of SO_(2)-SO_(4)^(2−)conversion efficiency.Furthermore,the Pearson correlation analysis has been used to study the influence of NO_(2)/O_(3)on SO_(2)-SO_(4)^(2−)conversion,and the regional and seasonal differences have been analyzed by considering factors such as meteorology,pollution sources,and regional transport.Changes in the main components of secondary aerosols are closely linked with the co-control of regional PM_(2.5)and O_(3).Therefore,the exploration of the impact of co-existing NO_(2)/O_(3)gases on the secondary formation of sulfates in real atmosphere is significant.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42077198 and 22206023)Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program(No.XLYC1907185)+1 种基金Liaoning Science and Technology Joint Project(No.2023-MSBA-109)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.N2325019 and N2325034).
文摘The photochemical conversion of SO_(2) to sulfates on 4-(benzoyl)benzoic acid(4-BBA)was investigated deeply in the presence of anionic and cationic surfactants.The types of surfactants determined their effect behaviors,and cationic surfactants can significantly enhance the SO_(2) oxidation on 4-BBA under irradiation,as shown by larger SO_(2) uptake coefficients and sulfate production.Hydrophilic moieties in cationic surfactants have a greater enhancement effect on the photochemical conversion of SO_(2) to sulfates than the corresponding hydrophobic moieties.Cationic surfactants obviously increased the accumulation of H_(2)O on the surface,which was proved to be the main factor influencing the SO_(2) uptake and the sulfate formation on 4-BBA.SO_(2) lifetime and sulfate formation rate in the mixture system of photosensitive substances with surfactants were evaluated to be 2.25 days and 0.09μg/(m^(3)·h),respectively.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22122106,22071158,21971171)the Fundamental Research Funds from Sichuan University(No.2021SCUNL101).
文摘Herein,two antimony sulfates,named RbSb(SO_(4))_(2)(1)and CsSb(SO_(4))_(2)(2),have been successfully synthesized with the introduction of Sb^(3+)cation with stereochemically active lone pairs(SCALP)into sulfates by the conventional hydrothermal method.Both two compounds endow short ultraviolet(UV)absorption edges(281 nm and 278 nm,respectively)and large birefringence(0.171@546 nm and 0.174@546 nm,respectively),which means that they are promising short-wave UV optical materials.Interestingly,though both of the two compounds exhibit similar 1D chained structures,and possess the same functional moieties including SbO4 seesaws and SO4 tetrahedral groups,they exhibit significantly opposite macroscopic symmetries,i.e.,compound 1 crystallizes in a centrosymmetric(CS)manner(P2_(1)/n)and compound 2 in a noncentrosymmetric(NCS)manner(P2_(1)2_(1)2_(1)),due to the size of cations[r(Rb+)=1.56 A˚,r(Cs+)=1.67 A˚]affects the orientation of SCALP of the adjacent Sb^(3+).
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51964027)the Yunnan Province Applied Basic Research Project,China(No.2017FB084)+1 种基金the Foundation of Yunnan’s Education Ministry,China(No.2019J0037)the Testing and Analyzing Funds of Kunming University of Science and Technology(No.2018T20150055).
文摘To evaluate the feasibility of recovering Pb and Zn sulfides and Ag-containing minerals from Zn leaching residue by the process of reduction roasting followed by flotation,the reaction behaviors of Pb and Zn sulfates during this process were investigated.Chemical analysis showed that the transformation ratios of PbSO4 and ZnSO4 could reach 65.51%and 52.12%,respectively,after reduction roasting,and the introduction of a sulfidation agent could improve the transformation ratios of these sulfates.scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy(SEM-EDS)revealed that temperature obviously affects the particle size,crystal growth,and morphology of the artificial Pb and Zn sulfide minerals.Particle size analysis demonstrated that the particle size of the materials increases after roasting.Flotation tests revealed that a flotation concentrate composed of 12.01wt%Pb,27.78wt%Zn,and 6.975×10^(−2)wt%Ag with recoveries of 60.54%,29.24%,and 57.64%,respectively,could be obtained after roasting.
