Drought stress and abscisic acid(ABA)have been known to play a critical role in modulating sugar accumulation in fruit,and yet,the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive.In this study,we have demonstrated that...Drought stress and abscisic acid(ABA)have been known to play a critical role in modulating sugar accumulation in fruit,and yet,the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive.In this study,we have demonstrated that drought-mimicking film mulching increased sucrose levels in Satsuma mandarin(Citrus unshiu)fruit,coinciding with upregulation of CuSPS4,which encodes the sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS),in the transcriptome profiling.CuSPS4 was further shown to be drought-and ABA-inducible and functionally essential for sucrose synthesis.Mechanistically,two transcription factors,CuWRKY41 and CuWRKY23,directly bound to and activated the CuSPS4 promoter via the W-box element,with CuWRKY41 additionally regulating CuWRKY23 expression.Consistently,both Cu WRKY41 and Cu WRKY23 positively regulated sucrose synthesis by upregulating Cu SPS4.Meanwhile,the ubstrateinteracting subunit(Cu Sn RK1β1)and catalytic subunit(Cu Sn RK1α)of SUCROSE NON-FERMENTING RELATED KINASE 1(Sn RK1)interacted with Cu WRKY41,triggering Cu Sn RK1α-mediated phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of Cu WRKY41,thereby suppressing its activation.However,ABA promoted cytoplasmic translocation of Cu Sn RK1αand Cu Sn RK1β1 and reduced nuclear interaction with Cu WRKY41,leading to its phosphorylation alleviation and protein stabilization,concurrent with enhanced transcription activation of Cu WRKY23 and Cu SPS4.Taken together,these findings reveal a sophisticated regulatory mechanism whereby drought promotes sucrose accumulation by suppressing Cu Sn RK1α-mediated phosphorylation and degradation of Cu WRKY41,enabling its transcriptional activation of Cu SPS4 directly or via Cu WRKY23.Our study provides significant insights into the molecular basis of drought-induced sucrose accumulation and presents valuable regulatory components that could be targeted for fruit quality improvement.展开更多
The establishment of plantations has become a critical approach for reducing greenhouse gas emissions,particularly in fragile environments with carbon sequestration potential.In karst areas,plantations based on fastgr...The establishment of plantations has become a critical approach for reducing greenhouse gas emissions,particularly in fragile environments with carbon sequestration potential.In karst areas,plantations based on fastgrowing afforestation species made significant contributions to enhancing carbon sequestration.However,the impact of understory vegetation on carbon accumulation remains unclear.Especially,the carbon accumulation associated with litter produced during the replacement of understory species receives insufficient attention,which leads to the neglect of the carbon sequestration potential in plantations of karst areas.Leaf is a crucial organ that links the litter production.To explore how leaf traits adapt to competitive environments and drive litter carbon accumulation during understory species replacement,this study observed leaf traits and litter carbon content changes in three types of plantations in the Liujiang River Basin,a typical karst area.A total of 37 sampling plots were selected for field investigation over a twoyear period.Leaf traits,species diversity,vegetation coverage,and litter carbon characteristics in understory vegetation were measured.Variance analysis,allometric equations,and path analysis were used for data analysis.The results showed that most understory species adopted a biomass conservation strategy under high-coverage conditions(>44.27%)and expanded competitive leaf area under low-coverage conditions(<44.27%).However,Bidens pilosa and Miscanthus floridulus exhibited strong competitiveness during understory species replacement.They showed an expansion of competitive leaf area under high-coverage conditions.This competitive strategy reduced species diversity and community specific leaf area.But the rapid expansion of Bidens pilosa and Miscanthus floridulus increased understory vegetation coverage,and their increased specific leaf area facilitated leaf shedding,resulting in significant litter weight accumulation(P<0.05),thereby enhancing litter carbon content per unit area.These competitive strategies were key driving factors for the increase in litter carbon content per square meter,which reached a maximum of 49.6% higher than that in natural grasslands.And the maximum increase in litter carbon accumulation derived from understory vegetation reached 3.37 times from 2023 to 2024 in plantations.In the understory vegetation of plantations,the competitive strategies reflected by leaf adaptation of key competitive species are critical factors influencing litter carbon accumulation.Future research could deeply explore the carbon sequestration effects resulting from the dynamic changes in competition within the understory vegetation of plantations.展开更多
Highlights OsCAX2 is localized to tonoplast,and cadmium induces its expression.OsCAX2 overexpression reduces cadmium concentration in indica rice grains by 49.1%.Cadmium(Cd)exposure poses significant health risks to h...Highlights OsCAX2 is localized to tonoplast,and cadmium induces its expression.OsCAX2 overexpression reduces cadmium concentration in indica rice grains by 49.1%.Cadmium(Cd)exposure poses significant health risks to humans,and the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified it as a Group I carcinogen.Cadmium undergoes minimal metabolism in the human body;consequently,prolonged Cd^(2+)exposure can cause severe damage to multiple organs including the liver,kidneys,lungs,bones,and immune system(Shao et al.2024).Rice,one of the three global staple crops,and Cd exposure in humans primarily occurs the consumption of contaminated rice grains.The contribution of rice to the total dietary Cd intake is over 50% for non-smoking Asian populations(Chen et al.2018;Shi et al.2020).展开更多
Rapidly improving infertile croplands and enhancing their soil organic carbon(SOC)pool necessitate substantial organic materials incorporation.Converting loose crop straw into granulated form facilitates uniform incor...Rapidly improving infertile croplands and enhancing their soil organic carbon(SOC)pool necessitate substantial organic materials incorporation.Converting loose crop straw into granulated form facilitates uniform incorporation within the plough soil layer.As an innovative soil amelioration approach,the efficiency and patterns of SOC accumulation remain unclear.Two field experiments were conducted in infertile subtropical upland and paddy soils with 0,30,60,and 90 Mg ha^(-1)granulated straw incorporation.After one year,SOC accumulation efficiency from straw input remained stable in upland(30.8–37.5%)with increasing amounts of straw incorporation,while declined from 60.0 to 38.3%in paddy.In both croplands,the contributions of lignin phenols to SOC increased with increasing straw incorporation,while the contributions from amino sugars remained constant at higher straw input levels.Subsequently,the ratios of lignin phenols to amino sugars increased with increasing straw incorporation,indicating faster plant residue accumulation compared to microbial necromass,as the granulation approach limited microbial involvement in straw transformation.Thus,single-time incorporation of substantial granulated straw presents an effective agricultural strategy for rapid amelioration of infertile croplands.展开更多
Arsenic(As)pollution seriously threatens human and ecological health.Microalgal cell wall and extracellular polymeric substances(EPS)are known to interactwith As,but their roles in the As resistance,accumulation and s...Arsenic(As)pollution seriously threatens human and ecological health.Microalgal cell wall and extracellular polymeric substances(EPS)are known to interactwith As,but their roles in the As resistance,accumulation and speciation inmicroalgae remain unclear.Here,we used two strains of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii,namely CC-125(wild type)and CC-503(cell walldeficientmutant),to examine the algal growth,EPS synthesis,As adsorption,absorption and transformation under 10–1000μg/L As(III)and As(V)treatments for 96 h.In both strains,the As absorption increased after the EPS removal,but the growth,As adsorption,and transformation of C.reinhardtii declined.The CC-125 strain was more tolerant to As stress and more efficient in EPS production,As accumulation,and redox transformation than CC-503,irrespective of EPS presence or absence.Three-dimension excitation-emission matrix(3DEEM)and attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy(ATR-IR)analyses showed that As was bound with functional groups in the EPS and cell wall,such as-COOH,NH and-OH in proteins,polysaccharides and amino acids.Together,this study demonstrated that EPS and cell wall acted as barriers to lower the As uptake by C.reinhardtii.However,the cell wall mutant strain wasmore susceptible to As toxicity due to lower EPS induction and higher As absorption.展开更多
Black soil is essential for maintaining regional food security and promoting global agricultural production.Understanding the weathering process of parent material and the accumulation of organic carbon is crucial to ...Black soil is essential for maintaining regional food security and promoting global agricultural production.Understanding the weathering process of parent material and the accumulation of organic carbon is crucial to comprehending the developmental history and future trends of black soil,especially against the background of large-scale global cultivation and climate change.Although the importance of black soil formation and evolution cannot be ignored,the relevant research is still very scarce.In this study,a typical eight-meter-deep soil core was collected from the Keshan area of the Songnen Plain,Northeast China,where surface black soil developed on paleo-sediments.Using^(14)C dating,the formation age of the black soil was determined.Based on the characteristics of the geochemical composition,grain size and the magnetic susceptibility of the sediments,it was demonstrated that the black soil and its parent material originated from reworked loess.Furthermore,the mass transfer coefficient(τ)of some elements was determined,in order to explore the soil weathering process.By calculating the transported amount of alkaline and alkaline-earth elements,the weathering rate of parent material to black soil was found to be weak,at 0.16 kEq·ha^(-1)·year^(-1).Combining the results of dating and carbon density in the different layers of black soil,the accumulation rate of organic carbon was determined as follows:rapidly increasing in the initial period of 13.2-2.2 ka,reaching its maximum average value of 34.0 g·cm^(-2)·a^(-1)at 2.2-0.8 ka,then showing a decreasing trend with an average value of-77.5 g·cm^(-2)·a^(-1).Compared with regional climate change,Keshan black soil has developed under a colder and wetter climate during the Holocene.Predictably,ongoing global warming may lead to the degradation of black soils in the Songnen Plain,as well as in other regions.Our results will enrich geological knowledge of black soil formation and future evolutionary trends.展开更多
