Field measurement of strong wind characteristics is of great significance for the development of bridge wind engineering. Located in east China, the Runyang Suspension Bridge (RSB) with a main span of 1490 m is the lo...Field measurement of strong wind characteristics is of great significance for the development of bridge wind engineering. Located in east China, the Runyang Suspension Bridge (RSB) with a main span of 1490 m is the longest bridge in China and the third longest in the world. During the last four years, the RSB has suffered from typhoons and strong northern winds on more than ten occasions. To determine the strong wind characteristics of the RSB, wind measurement data obtained from field tests during strong winds and data from the wind environment monitoring subsystem of the structural health monitoring system (SHMS) of the RSB were combined to analyze the wind speed and direction, variation in wind speed with height, turbulence intensity, turbulence integral length, wind friction speed and the power spectrum. Comparative studies on the characteristics of these different strong winds were carried out based on the current wind-resistant design specification for highway bridges. Results showed that some regularity in wind characteristics can be found in these different typhoons passing through the RSB. The difference between a strong northern wind and a typhoon is relatively clear, and in summer the typhoon is the dominant wind load acting on the RSB. In addition, there were some differences between the measured strong wind characteristics and the values suggested by the specification, especially in respect to turbulence intensity and turbulence integral length. Results provide measurement data for establishing a strong wind characteristic database for the RSB and for determining the strong wind characteristic parameter values of this coastal area in east China.展开更多
Heliostats are sensitive to the wind load, thus as a key indicator, the study on the static and dynamic stability bearing capacity for heliostats is very important. In this work, a numerical wind tunnel was establishe...Heliostats are sensitive to the wind load, thus as a key indicator, the study on the static and dynamic stability bearing capacity for heliostats is very important. In this work, a numerical wind tunnel was established to calculate the wind load coefficients in various survival stow positions. In order to explore the best survival stow position for the heliostat under the strong wind, eigenvalue buckling analysis method was introduced to predict the critical wind load theoretically. Considering the impact of the nonlinearity and initial geometrical imperfection, the nonlinear post-buckling behaviors of the heliostat were investigated by load-displacement curves in the full equilibrium process. Eventually, combining B-R criterion with equivalent displacement principle the dynamic critical wind speed and load amplitude coefficient were evaluated. The results show that the determination for the best survival stow position is too hasty just by the wind load coefficients. The geometric nonlinearity has a great effect on the stability bearing capacity of the heliostat, while the effects of the material nonlinearity and initial geometrical imperfection are relatively small. And the heliostat is insensitive to the initial geometrical imperfection. In addition, the heliostat has the highest safety factor for wind-resistant performance in the stow position of 90-90 which can be taken as the best survival stow position. In this case, the extreme survival wind speeds for the static and dynamic stability are 150 m/s and 36 m/s, respectively.展开更多
The aerodynamic performances of a passenger car and a box car with different heights of windbreak walls under strong wind were studied using the numerical simulations, and the changes of aerodynamic side force, lift f...The aerodynamic performances of a passenger car and a box car with different heights of windbreak walls under strong wind were studied using the numerical simulations, and the changes of aerodynamic side force, lift force and overturning moment with different wind speeds and wall heights were calculated. According to the principle of static moment balance of vehicles, the overturning coefficients of trains with different wind speeds and wall heights were obtained. Based on the influence of wind speed and wall height on the aerodynamic performance and the overturning stability of trains, a method of determination of the load balance ranges for the train operation safety was proposed, which made the overturning coefficient have nearly closed interval. A min(|A1|+|A2|), s.t. |A1|→|A2|(A1 refers to the downwind overturning coefficient and A2 refers to the upwind overturning coefficient)was found. This minimum value helps to lower the wall height as much as possible, and meanwhile, guarantees the operation safety of various types of trains under strong wind. This method has been used for the construction and improvement of the windbreak walls along the Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway(from Lanzhou to Urumqi, China).展开更多