基金The financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21976081,21972062)Major Scientific and Technological Project of Bingtuan(No.2018AA002),are greatly acknowledged。
文摘Understanding the influence of sulfates over catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH_(3)(NH_(3)-SCR)is crucial due to the universal presence of SO_(2)in exhaust gas.Depending on the degree of sulfation,there mainly exist surface and bulk sulfates and NH_(3)-SCR activity is generally considered to suffer more from bulk sulfates.Herein,the unique function of bulk sulfates over Ce O_(2)in promoting hightemperature SCR reaction is revealed.Notably,compared with CeO_(2)dominated with surface sulfates(S-CeO_(2)-4h)and commercial V_2O_5-WO_(3)/TiO_(2),CeO_(2)with bulk sulfates(S-Ce O_(2)-72h)exhibits admirable NO conversion at the temperature range of 400-550℃.Bulk sulfates provide more Br?nsted acid sites with stronger strength for NH_(3)adsorption.Moreover,the oxidation ability of Ce O_(2)is significantly inhibited due to electron-withdrawing effect from bulk sulfates,which alleviates NH_(3)oxidation at high temperatures.More NH_(3)adsorption with high stability and limited NH_(3)oxidation capacity ensure the excellent catalytic performance for S-CeO_(2)-72h in high-temperature denitration.This work provides new insight of bulk sulfates in promoting SCR activity and open a new avenue to design de NO_xcatalysts employed at high temperatures.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21190053,21177025,20937001)the Shanghai Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(No.12DJ1400100,13XD1400700)+2 种基金the Priority Fields for Ph.D.Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China(No.20110071130003)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB05010200)FP7 Project(AMIS)(No.PIRSES-GA-2011)
文摘The hygroscopicity and optical properties of alkylaminium sulfates （AASs） were investigated using a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer coupled to a cavity ring-down spectrometer and a nephelometer. AAS particles do not exhibit a deliquescence phenomenon and show a monotonic increase in diameter as the relative humidity （RH） ascends. Hygroscopic growth factors （GFs） for 40, 100 and 150 nm alkylaminium sulfate particles do not show an apparent Kelvin effect when RH is less than 45%, whereas GFs of the salt aerosols increase with initial particle size when RH is higher than 45%. Calculation using the Zdanovskii-Stokes-Robinson mixing rule suggests that hygroscopic growth of triethylaminium sulfate-ammonium sulfate mixtures is non-deliquescent, occurring at very low RH, implying that the displacement of ammonia by amine will significantly enhance the hygroscopicity of （NH4）2SO4 aerosols. In addition, light extinction of AAS particles is a combined effect of both scattering and absorption under dry conditions, but is dominated by scattering under wet conditions.
基金supported as part of the Fluid Interface Reactions, Structures and Transport (FIRST) Center, an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy,Office of Science,Office of Basic Energy Sciences
文摘Neutral aqueous alkali sulfate has shown great interests for developing environmentally friendly high voltage and high energy supercapacitors. This work focuses on systematically investigating the properties of symmetric carbon/carbon supercapacitors in neutral aqueous alkali sulfates. At room temperature, the largest power and energy density were obtained with K2SO4 electrolyte due to the smallest cation dimensions and highest electrical conductivity. At low temperature, aqueous Li2SO4 electrolyte presents the best performance due to the largest solubility, allowing a long-term stability at temperatures ranging between 20℃ and –10℃ at a maximum voltage of 1.8 V. The excellent stability has been confirmed that capacitance retention achieves as high as 92% after 10,000 cycles. The capacitance variations with temperatures could essentially result from kinetic diffusion barrier, ion dimension changes and fewer pseudo-capacitance contributions under different temperatures. This work highlights the selected virtues of different alkali sulfate electrolytes for enhanced supercapacitors.
基金This project was supported by a grant from National Natu-ral Sciences Foundation of China( No. 3 9870 92 6)
文摘To explore the effects of ligustrazine on bone marrow heparan sulfates (HS) expression in bone marrow transplantation (BMT) mice, the syngeneic BMT mice were orally given 2 mg ligustrazine twice a day. On the 7th, 10th, 14th, 18th day after BMT, peripheral blood cells and bone marrow nuclear cells (BMNC) were counted, and the expression levels of HS in bone marrow and on the stromal cell surfaces were detected by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry assay respectively. In ligustrazine-treated group, the white blood cells (WBC) and BMNC on the 7th, 10th, 14th, 18th day and platelets (PLT) on the 7th, 10th day were all significantly more than those in control group (P<0.05). The bone marrow HS expression levels in ligustrazine-treated group were higher than those in control group (P<0.05) on the 7th, 10th, 14th, 18th day. However, the HS expression levels on the stromal cell surfaces showed no significant difference between the two groups on the 18th day (P>0.05). It was concluded that ligustrazine could up-regulate HS expression in bone marrow, which might be one of the mechanisms contributing to ligustrazine promoting hematopoietic reconstitution after BMT.