To determine the effects of preharvest arginine spraying on the nutritional level of broccoli and the mechanism of action of arginine in improving the storage quality of broccoli,arginine spraying(5 mmol/L)was conduct...To determine the effects of preharvest arginine spraying on the nutritional level of broccoli and the mechanism of action of arginine in improving the storage quality of broccoli,arginine spraying(5 mmol/L)was conducted at 0,1,3,and 5 days before harvest.The appearance,respiration rate,mass-loss rate,electrolyte leakage,glucosinolate,ascorbic acid,total phenol,total flavonoid,total sugar and sucrose contents,and sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS),invertase(INV),sucrose synthase synthesis(SSS)and cleavage(SSC)activities of broccoli samples were observed after 0,2,4,6,8,and 10 days of storage.The results showed that spraying arginine at 5 days preharvest(5-ARG)helped to inhibit broccoli respiration during storage,delay electrolyte leakage,and maintain broccoli color.Furthermore,during the growth stage,total sugar accumulation was higher in the 5-ARG group.In addition,during the storage period,sucrose synthesis was accelerated,while sucrose cleavage was inhibited,resulting in more sucrose retention in postharvest broccoli.In conclusion,5-ARG resulted in the accumulation of more nutrients during the growth process and effectively delayed the quality decline during storage,thereby prolonging the shelf life of broccoli.Therefore,this study provides a theoretical basis for improving postharvest storage characteristics of broccoli through preharvest treatments.展开更多
Based on petroleum exploration and new progress of oil and gas geology study in the Qiongdongnan Basin,combined with seismic,logging,drilling,core,sidewall coring,geochemistry data,a systematic study is conducted on t...Based on petroleum exploration and new progress of oil and gas geology study in the Qiongdongnan Basin,combined with seismic,logging,drilling,core,sidewall coring,geochemistry data,a systematic study is conducted on the source,reservoir-cap conditions,trap types,migration and accumulation characteristics,enrichment mechanisms,and reservoir formation models of ultra-deep water and ultra-shallow natural gas,taking the Lingshui 36-1 gas field as an example.(1)The genetic types of the ultra-deep water and ultra-shallow natural gas in the Qiongdongnan Basin include thermogenic gas and biogenic gas,and dominated by thermogenic gas.(2)The reservoirs are mainly composed of the Quaternary deep-water submarine fan sandstone.(3)The types of cap rocks include deep-sea mudstone,mass transport deposits mudstone,and hydrate-bearing formations.(4)The types of traps are mainly lithological,and also include structural-lithological traps.(5)The migration channels include vertical transport channels such as faults,gas chimneys,fracture zones,and lateral transport layers such as large sand bodies and unconformity surfaces,forming a single or composite transport framework.A new natural gas accumulation model is proposed for ultra-deep water and ultra-shallow layers,that is,dual source hydrocarbon supply,gas chimney and submarine fan composite migration,deep-sea mudstone-mass transport deposits mudstone-hydrate-bearing strata ternary sealing,late dynamic accumulation,and large-scale enrichment at ridges.The new understanding obtained from the research has reference and enlightening significance for the next step of deepwater and ultra-shallow layers,as well as oil and gas exploration in related fields or regions.展开更多
Coal measures are significant hydrocarbon source rocks and reservoirs in petroliferous basins.Many large gas fields and coalbed methane fields globally are originated from coal-measure source rocks or accumulated in c...Coal measures are significant hydrocarbon source rocks and reservoirs in petroliferous basins.Many large gas fields and coalbed methane fields globally are originated from coal-measure source rocks or accumulated in coal rocks.Inspired by the discovery of shale oil and gas,and guided by“the overall exploration concept of considering coal rock as reservoir”,breakthroughs in the exploration and development of coal-rock gas have been achieved in deep coal seams with favorable preservation conditions,thereby opening up a new development frontier for the unconventional gas in coal-rock reservoirs.Based on the data from exploration and development practices,a systematic study on the accumulation mechanism of coal-rock gas has been conducted.The mechanisms of“three fields”controlling coal-rock gas accumulation are revealed.It is confirmed that the coal-rock gas is different from CBM in accumulation process.The whole petroleum systems in the Carboniferous–Permian transitional facies coal measures of the eastern margin of the Ordos Basin and in the Jurassic continental facies coal measures of the Junggar Basin are characterized,and the key research directions for further developing the whole petroleum system theory of coal measures are proposed.Coal rocks,compared to shale,possess intense hydrocarbon generation potential,strong adsorption capacity,dual-medium reservoir properties,and partial or weak oil and gas self-sealing capacity.Additionally,unlike other unconventional gas such as shale gas and tight gas,coal-rock gas exhibits more complex accumulation characteristics,and its accumulation requires a certain coal-rock play form lithological and structural traps.Coal-rock gas also has the characteristics of conventional fractured gas reservoirs.Compared with the basic theory and model of the whole petroleum system established based on detrital rock formations,coal measures have distinct characteristics and differences in coal-rock reservoirs and source-reservoir coupling.The whole petroleum system of coal measures is composed of various types of coal-measure hydrocarbon plays with coal(and dark shale)in coal measures as source rock and reservoir,and with adjacent tight layers as reservoirs or cap or transport layers.Under the action of source-reservoir coupling,coal-rock gas is accumulated in coal-rock reservoirs with good preservation conditions,tight oil/gas is accumulated in tight layers,conventional oil/gas is accumulated in traps far away from sources,and coalbed methane is accumulated in coal-rock reservoirs damaged by later geological processes.The proposed whole petroleum system of coal measures represents a novel type of whole petroleum system.展开更多
Taking the second member of the Xujiahe Formation of the Upper Triassic in the Xinchang structural belt as an example,based on data such as logging,production,seismic interpretation and test,a systematic analysis was ...Taking the second member of the Xujiahe Formation of the Upper Triassic in the Xinchang structural belt as an example,based on data such as logging,production,seismic interpretation and test,a systematic analysis was conducted on the structural characteristics and evolution,reservoir diagenesis and densification processes,and types and stages of faults/fractures,and revealing the multi-stage and multi-factor dynamic coupled enrichment mechanisms of tight gas reservoirs.(1)In the early Yanshan period,the paleo-structural traps were formed with low-medium maturity hydrocarbons accumulating in structural highs driven by buoyancy since reservoirs were not fully densified in this stage,demonstrating paleo-structure control on traps and early hydrocarbon accumulation.(2)In the middle-late Yanshan period,the source rocks became mature to generate and expel a large quantity of hydrocarbons.Grain size and type of sandstone controlled the time of reservoir densification,which restricted the scale of hydrocarbon charging,allowing for only a small-scale migration through sand bodies near the fault/fracture or less-densified matrix reservoirs.(3)During the Himalayan period,the source rocks reached overmaturity,and the residual oil cracking gas was efficiently transported along the late-stage faults/fractures.Wells with high production capacity were mainly located in Type I and II fault/fracture zones comprising the late-stage north-south trending fourth-order faults and the late-stage fractures.The productivity of the wells was controlled by the transformation of the late-stage faults/fractures.(4)The Xinchang structural belt underwent three stages of tectonic evolution,two stages of reservoir formation,and three stages of fault/fractures development.Hydrocarbons mainly accumulated in the paleo-structure highs.After reservoir densification and late fault/fracture adjustment,a complex gas-water distribution pattern was formed.Thus,it is summarized as the model of“near-source and low-abundance hydrocarbon charging in the early stage,and differential enrichment of natural gas under the joint control of fault-fold-fracture complex,high-quality reservoirs and structural highs in the late stage”.Faults/fractures with well-coupled fault-fold-fracture-pore are favorable exploration targets with high exploration effectiveness.展开更多
Based on the investigation of sedimentary filling characteristics and pool-forming factors of the Mesozoic in the Ordos Basin,the whole petroleum system in the Mesozoic is divided,the migration&accumulation charac...Based on the investigation of sedimentary filling characteristics and pool-forming factors of the Mesozoic in the Ordos Basin,the whole petroleum system in the Mesozoic is divided,the migration&accumulation characteristics and main controlling factors of conventional-unconventional hydrocarbons are analyzed,and the whole petroleum system model is established.First,the whole petroleum system developed in the Mesozoic takes the high-quality source rocks of the 7th member of the Triassic Yanchang Formation as the core and mainly consists of low-permeability and unconventional oil and gas reservoirs.It can be divided into four hydrocarbon accumulation domains,including intra-source retained hydrocarbon accumulation domain,near-source tight hydrocarbon accumulation domain,far-source conventional hydrocarbon accumulation domain and transitional hydrocarbon accumulation domain,which together form a continuous,symbiotic,and orderly accumulation entity wherein unconventional resources significantly outweigh conventional ones in proportion.Second,the spatial core area of sedimentary filling is the oil-rich core of the whole petroleum system.From the core to the periphery,the reservoir type evolves as shale oil→tight oil→conventional oil,the accumulation power is dominated by overpressure→buoyancy or overpressure and capillary force,the accumulation scale changes from extensive hundreds of millions of tons to a isolated hundreds of thousands-million of tons,and the gas-oil ratio and methane content decrease.Third,the sedimentary filling system provides the material basis and spatial framework for the whole petroleum system,the superimposed sand body,fault and unconformity constitute the dominant migration pathway of hydrocarbons in the far-source conventional hydrocarbon accumulation domain and the transitional hydrocarbon accumulation domain,the high-quality source rocks provide a solid resource basis for shale oil,and the micro-nano pore throat-fracture network constitute unconventional accumulation space.The hydrocarbon migration and accumulation process is mainly controlled by intense expulsion of hydrocarbon under overpressure in the pool-forming stage and the in-situ re-enrichment controlled by underpressure in post-pool-forming stage.The oil-gas enrichment and long-term preservation depends on the coordination among three factors(stable geological structure,multi-cycle sedimentation,and dual self-sealing).Fourth,the whole petroleum system model is defined as four domains,overpressure+underpressure drive,and dual self-sealing.展开更多