The non-stationary buffeting response of long span suspension bridge in time domain under strong wind loading is computed. Modeling method for generating non-stationary fluctuating winds with probabilistic model for n...The non-stationary buffeting response of long span suspension bridge in time domain under strong wind loading is computed. Modeling method for generating non-stationary fluctuating winds with probabilistic model for non-stationary strong wind fields is first presented. Non-stationary wind forces induced by strong winds on bridge deck and tower are then given a brief introduction. Finally,Non-stationary buffeting response of Pulite Bridge in China,a long span suspension bridge,is computed by using ANSYS software under four working conditions with different combination of time-varying mean wind and time-varying variance. The case study further confirms that it is necessity of considering non-stationary buffeting response for long span suspension bridge under strong wind loading,rather than only stationary buffeting response.展开更多
The statistical character of QuikSCAT scatterometer winds is showed. And Monthly change and special distribution character of strong wind frequency and monthly wind fields in South China Sea is analyzed. It is shown i...The statistical character of QuikSCAT scatterometer winds is showed. And Monthly change and special distribution character of strong wind frequency and monthly wind fields in South China Sea is analyzed. It is shown in the result that the QuikSCAT scatterometer winds can be relied upon for the South China Sea; two winds, one the wintertime northeasterly and the other summertime southwesterly. The northeasterly centers at the Bashi Strait and Taiwam Strait and its secondary center and the maximum center of the southwesterly are in the central and southern South China Sea.展开更多
In this paper, the numerical modelling of the tidal level and current in the Bohai Sea was carried out with ADI method, by taking the sum of four main tidal components M2,S2K2,O1 as the open boundary condition. The ca...In this paper, the numerical modelling of the tidal level and current in the Bohai Sea was carried out with ADI method, by taking the sum of four main tidal components M2,S2K2,O1 as the open boundary condition. The calculated values were consistent with the predicted ones (the observed values in the case of calm) in the Tidal Table. On the basis of the modelling of the tide, the sea level and current fields under the effects of strong wind were simulated. The calculated results were also quite satisfactory.展开更多
Based on conventional meteorological observation data, NCEP 1° × 1° reanalysis data, reanalysis data with resolution 0.75° × 0.75° from ECMWF and Doppler weather radar, we analyzed the we...Based on conventional meteorological observation data, NCEP 1° × 1° reanalysis data, reanalysis data with resolution 0.75° × 0.75° from ECMWF and Doppler weather radar, we analyzed the weather conditions and physical characteristics of Super Typhoon Rammasun (1409), which caused special strong wind and severe rainstorm in Guangxi. The results show that: 1) Typhoon Rammasun offshore sudden strengthening in one of the main reasons was that loop pressure ridge superimposed into the westward extension of subtropical high, to making enable rapid strengthening of the subtropical high, so the subtropical high advanced faster than the Rammasun move, Rammasun center of the subtropical high distance reduced and the gradient increased;2) Rammasun northward to south china coast with plenty of vapor following ITCZ, before landing, southwest monsoon and cross-equatorial flow were involved, Rammasun got latent heat of monsoon jet, enabling it to strengthen in offshore;3) Rammasun from the Qiongzhou Strait into the northern Gulf, therefore the Strait of short passages and both sides belong to the low zone, friction consumption smaller, that was the main reason what was able to maintain the strength of the super typhoon, when Rammasun into the Beibu Gulf;4) Diagnostic analysis shows that Rammasun before entering the northern Gulf and into the Beibu Gulf later, vorticity weakened, divergence and vapor flux divergence changed were smaller, meanwhile, vertical ascent speed and latent heat transport both increased, which was important reason of severe rainstorm caused by Rammasun.展开更多
This paper describes the numerical study of nonstratified airflow over a real complex terrain. Attention is focused on the mechanism of a local strong wind induced by a topographic effect. In order to clarify the mech...This paper describes the numerical study of nonstratified airflow over a real complex terrain. Attention is focused on the mechanism of a local strong wind induced by a topographic effect. In order to clarify the mechanism of the occurrence of strong winds accompanied by the effects of terrain, the use of a numerical simulation is very effective, in which conditions can be set without the influence of ground roughness and temperature distribution. As a result, airflow converged to a small basin of mountain terrain in the upper stream, and local strong wind was generated leeward along the slope of the mountain terrain. Furthermore, the influence of the reproduction accuracy of geographical features, that is, horizontal grid resolution, was examined. Consequently, to reproduce the above-mentioned local strong wind, it was shown that horizontal grid resolution from 50 m to about 100 m was necessary.展开更多