基金the National Key Basic Research Program of China (973program)，a key project of the Shandong Provincial Environmental Protection Department，the Niche Area Development Scheme of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University，the Hong Kong Research Grants Council，the central level,scientific research institutes for basic R & D special fund business
文摘For the 2008 Olympic Games, drastic control measures were implemented on industrial and urban emissions of sulfur dioxide （SO2）, nitrogen oxides （NOx） and other pollutants to address the issues of poor air quality in Beijing. To investigate the effects of SO2 and NOx reductions on the particulate sulfate and nitrate concentrations as well as their size distributions, size-segregated aerosol samples were collected using micro-orifice uniform deposit impactors （MOUDIs） at urban and downwind rural sites in Beijing before and after full-scale controls. During the sampling period, the mass concentrations of fine particles （PMI.s） at the urban and rural sites were 94.0 and 85.9 p.g m-3, respectively. More than 90% of the sulfates and 60% of nitrates formed as fine particles. Benefiting from the advantageous meteorological conditions and the source controls, sulfates were observed in rather low concentrations and primarily in condensation mode during the Olympics. The effects of the control measures were separately analyzed for the northerly and the southerly air-mass-dominated days to account for any bias. After the control measures were implemented, PM, sulfates, and nitrates were significantly reduced when the northerly air masses prevailed, with a higher percentage of reduction in larger particles. The droplet mode particles, which dominated the sulfates and nitrates before the controls were implemented, were remarkably reduced in mass concentration after the control measures were implemented. Nevertheless, when the polluted southerly air masses prevailed, the local source control measures in Beijing did not effectively reduce the ambient sulfate concentration due to the enormous regional contribution from the North China Plain.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51674037)GRINM Youth Foundation。
文摘Numerous light rare earth elements(LREE)minerals containing Fe and P were processed by sulfuric acid roasting method,and the leaching solution mainly comprises LREE sulfate,Fe2(SO4)3,H3PO4,and H2SO4,however,the solubility data of LREE sulfates in this system is few.This work studies the solubility of LREE sulfates in independent LREE sulfate system RE2(SO4)3-Fe2(SO4)3-H3 PO4-H2SO4(RE=La,Ce,Pr or Nd)and mixed LREE sulfates system(La,Ce,Pr,Nd)2(SO4)3-Fe2(SO4)3-H3 PO4-H2SO4 at different temperature(25-65℃)and concentrations of Fe2(SO4)3(Fe2 O3,0-50.13 g/L),H2SO4(0.5 mol/L),and H3 PO4(P2 O5,20.34 g/L)based on the industrial operating condition at low liquid and solid ratio 2:1.The solubility of each LREE sulfate in the independent system(La2 O3,12.25-20.88 g/L;CeO2,41.93-62.35 g/L;Pr6 O11,37.34-56.69 g/L;Nd2 O3,26.60-37.63 g/L)is much higher than that of the mixed system(La2 O3,6.95-11.03 g/L;CeO2,10.63-21.51 g/L;Pr6 O11,11.56-20.36 g/L;Nd2 O3,12.36-19.79 g/L)under the same other conditions.The results also indicate that,in the two systems,both Fe and the temperature have negative effects on the solubility of LREE sulfates.That may occur due to the complication reactions between the complexes of RESO4+and Fe(SO4)2-.However,the influence degree of temperature and iron concentration on the LREE sulfates solubility varies in the two systems and among different LREE species.This research is of theoretical significance for optimizing the conditions of the sulfuric acid process for recovering the LREE from the mixed LREE bearing minerals as well as the single LREE containing secondary rare earth scraps.
基金Foundation ite m:Project supported by R.A.Welch Foundation
文摘Seven new rare earth transition metal sulfates were synthesized by hydrothermal reactions under conditions slightly above the critical point of water. Their crystal structures were determined from single crystal X-ray data. The compositions of the new compounds can be represented by two general formulae ： REM （OH） 3 （SO4） and RE2M （OH） 3 （SO4） 2F （H2O） with RE = Gd, Tb, Dy ; M = Ni, Cu. Three different crystal structure types were found for the formula REM （OH） 3 （SO4）. The structures of the new compounds all feature infinite chains of REOn coordination polyhedra, which are connected to chains of CuO6 or NiO6 octabedra. The limited size range of the rare earth cations observed in these compounds is most likely because of interactions between the octabedral chains and the chains of REOn polyhedra. The new compounds are closely related to the known yttrium transition metal sulfates.