Strip-till(ST),including straw mulching in the inter-row and localized fertilization in the intra-row,is a conservation tillage system for improving soil quality and crop growth.However,the yield advantage of maize un...Strip-till(ST),including straw mulching in the inter-row and localized fertilization in the intra-row,is a conservation tillage system for improving soil quality and crop growth.However,the yield advantage of maize under ST compared to conventional tillage(CT)remains unstable,and the strategies to increase maize yield under ST are unclear.This study aims to understand the physiological mechanism underlining maize yield formation under ST by comparing two maize cultivars,DKM753 and DK517,with contrasting yield performance in ST versus CT systems.Compared to CT,ST resulted in a 4.5%yield increase for DKM753 but a 5.6%decrease for DK517.These yield differences were primarily attributed to variations in grain number per ear(GN).During the rapid growth stage(V14-R3),i.e.,two weeks before and after silking,DKM753 showed a 6.7%increase in maximum growth rate(V_(max))and a 6.3%increase in average growth rate(V)under ST,whereas DK517 exhibited decline of 8.5%in V_(max) and 12.3%in V.Significant positive correlations are observed between V_(max) and V with GN under ST(R^(2)=0.79 and R^(2)=0.90,respectively).Enhanced dry matter accumulation in DKM753 under ST was attributed to increased leaf expansion rates,contributing to a larger photosynthate source.The straw mulching and localized nitrogen fertilization increased root-zone nitrogen availability at silking in ST compared to CT.DKM753 had a greater root system which made better use of the soil N and lead to an increased leaf nitrogen accumulation by 14.9%under ST.It is concluded that maize yield under the strip-till system is determined by grain number per ear,which can be increased by increasing nitrogen accumulation,plant growth,and ear development around silking stage.A sound root system can efficiently utilize soil nitrogen resources under the strip-till system,increasing plant nitrogen accumulation and thereby promoting plant growth.展开更多
Schwertmannite, a common iron-derived mineral, is known for its high efficiency in adsorbing As from water and reducing the mobility and availability of As in soils. However,few studies have examined the critical peri...Schwertmannite, a common iron-derived mineral, is known for its high efficiency in adsorbing As from water and reducing the mobility and availability of As in soils. However,few studies have examined the critical period for the effectiveness of schwertmannite in hindering As uptake by rice plants, particularly its impact on the uptake and transport of As across different growth stages of rice. In this study, hydroponic experiments were performed to explore the absorption and translocation of As(500 μg/L As(Ⅲ) or As(Ⅴ)), when combined with schwertmannite, in rice during all growth stages. The results showed that As concentration in roots, stems and leaves increased with rice growth, while the addition of schwertmannite reduced the As concentration in all parts of rice, compared to the control without schwertmannite. Besides, schwertmannite application mitigated the harmful impact of As on rice yield, and reduced As levels in grains by 66 %-90 % compared to treatments with only As(Ⅲ) or As(Ⅴ). The heading stage is identified as a critical period for applying schwertmannite to reduce As uptake in rice. Specifically, during the heading stages,the plants uptake 85 %-91 % of the As contents in the absence of schwertmannite. However,adding schwertmannite retained about 84 %-90 % of As content, significantly reducing its absorption by rice plants at this stage. Therefore, maintaining As adsorption by schwertmannite up to the heading stage is beneficial to effectively reduce As uptake in rice and lower As concentration in rice grains.展开更多
Research based on oil accumulation models is essential for exploring the hydrocarbon accumulation theory further.Studies on tight oil accumulation models focused on fan delta depositional systems,and in particular,sys...Research based on oil accumulation models is essential for exploring the hydrocarbon accumulation theory further.Studies on tight oil accumulation models focused on fan delta depositional systems,and in particular,systems involving source-reservoir separated type are scarce.To explore the accumulation model of tight oil in conglomerate,this study focused on the Permian-Triassic tight conglomerate oil in Mahu sag,Junggar Basin,using well drilling,well logging,seismic profiling,oil testing,and laboratory data,and analyzed the formation conditions,formation types,and distribution patterns of conglomerate reservoirs.The results show that,the conglomerate reservoirs are predominantly lithologic reservoirs and partly fault-lithologic reservoirs;there is no water evident at the edge or bottom around the reservoirs.The tight conglomerate layer in the delta plain subfacies of each fan exhibits high clay content and intense diagenesis,and the argillaceous rocks in the pro-fan delta subfacies and shallow lacustrine facies form the sealing and floor conditions.The sandy conglomerate of fan delta front subfacies is the main reservoir body.Additionally,strikeslip faulting in the Indosinian-Himalayan period formed an efficient faulting system for trans-stratal migration with Hercynian-Indosinian inverse faulting.Oil migration is driven by the overpressure caused by hydrocarbon generation from alkali lacustrine source rocks.The distribution of reservoirs is primarily controlled by the large fan bodies,namely the Zhongguai,Baijiantan,Karamay,Huangyangquan,Xiazijie,Xiayan,and Dabasong fans.Each fan body forms a group of reservoirs or oilfields,resulting in a widely distributed pattern,according to which reservoir and sealing constitute one whole body—i.e.,patterns of“one sand and one reservoir,one fan and one field.”This results in a quasi-continuous accumulation model,which includes strong oil charging,efficient faulting transportation,trans-stratal migration,and lithologic trapped accumulation.The proposed model is an important supplement to the existing model of quasi-continuous oil and gas accumulation.Overall,this study enriches unconventional oil and gas accumulation theories.展开更多
Cadmium(Cd),a highly toxic heavy metal,represents a major global environmental threat due to its widespread dispersion through anthropogenic activities.Environmental Cd contamination poses significant risks to living ...Cadmium(Cd),a highly toxic heavy metal,represents a major global environmental threat due to its widespread dispersion through anthropogenic activities.Environmental Cd contamination poses significant risks to living organisms,including humans,animals,and plants.Certain plant species have evolved Cd hyperaccumulating capabilities to adapt to high-Cd habitats,playing critical roles in phytoremediation strategies.Here we review the biodiversity and biogeography of Cd hyperaccumulators,the underlying mechanisms of Cd uptake and accumulation,and the ecological impacts of hyperaccumulation.Themajor points are the following:twenty-fourCd hyperaccumulator species have been documented,with shoot Cd concentrations ranging from 170-9000 mg⋅kg−1;core mechanisms involve root uptake by metal transporters(e.g.,heavy-metal ATPases,and natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins),ligand-facilitated translocation via organic acids and phytochelatins,andABCtransporter-mediated vacuolar sequestration.Cd hyperaccumulators exert complex effects on rhizosphere microbiota,herbivores,and neighboring plant communities.Future research priorities should focus on the functional characterization of Cd transporters and regulatory genes,and comprehensive assessments of the ecological consequences of Cd accumulation in plants.展开更多
Obesity has brought great challenges to global human health,and how to effectively prevent and control the occurrence and development of obesity has become an urgent problem.The role and mechanism of 4-[(α-Lrhamnosyl...Obesity has brought great challenges to global human health,and how to effectively prevent and control the occurrence and development of obesity has become an urgent problem.The role and mechanism of 4-[(α-Lrhamnosyloxy)benzyl]isothiocyanate(MITC),an active ingredient of Moringa oleifera Lam.,in the regulation of lipid metabolism have not been comprehensively investigated.In the present study,we investigated the mechanism of MITC in inhibiting lipid accumulation in mice fed with a high-fat diet(HFD)in terms of both lipolysis and central appetite regulation mediated by the gut microbe-gut-brain axis.MITC enhanced the characteristic indices associated with HFD mice and also promoted adipocytolysis and brown fat thermogenesis.Moreover,MITC was observed to improve leptin resistance,modulate the composition of gut microbiota such as Ruminococcaceae,Parasutterella,and Acetatifactor,promote 5-hydroxytryptamine secretion,further enhance the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)and peptide tyrosine-tyrosine(PYY)to activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor(PPAR)signaling in the hypothalamus,and modulate feeding behavior to inhibit lipid accumulation in HFD mice.These data suggest that MITC supplementation can help to alleviate obesity or obesity-related diseases.展开更多