The impact of strong wind and rain loads will adversely affect the reliability of the overhead lines, it’s necessary to study changes in risk of transmission system and establish the reliability model of overhead lin...The impact of strong wind and rain loads will adversely affect the reliability of the overhead lines, it’s necessary to study changes in risk of transmission system and establish the reliability model of overhead lines through the strong wind and rain loads. In this article, the stochastic properties of overhead lines’ strength and loads were used, according to principles of structural reliability, time-dependent failure probability model of overhead lines was established under the impact of strong wind and rain loads. Simulation of the IEEE-79 system demonstrates that failure probability model is effective. This simulation result also shows that the impact of strong wind and rain loads will seriously affect reliability indices of system loads, rain loads cannot be ignored under strong wind and rain loads.展开更多
The Lanzhou-Xinjiang high-speed railway(HSR)traverses areas of the Gobi Desert where extremely strong winds are frequent.These strong winds cause sand/gravel hazards,an unaddressed issue that often seriously compromis...The Lanzhou-Xinjiang high-speed railway(HSR)traverses areas of the Gobi Desert where extremely strong winds are frequent.These strong winds cause sand/gravel hazards,an unaddressed issue that often seriously compromises the safe operation of the HSR.This paper studies the mechanisms leading to wind-blown sand hazards and the outcomes of sand control projects in these areas.The main findings are as follows:(1)Cold northern airflows over the Tian Shan mountain range are accelerated by the wind tunnels and downslope effect as they pass over complex terrain comprising passes,gullies,and proluvial fans.Consequently,the wind intensity often increases two-to threefold,creating frequent high-speed winds that lead to severe sand damage along the HSR.(2)In the Gobi areas with extremely strong winds,sand grains can be lifted as high as 9 m from the ground into the air,far higher than in other areas of the desert.The sand transport rate decreases exponentially with increasing height.Both wind speed and particle size determine saltation height.Coarser particles and stronger winds provide the particles with a higher kinetic energy as they collide with the ground.In the wind zones of Baili and Yandun,the analysed study areas,the saltation layer height of wind-blown sand/gravel exceeds 3 and 2 m,respectively.(3)Based on the above findings,recently emerging sand control materials,suitable for the areas of interest,were screened and developed.Furthermore,under the proposed principle of‘supplementing blocking with trapping’,a comprehensive sand control measure was established,featuring sandblocking belts comprised of multiple rows,and high,vertical sand-trapping installations with a large grids size.The installed system showed a high efficacy,reducing sand transport rate by 87.87%and significantly decreasing the deposition of sand along a trial section of the HSR.展开更多
In mid-April 2025,northern and central-eastern China experienced a catastrophic compound disaster marked by Beaufort 8 or greater wind gusts affecting∼3.5×10^(6)km^(2),exposing∼610 million residents to extreme ...In mid-April 2025,northern and central-eastern China experienced a catastrophic compound disaster marked by Beaufort 8 or greater wind gusts affecting∼3.5×10^(6)km^(2),exposing∼610 million residents to extreme conditions,with Typhoon-equivalent Beaufort 12 gusts battering Beijing’s Yanshan Mountains and Beaufort 14-15 winds devastating Inner Mongolia.This unprecedented event surpassed historical extremes at 64 weather stations,impacting 996 monitoring sites with winds exceeding the 99th percentile,including 478 stations recording historic top-three maxima.Concurrently,sandstorms engulfed∼4.3×10^(6)km^(2),reaching 18°N,while Hulunbuir faced a 1.5-m snowpack-a 30-year April record.Cascading infrastructure failures resulted in 1884 uprooted trees,approximately¥16.6 million in urban damages(in Beijing),and the collapse of utility-scale photovoltaic systems across northern China and the Huang-Huai region,exacerbating the multi-faceted crisis.A brief analysis indicates the event was primarily driven by a vertically coupled cyclone system featuring a cold vortex at the middle and upper troposphere dynamically aligned with a lower-level cyclone/mesoscale vortex.The intense,deeply coupled cyclone system sustained the wind intensification primarily through its enhanced pressure gradient force and subsidence-induced downward transport of kinetic energy(KE)behind the cyclone’s core.Clarifying the controlling synoptic-scale weather systems and dominant physical mechanisms governing such extreme wind generation is critical for refining predictive models of these high-impact events while advancing the understanding of dynamic interactions within extreme wind regimes.展开更多