文摘The kinetic characteristics of alkenes involved in thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) have been never reported in geological literature. In this study, TSR by ethene under hydrothermal conditions was performed in the constrained simulation experiments. Typical TSR products consisted of H<sub>2</sub>S, CO<sub>2</sub>, mercaptans, sulfides, thiophenes derivatives and benzothiophene. The apparent activation energy E and apparent frequency factor A for TSR by ethene were determined as 76.370 kJ/mol and 4.579 s<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. The lower activation energy for ethene involved in TSR relative to ethane suggested that the reactivity of ethene is much higher than that of ethane, in accordance with the thermodynamic analysis. Rate constants were determined experimentally using first-order kinetics extrapolate to MgSO<sub>4</sub> half-lives of 67.329 years - 3.053 years in deep burial diagenetic settings (120°C - 180°C). These values demonstrate that the reaction rate for TSR by ethene is extraordinarily fast in high-temperature gas reservoirs (120°C - 180°C). Consequently, the newly formed ethene from thermal cracking and TSR alteration of natural gas and/or petroleum could not survive after TSR process and were rarely detected in natural TSR reservoirs.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFF0504000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42272274)+2 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFA0716100)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(Grant No.2024AFB692)the Macao Science and Technology Development Fund(FDCT)(Grant No.0052/2024/RIA1)。
文摘Sulfate minerals are widely distributed across various geological settings on Earth and provide critical insights into a range of geochemical processes and environmental evolution.Both modern and ancient sulfates possess exceptional potential for preserving biosignatures.Recent studies utilizing remote sensing and in situ exploration techniques have identified extensive sulfate-bearing deposits on the Martian surface.Investigating the habitability and the potential for biosignature preservation in these regions is a key focus in the search for life on Mars.Therefore,this review synthesizes the types,distribution,and formation environments of terrestrial sulfate minerals and summarizes the occurrence and preservation characteristics of biosignatures within both modern and ancient terrestrial sulfates.In light of the current understanding of the occurrence of Martian sulfates,the study further explores the potential for biosignature preservation within Martian sulfate deposits.Finally,drawing on results from current in situ life-detection missions and the objectives of forthcoming Mars sample return missions,this paper provides scientific recommendations for biosignature detection strategies and landing site selection in future Mars exploration missions.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22122507,22193042,21833010,61975207,and 21921001)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2022J02012)+2 种基金the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Y202069)the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(ZDBS-LY-SLH024)Fujian Institute of Innovation(FJCXY18010201)in Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘Deep-ultraviolet(deep-UV)nonlinear optical(NLO)crystals are of current interest because they play an indis-pensable role in modern scientific equipment.Searching these crystals was traditionally limited toπ-conjugated systems,such as borates and carbonates.In 2019,our group reported two non-π-conjugated sulfates as new sources of deep-UV NLO crystals for the first time.In this mini review,we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent development of non-π-conjugated NLO sulfates with deep-UV absorption edge in aspect of synthesis methods,crystal structures,thermal stability,and optical performance.Besides,we conclude the crucial structure-property relationships,and further give some prospects for exploring non-π-conjugated NLO sulfates with deep-UV absorption edge with high thermal stability,enhanced second-order NLO effects,birefringence,etc.We believe that this mini review will not only facilitate researchers to design superior non-π-conjugated NLO sulfates with deep-UV absorption edge but also shed useful insights on the explorations of other non-π-conjugated deep-UV NLO crystal systems.
基金support from the National Key Scientific and Technological Infrastructure project “Earth System Science Numerical Simulator Facility” (Earth Lab)sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42175132, 92044303, and 42205119)+2 种基金the National Key R&D Program (Grant Nos. 2020YFA0607802 and 2022YFC3703003)the CAS Information Technology Program (Grant No. CAS-WX2021SF-0107-02)the fellowship of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2022M723093)
文摘Scientific knowledge on the chemical compositions of fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)) is essential for properly assessing its health and climate effects,and for decisionmakers to develop efficient mitigation strategies.A high-resolution PM_(2.5) chemical composition dataset(CAQRA-aerosol)is developed in this study,which provides hourly maps of organic carbon,black carbon,ammonium,nitrate,and sulfate in China from 2013 to 2020 with a horizontal resolution of 15 km.This paper describes the method,access,and validation results of this dataset.It shows that CAQRA-aerosol has good consistency with observations and achieves higher or comparable accuracy with previous PM_(2.5) composition datasets.Based on CAQRA-aerosol,spatiotemporal changes of different PM_(2.5) compositions were investigated from a national viewpoint,which emphasizes different changes of nitrate from other compositions.The estimated annual rate of population-weighted concentrations of nitrate is 0.23μg m^(−3)yr^(−1) from 2015 to 2020,compared with−0.19 to−1.1μg m^(−3)yr^(−1) for other compositions.The whole dataset is freely available from the China Air Pollution Data Center(https://doi.org/10.12423/capdb_PKU.2023.DA).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42372312,and 42172299)the Pyramid Talent Training Project of Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture(Grant No.JDYC20220807).