Light oil and gas reservoirs are abundant in the Ordovician marine carbonate reservoir in Shunbei Oilfield,Tarim Basin.This presents a compelling geological puzzle,as ultra-deep reservoirs undergo intense alteration a...Light oil and gas reservoirs are abundant in the Ordovician marine carbonate reservoir in Shunbei Oilfield,Tarim Basin.This presents a compelling geological puzzle,as ultra-deep reservoirs undergo intense alteration and complex petroleum accumulation processes.A comprehensive suite of geochemical analyses,including molecular components,carbon isotope composition,homogenization temperature of saline inclusions,and burial-thermal history of single wells,was conducted to elucidate the genesis of these ancient reservoirs.Three petroleum filling events have been identified in the study area:Late Caledonian,Hercynian-Indosinian,and Himalayan,through analysis of homogenization temperatures of brine inclusions and burial-thermal histories.Additionally,the oil in the study area has undergone significant alteration processes such as biodegradation,thermal alteration,mixing,evaporative fractionation,and gas invasion.This study particularly emphasizes the influential role of Himalayan gas filling-induced evaporation fractionation and gas invasion in shaping the present petroleum phase distribution.Furthermore,analysis of light hydrocarbon and diamondoid parameters indicates the oil within the study area is at a high maturity stage,with equivalent vitrinite reflectance values ranging from 1.48%to 1.99%.Additionally,the analysis of light hydrocarbons,aromatics,and thiadiamondoids indicates that TSR should occur in reservoirs near the gypsum-salt layers in the Cambrian.The existence of the Cambrian petroleum system in the study area is strongly confirmed when considering the analysis results of natural gas type(oil cracking gas),evaporative fractionation,and gas invasion.Permian local thermal anomalies notably emerge as a significant factor contributing to the destruction of biomarkers in oil.For oil not subject to transient,abnormal thermal events,biomarker reliability extends to at least 190℃.In conclusion,examining the special formation mechanisms and conditions of various secondary processes can offer valuable insights for reconstructing the history of petroleum accumulation in ultradeep reservoirs.This research provides a scientific foundation for advancing our knowledge of petroleum systems and underscores the importance of hydrocarbon geochemistry in unraveling ultra-deep,complex geological phenomena.展开更多
Background:Insufficient physical activity and prolonged sedentary behavior have emerged as major global public health challenges.Short bouts(≤10 min)of accumulated exercise(SBAE)throughout the day may be a promising ...Background:Insufficient physical activity and prolonged sedentary behavior have emerged as major global public health challenges.Short bouts(≤10 min)of accumulated exercise(SBAE)throughout the day may be a promising strategy to mitigate the adverse effects of prolonged sitting and promote physical activity,ultimately promoting overall health.However,previous ambiguity in defining this concept has resulted in a fragmented and inconsistent evidence base,impeding practical applications,the development of guidelines,and policymaking.The purpose of this study is to establish an operational definition of SBAE by synthesizing systematic reviews and research trials alongside an expert consensus.Additionally,it seeks to evaluate acute and long-term efficacy and feasibility,providing evidence-based recommendations for practice and future research directions.Methods:A literature search was performed across PubMed and Web of Science,followed by systematic screening and summarization of eligible studies based on predefined inclusion criteria.Inclusion criteria encompassed various modes/types of SBAE(bouts lasting≤10 min,performed multiple times daily with≥30 min intervals);both aerobic and resistance exercise were considered.Relevant systematic reviews and research trials were included.Methodological quality,risk of bias,and evidence certainty were assessed.Expert consensus was obtained through a survey to evaluate recommendations and agreement levels on findings.Results:After analyzing 27 systematic reviews,135 research studies,and an expert consensus involving 48 researchers from 11 countries,SBAE is defined as any exercise mode of activity,regardless of intensity,that is accumulated in either continuous or intermittent bouts lasting≤10 min per session(including multiple intermittent sets)that are performed multiple times(≥2 sessions/day)per day,with intervals of≥30 min between bouts or otherwise sufficient time for recovery.When used to interrupt prolonged periods of sedentary time,SBAE mitigates the acute adverse effects of sedentary behavior on more than 10 clinical biomarkers of endocrine,cardiovascular,and brain health/function among adults of diverse ages and conditions.Moreover,SBAE was superior for improving acute glycemic control compared to a single continuous exercise session.As a long-term intervention(average of 11 weeks),SBAE can improve over 20 health outcomes,including peak oxygen uptake,resting blood pressure,and metabolic health.Additionally,SBAE might be more effective than continuous exercise for improving longer-term glycemic control and body composition.Long-term completion rates for SBAE interventions are generally high(95%),with low dropout rates(12%)and high adherence rates even without supervision(85%),and its safety has been preliminarily validated.Conclusion:An operational definition of SBAE is provided along with its classification and acute and long-term efficacy.Practical exercise prescription recommendations and evidence-based strategies for various populations and contexts are provided.Future research should focus on generating high-quality evidence for SBAE in 5 key areas:quantification and monitoring,population-specific responses,optimization of exercise prescriptions,intervention efficacy,and practical implementation.Additionally,addressing policy,environmental,and promotional barriers is crucial for transitioning from expert consensus to public consensus,and for facilitating the application of this strategy in real-world environments.展开更多
Carrots have an important role for a life of the men.Everybody can use carrots in the meals or the drinks,he uses carrots such as the medicaments to cure many diseases,too.Carrots are very necessary,we can tell the fo...Carrots have an important role for a life of the men.Everybody can use carrots in the meals or the drinks,he uses carrots such as the medicaments to cure many diseases,too.Carrots are very necessary,we can tell the following effects:carrots help improve eyesight,especially,carrots contain vitamin A,essential nutrients for health of the eyes.When our bodies have the vitamin A deficiency in the long time,visual cells in the eye retina can been hurt,make dry eyes,cause the visual disturbances and it is serious that everyone does not see.Carrots support to cure the diabetes;help strengthen the immunity;improve the health cardiovascular;help beautiful healthy skin;can reduce the risk of cancer.Besides,everyone drinks carrot juice to stimulate hair growth and stabilize blood pressure.Carrots contain a lot of beta carotene,fiber,vitamin K1,potassium as well as antioxidants and are grown popularly in all regions of Vietnam.The cultivating soil,irrigating water and carrot samples were collected in Loc Thanh village,Bao Lam district,Lam Dong province and some indicators were analyzed.The results showed that the soil sample was poor in nutrient by N,P,K indicators that were lower than the standards;but pH,Al3+and Fe3+were higher than the standards.The water sample did not contain the toxic heavy metals such as:As,Pb,Cd;but the indicators of Cu,Zn,Fe were higher than the standards.For the carrot sample,the indicators of As,Pb,Cu,Zn exceeded the allowable threshold;the contents of lipid and protein were lower than the standards but NO3-was within allowable standards.However,analysis of carrot samples grown by us using organic methods showed that some heavy metal indicators such as:As,Pb,Cu were lower than allowable standards.This showed that it is necessary to choose the type of soil,water and organic method for growing carrots in order to harvest good quality carrots and safety for users.We studied an environment of soil,water and analyzed the carrots to find a nutrition level,nutritional value and the metal accumulation in order to improve a life of men.展开更多
Deep neural networks remain susceptible to adversarial examples,where the goal of an adversarial attack is to introduce small perturbations to the original examples in order to confuse the model without being easily d...Deep neural networks remain susceptible to adversarial examples,where the goal of an adversarial attack is to introduce small perturbations to the original examples in order to confuse the model without being easily detected.Although many adversarial attack methods produce adversarial examples that have achieved great results in the whitebox setting,they exhibit low transferability in the black-box setting.In order to improve the transferability along the baseline of the gradient-based attack technique,we present a novel Stochastic Gradient Accumulation Momentum Iterative Attack(SAMI-FGSM)in this study.In particular,during each iteration,the gradient information is calculated using a normal sampling approach that randomly samples around the sample points,with the highest probability of capturing adversarial features.Meanwhile,the accumulated information of the sampled gradient from the previous iteration is further considered to modify the current updated gradient,and the original gradient attack direction is changed to ensure that the updated gradient direction is more stable.Comprehensive experiments conducted on the ImageNet dataset show that our method outperforms existing state-of-the-art gradient-based attack techniques,achieving an average improvement of 10.2%in transferability.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32330095)the Hubei Hongshan Laboratory project(2021hszd009)。
文摘Drought stress and abscisic acid(ABA)have been known to play a critical role in modulating sugar accumulation in fruit,and yet,the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive.In this study,we have demonstrated that drought-mimicking film mulching increased sucrose levels in Satsuma mandarin(Citrus unshiu)fruit,coinciding with upregulation of CuSPS4,which encodes the sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS),in the transcriptome profiling.CuSPS4 was further shown to be drought-and ABA-inducible and functionally essential for sucrose synthesis.Mechanistically,two transcription factors,CuWRKY41 and CuWRKY23,directly bound to and activated the CuSPS4 promoter via the W-box element,with CuWRKY41 additionally regulating CuWRKY23 expression.Consistently,both Cu WRKY41 and Cu WRKY23 positively regulated sucrose synthesis by upregulating Cu SPS4.Meanwhile,the ubstrateinteracting subunit(Cu Sn RK1β1)and catalytic subunit(Cu Sn RK1α)of SUCROSE NON-FERMENTING RELATED KINASE 1(Sn RK1)interacted with Cu WRKY41,triggering Cu Sn RK1α-mediated phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of Cu WRKY41,thereby suppressing its activation.However,ABA promoted cytoplasmic translocation of Cu Sn RK1αand Cu Sn RK1β1 and reduced nuclear interaction with Cu WRKY41,leading to its phosphorylation alleviation and protein stabilization,concurrent with enhanced transcription activation of Cu WRKY23 and Cu SPS4.Taken together,these findings reveal a sophisticated regulatory mechanism whereby drought promotes sucrose accumulation by suppressing Cu Sn RK1α-mediated phosphorylation and degradation of Cu WRKY41,enabling its transcriptional activation of Cu SPS4 directly or via Cu WRKY23.Our study provides significant insights into the molecular basis of drought-induced sucrose accumulation and presents valuable regulatory components that could be targeted for fruit quality improvement.