为应对自然风随机性与波动性带来的风速预测精度低的问题,提出一种基于频-时转换与Informer的强风等级预测方法(a strong-wind level prediction method with frequency-time transformation and Informer,FT-Informer)。该方法通过预...为应对自然风随机性与波动性带来的风速预测精度低的问题,提出一种基于频-时转换与Informer的强风等级预测方法(a strong-wind level prediction method with frequency-time transformation and Informer,FT-Informer)。该方法通过预测强风等级并输出包含多级强风信息的风速等级概率分布表,提升高铁系统在强风环境下的调度能力。首先,将Informer作为主要预测器,基于编码器-解码器架构和自注意力机制,预测实时风速。然后,引入频-时转换(frequency-time trans-formation,FT)方法对预测风速的随机脉动特性进行数值分析,进而实现风速波动范围的遍历模拟,降低风速波动性对预测结果的干扰。最后,为提供更具决策支持性的大风预警信息,构建预测风速的概率密度函数(probability density function,PDF)样本矢量集,模拟随机脉动风场的全概率尺度,从而生成未来一段时间内风速等级的概率分布表。实验结果表明,所提出的预测方法在风速等级预测精度上明显优于其他5种模型。其中预测准确率提高0.64%~10.36%,预测等级偏差为1的误差率降低0.36%~6.78%。值得注意的是,所提方法预测等级偏差为2的概率为0,与其他模型相比预测效果提升0.19%~3.68%。此外,在不同时间间隔及不同数据集的泛化实验中,该方法均展现出较强的鲁棒性和泛化性,在功率谱拟合度实验(power spectrum fitting experiment)以及风速概率精度对比实验中,验证了各强风等级概率计算结果的有效性。研究方法不仅降低了随机脉动风对预测结果的干扰,还为铁路调度人员提供未来一段时间内铁路沿线3个强风等级的发生概率,助力铁路部门制定更加精准且细致的调度决策,从而为列车在强风环境下的安全运营提供有力保障。展开更多
Based on the barotropic primitive equation in the polar coordinate system and the appropriate assumption, we obtained the mathematical equation of orographic forcing on unit mass air parcel. With the consideration of ...Based on the barotropic primitive equation in the polar coordinate system and the appropriate assumption, we obtained the mathematical equation of orographic forcing on unit mass air parcel. With the consideration of the frictional stress of the sea and land, supposing that parcel velocity in tropical cyclones is in linear variation and that the distribution of surface pressure is circular, a set of equations are derived, which describe the impact of orographic slope error, the central pressure error and position error of tropical cyclones on the wind field in the tropical cyclone. Typhoon Wipha (2007) is selected to verify the above interpretation method. The results show that the orographic slope, the frictional coefficient, the intensity and position of the cyclone are the important factors which have great influence on the interpretation of wind information about tropical cyclones. The dynamic interpretation method gives very good results, especially for the coastal area. It is applicable to improving the forecasts of the wind field in tropical cyclones.展开更多
Based on the primitive equations in polar coordinates and with the supposition that parcel velocity in tropical cyclones is in linear variation and that the distribution of surface pressure agrees with the Fujita form...Based on the primitive equations in polar coordinates and with the supposition that parcel velocity in tropical cyclones is in linear variation and that the distribution of surface pressure agrees with the Fujita formula, a set of equations are derived, which describe the impact of perturbations of central pressure, position of tropical cyclones, direction and velocity of movement of tropical cyclones on the wind field. It is proved that the second order approximation of the kinetic energy of tropical cyclones can be described by the equations under linear approximation. Typhoon Wipha (2007) is selected to verify the above interpretation method, and the results show that the interpretation method of the wind field could give very good results before the landfall of tropical cyclones, while making no apparent improvement after the landfall. The dynamical interpretation method in this paper is applicable to improving the forecasts of the wind field of tropical cyclones close to the coast.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.50725828,50908046,and 50978056)the National Science&Technology Pillar Program(No.2006BAJ03B05)the PhD Program Foundation of MOE(No.200802861012),China
文摘Field measurement of strong wind characteristics is of great significance for the development of bridge wind engineering. Located in east China, the Runyang Suspension Bridge (RSB) with a main span of 1490 m is the longest bridge in China and the third longest in the world. During the last four years, the RSB has suffered from typhoons and strong northern winds on more than ten occasions. To determine the strong wind characteristics of the RSB, wind measurement data obtained from field tests during strong winds and data from the wind environment monitoring subsystem of the structural health monitoring system (SHMS) of the RSB were combined to analyze the wind speed and direction, variation in wind speed with height, turbulence intensity, turbulence integral length, wind friction speed and the power spectrum. Comparative studies on the characteristics of these different strong winds were carried out based on the current wind-resistant design specification for highway bridges. Results showed that some regularity in wind characteristics can be found in these different typhoons passing through the RSB. The difference between a strong northern wind and a typhoon is relatively clear, and in summer the typhoon is the dominant wind load acting on the RSB. In addition, there were some differences between the measured strong wind characteristics and the values suggested by the specification, especially in respect to turbulence intensity and turbulence integral length. Results provide measurement data for establishing a strong wind characteristic database for the RSB and for determining the strong wind characteristic parameter values of this coastal area in east China.