文摘The progressive failure characteristics of geomaterial are a remarkable and challenging topic in geotechnical engineering.To study the effect of salt content and temperature on the progressive failure characteristics of frozen sodium sulfate saline sandy soil,a series of uniaxial compression tests were performed by integrating digital image correlation(DIC)technology into the testing apparatus.The evolution law of the uniaxial compression strength(UCS),the failure strain,and the formation of the shear band of the frozen sodium sulfate saline sandy soil were analyzed.The test results show that within the scope of this study,with the increase of salt content,both the UCS and the shear band angle initially decrease with increasing salt content before showing an increase.In contrast,the failure strain and the width of the shear band exhibit an initial increase followed by a decrease in the samples.In addition,to investigate the brittle failure characteristics of frozen sodium sulfate saline sandy soil,two classic brittleness evaluation methods were employed to quantitatively assess the brittleness level for the soil samples.The findings suggest that the failure characteristics under all test conditions in this study belong to the transition stage between brittle and ductile,indicating that frozen sodium sulfate saline sandy soil exhibits certain brittle behavior under uniaxial compression conditions,and the brittleness index basically decreases and then increases with the rise in salt content.
基金Funded by Chinese National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U2006224)。
文摘The paper presents experimental investigation results of crack pattern change in cement pastes caused by external sulfate attack(ESA).To visualize the formation and development of cracks in cement pastes under ESA,an X-ray computed tomography(X-ray CT)was used,i e,the tomography system of Zeiss Xradia 510 versa.The results indicate that X-CT can monitor the development process and distribution characteristics of the internal cracks of cement pastes under ESA with attack time.In addition,the C3A content in the cement significantly affects the damage mode of cement paste specimens during sulfate erosion.The damage of ordinary Portland cement(OPC)pastes subjected to sulfate attack with high C3A content are severe,while the damage of sulfate resistant Portland cement(SRPC)pastes is much smaller than that of OPC pastes.Furthermore,a quadratic function describes the correlation between the crack volume fraction and development depth for two cement pastes immermed in sulfate solution.
文摘A zinc sulfate open framework matrix,[Zn(SO_4)(DMSO)](1),was synthesized by solvothermal evaporationusing dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)as the solvent.A compositeP@1,which exhibits fluorescence and room tempera-ture phosphorescence(RTP)properties,was prepared by doping 2,6-naphthalic acid(P)into matrix1at a low con-centration.P@1emitted a green RTP that was visible to the naked eye and lasted for approximately 2 s.P@1exhib-ited selective phosphorescence enhancement response towards Pb^(2+),with a detection limit of 2.52μmol·L^(-1).Themain detection mechanism is the Pb—O coordination-induced phosphorescence enhancement in the system.Inter-estingly,P@1also functioned as a dual-channel probe for the rapid detection of Fe^(3+)ions through fluorescencequenching with a detection limit of 0.038μmol·L^(-1).The recognition mechanism may be attributed to the competi-tive energy absorption betweenP@1and Fe^(3+)ions.CCDC:2388502,1.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81930097,82151223)the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2022YFF1203005,2022YFC2303700)。
文摘Chondroitin sulfate(CS) B and T are rare subtypes of CS,which are scare in nature.There are also limited synthetic methods to prepare them.Here we report an ingenious semisynthetic approach to prepare a library of disaccharides,tetrasaccharides and hexasaccharides of CS-B and CS-T based on the acid or enzymatic degradation of natural CS polysaccharide in 9 or 10 steps.Our approach is the shortest synthetic route toward size-defined CS-B and CS-T oligosaccharides reported to date.In addition,a regioselective protection method of hydroxyls is highlighted,which has achieved the regioselective protection of 4 hydroxyl groups among 7 equatorial hydroxyl groups.By preparing size-defined rare CS oligosaccharides from commercially available natural CS polysaccharides,this strategy has the potential to meet the need of rare natural oligosaccharides.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32130096 and 32172667)the Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund,China(Grant No.Y2022QC14).
文摘Sulfate transporters(SULTRs)facilitate sulfate uptake and transport in plants.In plants,SULTRs can be classified into four distinct functional groups,among which SULTR3 members are the least characterized,and their functions have not yet been confirmed,especially for SULTR3 in rice.In this study,we analyzed the expression patterns,subcellular localization,and inorganic phosphate(Pi)transporter activity of SULTR3 proteins in yeast.Except for OsSULTR3.4,which localized to the plasma membrane,other OsSULTR3 members were localized to the endoplasmic reticulum(ER)membrane in rice protoplast cells.