基金supported by the Scientific Research Foundation supported by Yunnan Agricultural University(A3012024035044)International Cooperation and Exchange of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42361144885).
文摘The establishment of plantations has become a critical approach for reducing greenhouse gas emissions,particularly in fragile environments with carbon sequestration potential.In karst areas,plantations based on fastgrowing afforestation species made significant contributions to enhancing carbon sequestration.However,the impact of understory vegetation on carbon accumulation remains unclear.Especially,the carbon accumulation associated with litter produced during the replacement of understory species receives insufficient attention,which leads to the neglect of the carbon sequestration potential in plantations of karst areas.Leaf is a crucial organ that links the litter production.To explore how leaf traits adapt to competitive environments and drive litter carbon accumulation during understory species replacement,this study observed leaf traits and litter carbon content changes in three types of plantations in the Liujiang River Basin,a typical karst area.A total of 37 sampling plots were selected for field investigation over a twoyear period.Leaf traits,species diversity,vegetation coverage,and litter carbon characteristics in understory vegetation were measured.Variance analysis,allometric equations,and path analysis were used for data analysis.The results showed that most understory species adopted a biomass conservation strategy under high-coverage conditions(>44.27%)and expanded competitive leaf area under low-coverage conditions(<44.27%).However,Bidens pilosa and Miscanthus floridulus exhibited strong competitiveness during understory species replacement.They showed an expansion of competitive leaf area under high-coverage conditions.This competitive strategy reduced species diversity and community specific leaf area.But the rapid expansion of Bidens pilosa and Miscanthus floridulus increased understory vegetation coverage,and their increased specific leaf area facilitated leaf shedding,resulting in significant litter weight accumulation(P<0.05),thereby enhancing litter carbon content per unit area.These competitive strategies were key driving factors for the increase in litter carbon content per square meter,which reached a maximum of 49.6% higher than that in natural grasslands.And the maximum increase in litter carbon accumulation derived from understory vegetation reached 3.37 times from 2023 to 2024 in plantations.In the understory vegetation of plantations,the competitive strategies reflected by leaf adaptation of key competitive species are critical factors influencing litter carbon accumulation.Future research could deeply explore the carbon sequestration effects resulting from the dynamic changes in competition within the understory vegetation of plantations.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2024YFD1200800)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,China(2024A1515030094)。
文摘Highlights OsCAX2 is localized to tonoplast,and cadmium induces its expression.OsCAX2 overexpression reduces cadmium concentration in indica rice grains by 49.1%.Cadmium(Cd)exposure poses significant health risks to humans,and the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified it as a Group I carcinogen.Cadmium undergoes minimal metabolism in the human body;consequently,prolonged Cd^(2+)exposure can cause severe damage to multiple organs including the liver,kidneys,lungs,bones,and immune system(Shao et al.2024).Rice,one of the three global staple crops,and Cd exposure in humans primarily occurs the consumption of contaminated rice grains.The contribution of rice to the total dietary Cd intake is over 50% for non-smoking Asian populations(Chen et al.2018;Shi et al.2020).
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFD1901203 and 2021YFD1901204)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA0440404)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42377348)the Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Hunan Province,China(2024JJ2052)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi,China(2025GXNSFAA069337)。
文摘Rapidly improving infertile croplands and enhancing their soil organic carbon(SOC)pool necessitate substantial organic materials incorporation.Converting loose crop straw into granulated form facilitates uniform incorporation within the plough soil layer.As an innovative soil amelioration approach,the efficiency and patterns of SOC accumulation remain unclear.Two field experiments were conducted in infertile subtropical upland and paddy soils with 0,30,60,and 90 Mg ha^(-1)granulated straw incorporation.After one year,SOC accumulation efficiency from straw input remained stable in upland(30.8–37.5%)with increasing amounts of straw incorporation,while declined from 60.0 to 38.3%in paddy.In both croplands,the contributions of lignin phenols to SOC increased with increasing straw incorporation,while the contributions from amino sugars remained constant at higher straw input levels.Subsequently,the ratios of lignin phenols to amino sugars increased with increasing straw incorporation,indicating faster plant residue accumulation compared to microbial necromass,as the granulation approach limited microbial involvement in straw transformation.Thus,single-time incorporation of substantial granulated straw presents an effective agricultural strategy for rapid amelioration of infertile croplands.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32171623 and 31770548)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2016YFD0800306 and 2017YFD0800305).
文摘Arsenic(As)pollution seriously threatens human and ecological health.Microalgal cell wall and extracellular polymeric substances(EPS)are known to interactwith As,but their roles in the As resistance,accumulation and speciation inmicroalgae remain unclear.Here,we used two strains of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii,namely CC-125(wild type)and CC-503(cell walldeficientmutant),to examine the algal growth,EPS synthesis,As adsorption,absorption and transformation under 10–1000μg/L As(III)and As(V)treatments for 96 h.In both strains,the As absorption increased after the EPS removal,but the growth,As adsorption,and transformation of C.reinhardtii declined.The CC-125 strain was more tolerant to As stress and more efficient in EPS production,As accumulation,and redox transformation than CC-503,irrespective of EPS presence or absence.Three-dimension excitation-emission matrix(3DEEM)and attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy(ATR-IR)analyses showed that As was bound with functional groups in the EPS and cell wall,such as-COOH,NH and-OH in proteins,polysaccharides and amino acids.Together,this study demonstrated that EPS and cell wall acted as barriers to lower the As uptake by C.reinhardtii.However,the cell wall mutant strain wasmore susceptible to As toxicity due to lower EPS induction and higher As absorption.