基金Project(CYB14010)supported by Chongqing Graduate Student Research Innovation Project,ChinaProject(51405209)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Heliostats are sensitive to the wind load, thus as a key indicator, the study on the static and dynamic stability bearing capacity for heliostats is very important. In this work, a numerical wind tunnel was established to calculate the wind load coefficients in various survival stow positions. In order to explore the best survival stow position for the heliostat under the strong wind, eigenvalue buckling analysis method was introduced to predict the critical wind load theoretically. Considering the impact of the nonlinearity and initial geometrical imperfection, the nonlinear post-buckling behaviors of the heliostat were investigated by load-displacement curves in the full equilibrium process. Eventually, combining B-R criterion with equivalent displacement principle the dynamic critical wind speed and load amplitude coefficient were evaluated. The results show that the determination for the best survival stow position is too hasty just by the wind load coefficients. The geometric nonlinearity has a great effect on the stability bearing capacity of the heliostat, while the effects of the material nonlinearity and initial geometrical imperfection are relatively small. And the heliostat is insensitive to the initial geometrical imperfection. In addition, the heliostat has the highest safety factor for wind-resistant performance in the stow position of 90-90 which can be taken as the best survival stow position. In this case, the extreme survival wind speeds for the static and dynamic stability are 150 m/s and 36 m/s, respectively.
基金Project(U1334203) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The aerodynamic performances of a passenger car and a box car with different heights of windbreak walls under strong wind were studied using the numerical simulations, and the changes of aerodynamic side force, lift force and overturning moment with different wind speeds and wall heights were calculated. According to the principle of static moment balance of vehicles, the overturning coefficients of trains with different wind speeds and wall heights were obtained. Based on the influence of wind speed and wall height on the aerodynamic performance and the overturning stability of trains, a method of determination of the load balance ranges for the train operation safety was proposed, which made the overturning coefficient have nearly closed interval. A min(|A1|+|A2|), s.t. |A1|→|A2|(A1 refers to the downwind overturning coefficient and A2 refers to the upwind overturning coefficient)was found. This minimum value helps to lower the wall height as much as possible, and meanwhile, guarantees the operation safety of various types of trains under strong wind. This method has been used for the construction and improvement of the windbreak walls along the Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway(from Lanzhou to Urumqi, China).
基金Sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51408174)Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.1408085QE95)+1 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2013M540511 and 2015T80652)Key University Science Research Project of Anhui Province(Grant No.KJ2016A294)
文摘The non-stationary buffeting response of long span suspension bridge in time domain under strong wind loading is computed. Modeling method for generating non-stationary fluctuating winds with probabilistic model for non-stationary strong wind fields is first presented. Non-stationary wind forces induced by strong winds on bridge deck and tower are then given a brief introduction. Finally,Non-stationary buffeting response of Pulite Bridge in China,a long span suspension bridge,is computed by using ANSYS software under four working conditions with different combination of time-varying mean wind and time-varying variance. The case study further confirms that it is necessity of considering non-stationary buffeting response for long span suspension bridge under strong wind loading,rather than only stationary buffeting response.
基金Key Scientific Project of Guangdong province Comprehensive application of satellite data in the monitoring and forecast of marine meteorology (99M05002G) Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong province Research on pre-warning techniques
文摘The statistical character of QuikSCAT scatterometer winds is showed. And Monthly change and special distribution character of strong wind frequency and monthly wind fields in South China Sea is analyzed. It is shown in the result that the QuikSCAT scatterometer winds can be relied upon for the South China Sea; two winds, one the wintertime northeasterly and the other summertime southwesterly. The northeasterly centers at the Bashi Strait and Taiwam Strait and its secondary center and the maximum center of the southwesterly are in the central and southern South China Sea.