基金financially supported by the Science and Technology Innovation Foundation of the Command Center of Integrated Natural Resources Survey Center(KC20230002)the China Geological Survey Project(DD20230471,DD20220855 and DD20243282)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41872100)the National Key R&D Plan(2022YFC2903402)。
文摘Black soil is essential for maintaining regional food security and promoting global agricultural production.Understanding the weathering process of parent material and the accumulation of organic carbon is crucial to comprehending the developmental history and future trends of black soil,especially against the background of large-scale global cultivation and climate change.Although the importance of black soil formation and evolution cannot be ignored,the relevant research is still very scarce.In this study,a typical eight-meter-deep soil core was collected from the Keshan area of the Songnen Plain,Northeast China,where surface black soil developed on paleo-sediments.Using^(14)C dating,the formation age of the black soil was determined.Based on the characteristics of the geochemical composition,grain size and the magnetic susceptibility of the sediments,it was demonstrated that the black soil and its parent material originated from reworked loess.Furthermore,the mass transfer coefficient(τ)of some elements was determined,in order to explore the soil weathering process.By calculating the transported amount of alkaline and alkaline-earth elements,the weathering rate of parent material to black soil was found to be weak,at 0.16 kEq·ha^(-1)·year^(-1).Combining the results of dating and carbon density in the different layers of black soil,the accumulation rate of organic carbon was determined as follows:rapidly increasing in the initial period of 13.2-2.2 ka,reaching its maximum average value of 34.0 g·cm^(-2)·a^(-1)at 2.2-0.8 ka,then showing a decreasing trend with an average value of-77.5 g·cm^(-2)·a^(-1).Compared with regional climate change,Keshan black soil has developed under a colder and wetter climate during the Holocene.Predictably,ongoing global warming may lead to the degradation of black soils in the Songnen Plain,as well as in other regions.Our results will enrich geological knowledge of black soil formation and future evolutionary trends.
文摘To determine the effects of preharvest arginine spraying on the nutritional level of broccoli and the mechanism of action of arginine in improving the storage quality of broccoli,arginine spraying(5 mmol/L)was conducted at 0,1,3,and 5 days before harvest.The appearance,respiration rate,mass-loss rate,electrolyte leakage,glucosinolate,ascorbic acid,total phenol,total flavonoid,total sugar and sucrose contents,and sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS),invertase(INV),sucrose synthase synthesis(SSS)and cleavage(SSC)activities of broccoli samples were observed after 0,2,4,6,8,and 10 days of storage.The results showed that spraying arginine at 5 days preharvest(5-ARG)helped to inhibit broccoli respiration during storage,delay electrolyte leakage,and maintain broccoli color.Furthermore,during the growth stage,total sugar accumulation was higher in the 5-ARG group.In addition,during the storage period,sucrose synthesis was accelerated,while sucrose cleavage was inhibited,resulting in more sucrose retention in postharvest broccoli.In conclusion,5-ARG resulted in the accumulation of more nutrients during the growth process and effectively delayed the quality decline during storage,thereby prolonging the shelf life of broccoli.Therefore,this study provides a theoretical basis for improving postharvest storage characteristics of broccoli through preharvest treatments.
基金Supported by the Research Project of CNOOC(KJZH-2021-0003-00).
文摘Based on petroleum exploration and new progress of oil and gas geology study in the Qiongdongnan Basin,combined with seismic,logging,drilling,core,sidewall coring,geochemistry data,a systematic study is conducted on the source,reservoir-cap conditions,trap types,migration and accumulation characteristics,enrichment mechanisms,and reservoir formation models of ultra-deep water and ultra-shallow natural gas,taking the Lingshui 36-1 gas field as an example.(1)The genetic types of the ultra-deep water and ultra-shallow natural gas in the Qiongdongnan Basin include thermogenic gas and biogenic gas,and dominated by thermogenic gas.(2)The reservoirs are mainly composed of the Quaternary deep-water submarine fan sandstone.(3)The types of cap rocks include deep-sea mudstone,mass transport deposits mudstone,and hydrate-bearing formations.(4)The types of traps are mainly lithological,and also include structural-lithological traps.(5)The migration channels include vertical transport channels such as faults,gas chimneys,fracture zones,and lateral transport layers such as large sand bodies and unconformity surfaces,forming a single or composite transport framework.A new natural gas accumulation model is proposed for ultra-deep water and ultra-shallow layers,that is,dual source hydrocarbon supply,gas chimney and submarine fan composite migration,deep-sea mudstone-mass transport deposits mudstone-hydrate-bearing strata ternary sealing,late dynamic accumulation,and large-scale enrichment at ridges.The new understanding obtained from the research has reference and enlightening significance for the next step of deepwater and ultra-shallow layers,as well as oil and gas exploration in related fields or regions.
基金Supported by the PetroChina Basic Project(2024DJ23)CNPC Science Research and Technology Development Project(2021DJ0101)。
文摘Coal measures are significant hydrocarbon source rocks and reservoirs in petroliferous basins.Many large gas fields and coalbed methane fields globally are originated from coal-measure source rocks or accumulated in coal rocks.Inspired by the discovery of shale oil and gas,and guided by“the overall exploration concept of considering coal rock as reservoir”,breakthroughs in the exploration and development of coal-rock gas have been achieved in deep coal seams with favorable preservation conditions,thereby opening up a new development frontier for the unconventional gas in coal-rock reservoirs.Based on the data from exploration and development practices,a systematic study on the accumulation mechanism of coal-rock gas has been conducted.The mechanisms of“three fields”controlling coal-rock gas accumulation are revealed.It is confirmed that the coal-rock gas is different from CBM in accumulation process.The whole petroleum systems in the Carboniferous–Permian transitional facies coal measures of the eastern margin of the Ordos Basin and in the Jurassic continental facies coal measures of the Junggar Basin are characterized,and the key research directions for further developing the whole petroleum system theory of coal measures are proposed.Coal rocks,compared to shale,possess intense hydrocarbon generation potential,strong adsorption capacity,dual-medium reservoir properties,and partial or weak oil and gas self-sealing capacity.Additionally,unlike other unconventional gas such as shale gas and tight gas,coal-rock gas exhibits more complex accumulation characteristics,and its accumulation requires a certain coal-rock play form lithological and structural traps.Coal-rock gas also has the characteristics of conventional fractured gas reservoirs.Compared with the basic theory and model of the whole petroleum system established based on detrital rock formations,coal measures have distinct characteristics and differences in coal-rock reservoirs and source-reservoir coupling.The whole petroleum system of coal measures is composed of various types of coal-measure hydrocarbon plays with coal(and dark shale)in coal measures as source rock and reservoir,and with adjacent tight layers as reservoirs or cap or transport layers.Under the action of source-reservoir coupling,coal-rock gas is accumulated in coal-rock reservoirs with good preservation conditions,tight oil/gas is accumulated in tight layers,conventional oil/gas is accumulated in traps far away from sources,and coalbed methane is accumulated in coal-rock reservoirs damaged by later geological processes.The proposed whole petroleum system of coal measures represents a novel type of whole petroleum system.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42302141).
文摘Taking the second member of the Xujiahe Formation of the Upper Triassic in the Xinchang structural belt as an example,based on data such as logging,production,seismic interpretation and test,a systematic analysis was conducted on the structural characteristics and evolution,reservoir diagenesis and densification processes,and types and stages of faults/fractures,and revealing the multi-stage and multi-factor dynamic coupled enrichment mechanisms of tight gas reservoirs.(1)In the early Yanshan period,the paleo-structural traps were formed with low-medium maturity hydrocarbons accumulating in structural highs driven by buoyancy since reservoirs were not fully densified in this stage,demonstrating paleo-structure control on traps and early hydrocarbon accumulation.(2)In the middle-late Yanshan period,the source rocks became mature to generate and expel a large quantity of hydrocarbons.Grain size and type of sandstone controlled the time of reservoir densification,which restricted the scale of hydrocarbon charging,allowing for only a small-scale migration through sand bodies near the fault/fracture or less-densified matrix reservoirs.(3)During the Himalayan period,the source rocks reached overmaturity,and the residual oil cracking gas was efficiently transported along the late-stage faults/fractures.Wells with high production capacity were mainly located in Type I and II fault/fracture zones comprising the late-stage north-south trending fourth-order faults and the late-stage fractures.The productivity of the wells was controlled by the transformation of the late-stage faults/fractures.(4)The Xinchang structural belt underwent three stages of tectonic evolution,two stages of reservoir formation,and three stages of fault/fractures development.Hydrocarbons mainly accumulated in the paleo-structure highs.After reservoir densification and late fault/fracture adjustment,a complex gas-water distribution pattern was formed.Thus,it is summarized as the model of“near-source and low-abundance hydrocarbon charging in the early stage,and differential enrichment of natural gas under the joint control of fault-fold-fracture complex,high-quality reservoirs and structural highs in the late stage”.Faults/fractures with well-coupled fault-fold-fracture-pore are favorable exploration targets with high exploration effectiveness.
基金Supported by CNPC Basic Technology Research and Development Project(2021DJ2203)National Science and Technology Major Project for New Oil and Gas Exploration and Development(2025ZD1400200).
文摘Based on the investigation of sedimentary filling characteristics and pool-forming factors of the Mesozoic in the Ordos Basin,the whole petroleum system in the Mesozoic is divided,the migration&accumulation characteristics and main controlling factors of conventional-unconventional hydrocarbons are analyzed,and the whole petroleum system model is established.First,the whole petroleum system developed in the Mesozoic takes the high-quality source rocks of the 7th member of the Triassic Yanchang Formation as the core and mainly consists of low-permeability and unconventional oil and gas reservoirs.It can be divided into four hydrocarbon accumulation domains,including intra-source retained hydrocarbon accumulation domain,near-source tight hydrocarbon accumulation domain,far-source conventional hydrocarbon accumulation domain and transitional hydrocarbon accumulation domain,which together form a continuous,symbiotic,and orderly accumulation entity wherein unconventional resources significantly outweigh conventional ones in proportion.Second,the spatial core area of sedimentary filling is the oil-rich core of the whole petroleum system.From the core to the periphery,the reservoir type evolves as shale oil→tight oil→conventional oil,the accumulation power is dominated by overpressure→buoyancy or overpressure and capillary force,the accumulation scale changes from extensive hundreds of millions of tons to a isolated hundreds of thousands-million of tons,and the gas-oil ratio and methane content decrease.Third,the sedimentary filling system provides the material basis and spatial framework for the whole petroleum system,the superimposed sand body,fault and unconformity constitute the dominant migration pathway of hydrocarbons in the far-source conventional hydrocarbon accumulation domain and the transitional hydrocarbon accumulation domain,the high-quality source rocks provide a solid resource basis for shale oil,and the micro-nano pore throat-fracture network constitute unconventional accumulation space.The hydrocarbon migration and accumulation process is mainly controlled by intense expulsion of hydrocarbon under overpressure in the pool-forming stage and the in-situ re-enrichment controlled by underpressure in post-pool-forming stage.The oil-gas enrichment and long-term preservation depends on the coordination among three factors(stable geological structure,multi-cycle sedimentation,and dual self-sealing).Fourth,the whole petroleum system model is defined as four domains,overpressure+underpressure drive,and dual self-sealing.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1500705)National Natural Science Foundation of China(U19A2035)for financial support。
文摘Strip-till(ST),including straw mulching in the inter-row and localized fertilization in the intra-row,is a conservation tillage system for improving soil quality and crop growth.However,the yield advantage of maize under ST compared to conventional tillage(CT)remains unstable,and the strategies to increase maize yield under ST are unclear.This study aims to understand the physiological mechanism underlining maize yield formation under ST by comparing two maize cultivars,DKM753 and DK517,with contrasting yield performance in ST versus CT systems.Compared to CT,ST resulted in a 4.5%yield increase for DKM753 but a 5.6%decrease for DK517.These yield differences were primarily attributed to variations in grain number per ear(GN).During the rapid growth stage(V14-R3),i.e.,two weeks before and after silking,DKM753 showed a 6.7%increase in maximum growth rate(V_(max))and a 6.3%increase in average growth rate(V)under ST,whereas DK517 exhibited decline of 8.5%in V_(max) and 12.3%in V.Significant positive correlations are observed between V_(max) and V with GN under ST(R^(2)=0.79 and R^(2)=0.90,respectively).Enhanced dry matter accumulation in DKM753 under ST was attributed to increased leaf expansion rates,contributing to a larger photosynthate source.The straw mulching and localized nitrogen fertilization increased root-zone nitrogen availability at silking in ST compared to CT.DKM753 had a greater root system which made better use of the soil N and lead to an increased leaf nitrogen accumulation by 14.9%under ST.It is concluded that maize yield under the strip-till system is determined by grain number per ear,which can be increased by increasing nitrogen accumulation,plant growth,and ear development around silking stage.A sound root system can efficiently utilize soil nitrogen resources under the strip-till system,increasing plant nitrogen accumulation and thereby promoting plant growth.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22336003 and 42177222)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFC3707600).
文摘Schwertmannite, a common iron-derived mineral, is known for its high efficiency in adsorbing As from water and reducing the mobility and availability of As in soils. However,few studies have examined the critical period for the effectiveness of schwertmannite in hindering As uptake by rice plants, particularly its impact on the uptake and transport of As across different growth stages of rice. In this study, hydroponic experiments were performed to explore the absorption and translocation of As(500 μg/L As(Ⅲ) or As(Ⅴ)), when combined with schwertmannite, in rice during all growth stages. The results showed that As concentration in roots, stems and leaves increased with rice growth, while the addition of schwertmannite reduced the As concentration in all parts of rice, compared to the control without schwertmannite. Besides, schwertmannite application mitigated the harmful impact of As on rice yield, and reduced As levels in grains by 66 %-90 % compared to treatments with only As(Ⅲ) or As(Ⅴ). The heading stage is identified as a critical period for applying schwertmannite to reduce As uptake in rice. Specifically, during the heading stages,the plants uptake 85 %-91 % of the As contents in the absence of schwertmannite. However,adding schwertmannite retained about 84 %-90 % of As content, significantly reducing its absorption by rice plants at this stage. Therefore, maintaining As adsorption by schwertmannite up to the heading stage is beneficial to effectively reduce As uptake in rice and lower As concentration in rice grains.
基金the National Science and Technology Major Project of China for their support。
文摘Research based on oil accumulation models is essential for exploring the hydrocarbon accumulation theory further.Studies on tight oil accumulation models focused on fan delta depositional systems,and in particular,systems involving source-reservoir separated type are scarce.To explore the accumulation model of tight oil in conglomerate,this study focused on the Permian-Triassic tight conglomerate oil in Mahu sag,Junggar Basin,using well drilling,well logging,seismic profiling,oil testing,and laboratory data,and analyzed the formation conditions,formation types,and distribution patterns of conglomerate reservoirs.The results show that,the conglomerate reservoirs are predominantly lithologic reservoirs and partly fault-lithologic reservoirs;there is no water evident at the edge or bottom around the reservoirs.The tight conglomerate layer in the delta plain subfacies of each fan exhibits high clay content and intense diagenesis,and the argillaceous rocks in the pro-fan delta subfacies and shallow lacustrine facies form the sealing and floor conditions.The sandy conglomerate of fan delta front subfacies is the main reservoir body.Additionally,strikeslip faulting in the Indosinian-Himalayan period formed an efficient faulting system for trans-stratal migration with Hercynian-Indosinian inverse faulting.Oil migration is driven by the overpressure caused by hydrocarbon generation from alkali lacustrine source rocks.The distribution of reservoirs is primarily controlled by the large fan bodies,namely the Zhongguai,Baijiantan,Karamay,Huangyangquan,Xiazijie,Xiayan,and Dabasong fans.Each fan body forms a group of reservoirs or oilfields,resulting in a widely distributed pattern,according to which reservoir and sealing constitute one whole body—i.e.,patterns of“one sand and one reservoir,one fan and one field.”This results in a quasi-continuous accumulation model,which includes strong oil charging,efficient faulting transportation,trans-stratal migration,and lithologic trapped accumulation.The proposed model is an important supplement to the existing model of quasi-continuous oil and gas accumulation.Overall,this study enriches unconventional oil and gas accumulation theories.
基金funded by the Science and Technology Major Program of Hubei Province(2024BBA002)the Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province,China(No.2023BBB065 and No.2024EBA010).
文摘Cadmium(Cd),a highly toxic heavy metal,represents a major global environmental threat due to its widespread dispersion through anthropogenic activities.Environmental Cd contamination poses significant risks to living organisms,including humans,animals,and plants.Certain plant species have evolved Cd hyperaccumulating capabilities to adapt to high-Cd habitats,playing critical roles in phytoremediation strategies.Here we review the biodiversity and biogeography of Cd hyperaccumulators,the underlying mechanisms of Cd uptake and accumulation,and the ecological impacts of hyperaccumulation.Themajor points are the following:twenty-fourCd hyperaccumulator species have been documented,with shoot Cd concentrations ranging from 170-9000 mg⋅kg−1;core mechanisms involve root uptake by metal transporters(e.g.,heavy-metal ATPases,and natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins),ligand-facilitated translocation via organic acids and phytochelatins,andABCtransporter-mediated vacuolar sequestration.Cd hyperaccumulators exert complex effects on rhizosphere microbiota,herbivores,and neighboring plant communities.Future research priorities should focus on the functional characterization of Cd transporters and regulatory genes,and comprehensive assessments of the ecological consequences of Cd accumulation in plants.
基金supported by the Basic Research Project of Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Department(202201AT070262)the Project of Yunnan Province Food and Drug Homologous Resources Functional Food Innovation Team(A3032023057)+1 种基金the Yunnan Province Ten Thousand Plan Industrial Technology Talents Project(YNWR-CYJS-2020-010)the Yunnan Province-City Integration Project(202302 AN360002).