文摘In this paper, the numerical modelling of the tidal level and current in the Bohai Sea was carried out with ADI method, by taking the sum of four main tidal components M2,S2K2,O1 as the open boundary condition. The calculated values were consistent with the predicted ones (the observed values in the case of calm) in the Tidal Table. On the basis of the modelling of the tide, the sea level and current fields under the effects of strong wind were simulated. The calculated results were also quite satisfactory.
文摘Based on conventional meteorological observation data, NCEP 1° × 1° reanalysis data, reanalysis data with resolution 0.75° × 0.75° from ECMWF and Doppler weather radar, we analyzed the weather conditions and physical characteristics of Super Typhoon Rammasun (1409), which caused special strong wind and severe rainstorm in Guangxi. The results show that: 1) Typhoon Rammasun offshore sudden strengthening in one of the main reasons was that loop pressure ridge superimposed into the westward extension of subtropical high, to making enable rapid strengthening of the subtropical high, so the subtropical high advanced faster than the Rammasun move, Rammasun center of the subtropical high distance reduced and the gradient increased;2) Rammasun northward to south china coast with plenty of vapor following ITCZ, before landing, southwest monsoon and cross-equatorial flow were involved, Rammasun got latent heat of monsoon jet, enabling it to strengthen in offshore;3) Rammasun from the Qiongzhou Strait into the northern Gulf, therefore the Strait of short passages and both sides belong to the low zone, friction consumption smaller, that was the main reason what was able to maintain the strength of the super typhoon, when Rammasun into the Beibu Gulf;4) Diagnostic analysis shows that Rammasun before entering the northern Gulf and into the Beibu Gulf later, vorticity weakened, divergence and vapor flux divergence changed were smaller, meanwhile, vertical ascent speed and latent heat transport both increased, which was important reason of severe rainstorm caused by Rammasun.
文摘This paper describes the numerical study of nonstratified airflow over a real complex terrain. Attention is focused on the mechanism of a local strong wind induced by a topographic effect. In order to clarify the mechanism of the occurrence of strong winds accompanied by the effects of terrain, the use of a numerical simulation is very effective, in which conditions can be set without the influence of ground roughness and temperature distribution. As a result, airflow converged to a small basin of mountain terrain in the upper stream, and local strong wind was generated leeward along the slope of the mountain terrain. Furthermore, the influence of the reproduction accuracy of geographical features, that is, horizontal grid resolution, was examined. Consequently, to reproduce the above-mentioned local strong wind, it was shown that horizontal grid resolution from 50 m to about 100 m was necessary.
文摘The impact of strong wind and rain loads will adversely affect the reliability of the overhead lines, it’s necessary to study changes in risk of transmission system and establish the reliability model of overhead lines through the strong wind and rain loads. In this article, the stochastic properties of overhead lines’ strength and loads were used, according to principles of structural reliability, time-dependent failure probability model of overhead lines was established under the impact of strong wind and rain loads. Simulation of the IEEE-79 system demonstrates that failure probability model is effective. This simulation result also shows that the impact of strong wind and rain loads will seriously affect reliability indices of system loads, rain loads cannot be ignored under strong wind and rain loads.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41730644,41901011&41771010)。
文摘The Lanzhou-Xinjiang high-speed railway(HSR)traverses areas of the Gobi Desert where extremely strong winds are frequent.These strong winds cause sand/gravel hazards,an unaddressed issue that often seriously compromises the safe operation of the HSR.This paper studies the mechanisms leading to wind-blown sand hazards and the outcomes of sand control projects in these areas.The main findings are as follows:(1)Cold northern airflows over the Tian Shan mountain range are accelerated by the wind tunnels and downslope effect as they pass over complex terrain comprising passes,gullies,and proluvial fans.Consequently,the wind intensity often increases two-to threefold,creating frequent high-speed winds that lead to severe sand damage along the HSR.(2)In the Gobi areas with extremely strong winds,sand grains can be lifted as high as 9 m from the ground into the air,far higher than in other areas of the desert.The sand transport rate decreases exponentially with increasing height.Both wind speed and particle size determine saltation height.Coarser particles and stronger winds provide the particles with a higher kinetic energy as they collide with the ground.In the wind zones of Baili and Yandun,the analysed study areas,the saltation layer height of wind-blown sand/gravel exceeds 3 and 2 m,respectively.(3)Based on the above findings,recently emerging sand control materials,suitable for the areas of interest,were screened and developed.Furthermore,under the proposed principle of‘supplementing blocking with trapping’,a comprehensive sand control measure was established,featuring sandblocking belts comprised of multiple rows,and high,vertical sand-trapping installations with a large grids size.The installed system showed a high efficacy,reducing sand transport rate by 87.87%and significantly decreasing the deposition of sand along a trial section of the HSR.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 42475008]the Strategy Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences[grant number XDB0760400].