文摘Obesity has brought great challenges to global human health,and how to effectively prevent and control the occurrence and development of obesity has become an urgent problem.The role and mechanism of 4-[(α-Lrhamnosyloxy)benzyl]isothiocyanate(MITC),an active ingredient of Moringa oleifera Lam.,in the regulation of lipid metabolism have not been comprehensively investigated.In the present study,we investigated the mechanism of MITC in inhibiting lipid accumulation in mice fed with a high-fat diet(HFD)in terms of both lipolysis and central appetite regulation mediated by the gut microbe-gut-brain axis.MITC enhanced the characteristic indices associated with HFD mice and also promoted adipocytolysis and brown fat thermogenesis.Moreover,MITC was observed to improve leptin resistance,modulate the composition of gut microbiota such as Ruminococcaceae,Parasutterella,and Acetatifactor,promote 5-hydroxytryptamine secretion,further enhance the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)and peptide tyrosine-tyrosine(PYY)to activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor(PPAR)signaling in the hypothalamus,and modulate feeding behavior to inhibit lipid accumulation in HFD mice.These data suggest that MITC supplementation can help to alleviate obesity or obesity-related diseases.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundations of China(Grant No.42173054)。
文摘Light oil and gas reservoirs are abundant in the Ordovician marine carbonate reservoir in Shunbei Oilfield,Tarim Basin.This presents a compelling geological puzzle,as ultra-deep reservoirs undergo intense alteration and complex petroleum accumulation processes.A comprehensive suite of geochemical analyses,including molecular components,carbon isotope composition,homogenization temperature of saline inclusions,and burial-thermal history of single wells,was conducted to elucidate the genesis of these ancient reservoirs.Three petroleum filling events have been identified in the study area:Late Caledonian,Hercynian-Indosinian,and Himalayan,through analysis of homogenization temperatures of brine inclusions and burial-thermal histories.Additionally,the oil in the study area has undergone significant alteration processes such as biodegradation,thermal alteration,mixing,evaporative fractionation,and gas invasion.This study particularly emphasizes the influential role of Himalayan gas filling-induced evaporation fractionation and gas invasion in shaping the present petroleum phase distribution.Furthermore,analysis of light hydrocarbon and diamondoid parameters indicates the oil within the study area is at a high maturity stage,with equivalent vitrinite reflectance values ranging from 1.48%to 1.99%.Additionally,the analysis of light hydrocarbons,aromatics,and thiadiamondoids indicates that TSR should occur in reservoirs near the gypsum-salt layers in the Cambrian.The existence of the Cambrian petroleum system in the study area is strongly confirmed when considering the analysis results of natural gas type(oil cracking gas),evaporative fractionation,and gas invasion.Permian local thermal anomalies notably emerge as a significant factor contributing to the destruction of biomarkers in oil.For oil not subject to transient,abnormal thermal events,biomarker reliability extends to at least 190℃.In conclusion,examining the special formation mechanisms and conditions of various secondary processes can offer valuable insights for reconstructing the history of petroleum accumulation in ultradeep reservoirs.This research provides a scientific foundation for advancing our knowledge of petroleum systems and underscores the importance of hydrocarbon geochemistry in unraveling ultra-deep,complex geological phenomena.
文摘Background:Insufficient physical activity and prolonged sedentary behavior have emerged as major global public health challenges.Short bouts(≤10 min)of accumulated exercise(SBAE)throughout the day may be a promising strategy to mitigate the adverse effects of prolonged sitting and promote physical activity,ultimately promoting overall health.However,previous ambiguity in defining this concept has resulted in a fragmented and inconsistent evidence base,impeding practical applications,the development of guidelines,and policymaking.The purpose of this study is to establish an operational definition of SBAE by synthesizing systematic reviews and research trials alongside an expert consensus.Additionally,it seeks to evaluate acute and long-term efficacy and feasibility,providing evidence-based recommendations for practice and future research directions.Methods:A literature search was performed across PubMed and Web of Science,followed by systematic screening and summarization of eligible studies based on predefined inclusion criteria.Inclusion criteria encompassed various modes/types of SBAE(bouts lasting≤10 min,performed multiple times daily with≥30 min intervals);both aerobic and resistance exercise were considered.Relevant systematic reviews and research trials were included.Methodological quality,risk of bias,and evidence certainty were assessed.Expert consensus was obtained through a survey to evaluate recommendations and agreement levels on findings.Results:After analyzing 27 systematic reviews,135 research studies,and an expert consensus involving 48 researchers from 11 countries,SBAE is defined as any exercise mode of activity,regardless of intensity,that is accumulated in either continuous or intermittent bouts lasting≤10 min per session(including multiple intermittent sets)that are performed multiple times(≥2 sessions/day)per day,with intervals of≥30 min between bouts or otherwise sufficient time for recovery.When used to interrupt prolonged periods of sedentary time,SBAE mitigates the acute adverse effects of sedentary behavior on more than 10 clinical biomarkers of endocrine,cardiovascular,and brain health/function among adults of diverse ages and conditions.Moreover,SBAE was superior for improving acute glycemic control compared to a single continuous exercise session.As a long-term intervention(average of 11 weeks),SBAE can improve over 20 health outcomes,including peak oxygen uptake,resting blood pressure,and metabolic health.Additionally,SBAE might be more effective than continuous exercise for improving longer-term glycemic control and body composition.Long-term completion rates for SBAE interventions are generally high(95%),with low dropout rates(12%)and high adherence rates even without supervision(85%),and its safety has been preliminarily validated.Conclusion:An operational definition of SBAE is provided along with its classification and acute and long-term efficacy.Practical exercise prescription recommendations and evidence-based strategies for various populations and contexts are provided.Future research should focus on generating high-quality evidence for SBAE in 5 key areas:quantification and monitoring,population-specific responses,optimization of exercise prescriptions,intervention efficacy,and practical implementation.Additionally,addressing policy,environmental,and promotional barriers is crucial for transitioning from expert consensus to public consensus,and for facilitating the application of this strategy in real-world environments.
文摘Carrots have an important role for a life of the men.Everybody can use carrots in the meals or the drinks,he uses carrots such as the medicaments to cure many diseases,too.Carrots are very necessary,we can tell the following effects:carrots help improve eyesight,especially,carrots contain vitamin A,essential nutrients for health of the eyes.When our bodies have the vitamin A deficiency in the long time,visual cells in the eye retina can been hurt,make dry eyes,cause the visual disturbances and it is serious that everyone does not see.Carrots support to cure the diabetes;help strengthen the immunity;improve the health cardiovascular;help beautiful healthy skin;can reduce the risk of cancer.Besides,everyone drinks carrot juice to stimulate hair growth and stabilize blood pressure.Carrots contain a lot of beta carotene,fiber,vitamin K1,potassium as well as antioxidants and are grown popularly in all regions of Vietnam.The cultivating soil,irrigating water and carrot samples were collected in Loc Thanh village,Bao Lam district,Lam Dong province and some indicators were analyzed.The results showed that the soil sample was poor in nutrient by N,P,K indicators that were lower than the standards;but pH,Al3+and Fe3+were higher than the standards.The water sample did not contain the toxic heavy metals such as:As,Pb,Cd;but the indicators of Cu,Zn,Fe were higher than the standards.For the carrot sample,the indicators of As,Pb,Cu,Zn exceeded the allowable threshold;the contents of lipid and protein were lower than the standards but NO3-was within allowable standards.However,analysis of carrot samples grown by us using organic methods showed that some heavy metal indicators such as:As,Pb,Cu were lower than allowable standards.This showed that it is necessary to choose the type of soil,water and organic method for growing carrots in order to harvest good quality carrots and safety for users.We studied an environment of soil,water and analyzed the carrots to find a nutrition level,nutritional value and the metal accumulation in order to improve a life of men.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation(62202118,U24A20241)in part by Major Scientific and Technological Special Project of Guizhou Province([2024]014,[2024]003)+1 种基金in part by Scientific and Technological Research Projects from Guizhou Education Department(Qian jiao ji[2023]003)in part by Guizhou Science and Technology Department Hundred Level Innovative Talents Project(GCC[2023]018).
文摘Deep neural networks remain susceptible to adversarial examples,where the goal of an adversarial attack is to introduce small perturbations to the original examples in order to confuse the model without being easily detected.Although many adversarial attack methods produce adversarial examples that have achieved great results in the whitebox setting,they exhibit low transferability in the black-box setting.In order to improve the transferability along the baseline of the gradient-based attack technique,we present a novel Stochastic Gradient Accumulation Momentum Iterative Attack(SAMI-FGSM)in this study.In particular,during each iteration,the gradient information is calculated using a normal sampling approach that randomly samples around the sample points,with the highest probability of capturing adversarial features.Meanwhile,the accumulated information of the sampled gradient from the previous iteration is further considered to modify the current updated gradient,and the original gradient attack direction is changed to ensure that the updated gradient direction is more stable.Comprehensive experiments conducted on the ImageNet dataset show that our method outperforms existing state-of-the-art gradient-based attack techniques,achieving an average improvement of 10.2%in transferability.