文摘In mid-April 2025,northern and central-eastern China experienced a catastrophic compound disaster marked by Beaufort 8 or greater wind gusts affecting∼3.5×10^(6)km^(2),exposing∼610 million residents to extreme conditions,with Typhoon-equivalent Beaufort 12 gusts battering Beijing’s Yanshan Mountains and Beaufort 14-15 winds devastating Inner Mongolia.This unprecedented event surpassed historical extremes at 64 weather stations,impacting 996 monitoring sites with winds exceeding the 99th percentile,including 478 stations recording historic top-three maxima.Concurrently,sandstorms engulfed∼4.3×10^(6)km^(2),reaching 18°N,while Hulunbuir faced a 1.5-m snowpack-a 30-year April record.Cascading infrastructure failures resulted in 1884 uprooted trees,approximately¥16.6 million in urban damages(in Beijing),and the collapse of utility-scale photovoltaic systems across northern China and the Huang-Huai region,exacerbating the multi-faceted crisis.A brief analysis indicates the event was primarily driven by a vertically coupled cyclone system featuring a cold vortex at the middle and upper troposphere dynamically aligned with a lower-level cyclone/mesoscale vortex.The intense,deeply coupled cyclone system sustained the wind intensification primarily through its enhanced pressure gradient force and subsidence-induced downward transport of kinetic energy(KE)behind the cyclone’s core.Clarifying the controlling synoptic-scale weather systems and dominant physical mechanisms governing such extreme wind generation is critical for refining predictive models of these high-impact events while advancing the understanding of dynamic interactions within extreme wind regimes.
基金National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (2009CB421505)major projects for science and technology development of Zhejiang province (2007C13G1610002)major promoting projects for new technology of China Meteorologycal Administration (09A13)
文摘Based on the barotropic primitive equation in the polar coordinate system and the appropriate assumption, we obtained the mathematical equation of orographic forcing on unit mass air parcel. With the consideration of the frictional stress of the sea and land, supposing that parcel velocity in tropical cyclones is in linear variation and that the distribution of surface pressure is circular, a set of equations are derived, which describe the impact of orographic slope error, the central pressure error and position error of tropical cyclones on the wind field in the tropical cyclone. Typhoon Wipha (2007) is selected to verify the above interpretation method. The results show that the orographic slope, the frictional coefficient, the intensity and position of the cyclone are the important factors which have great influence on the interpretation of wind information about tropical cyclones. The dynamic interpretation method gives very good results, especially for the coastal area. It is applicable to improving the forecasts of the wind field in tropical cyclones.
基金National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (2009CB421505)Major Projects for Science and Technology Development of Zhejiang Province (2007C13G1610002)Natural Science Foundation Project of Zhejiang Province(Y505286)
文摘Based on the primitive equations in polar coordinates and with the supposition that parcel velocity in tropical cyclones is in linear variation and that the distribution of surface pressure agrees with the Fujita formula, a set of equations are derived, which describe the impact of perturbations of central pressure, position of tropical cyclones, direction and velocity of movement of tropical cyclones on the wind field. It is proved that the second order approximation of the kinetic energy of tropical cyclones can be described by the equations under linear approximation. Typhoon Wipha (2007) is selected to verify the above interpretation method, and the results show that the interpretation method of the wind field could give very good results before the landfall of tropical cyclones, while making no apparent improvement after the landfall. The dynamical interpretation method in this paper is applicable to improving the forecasts of the wind field of tropical cyclones close to the coast.
