Fe-based catalysts are widely used for CO_(2)hydrogenation to light olefins(C_(2–4)=);however,precise regulation of active phases and the balance between intermediate reactions remain significant challenges.Herein,we...Fe-based catalysts are widely used for CO_(2)hydrogenation to light olefins(C_(2–4)=);however,precise regulation of active phases and the balance between intermediate reactions remain significant challenges.Herein,we find that the addition of moderate amounts of Ti forms a strong interaction with Fe compositions,modulating the Fe_(3)O_(4)and Fe_(5)C_(2)contents.Enhanced interaction leads to an increased Fe_(5)C_(2)/Fe_(3)O_(4)ratio,which in turn enhances the adsorption of reactants and intermediates,promoting CO hydrogenation to unsaturated alkyl groups and facilitating C–C coupling.Furthermore,the strong Fe-Ti interaction induces the preferential growth of Fe_(5)C_(2)into prismatic structures that expose the(020),(–112),and(311)facets,forming compact active interfacial sites with Fe_(3)O_(4)nanoparticles.These facet and interfacial effects significantly promote the synergistic coupling of the reverse water gas shift and Fischer-Tropsch reactions.The optimized 3K/FeTi catalyst with the highest Fe_(5)C_(2)/Fe_(3)O_(4)ratio of 3.6 achieves a 52.2%CO_(2)conversion rate,with 44.5%selectivity for C2–4=and 9.5%for CO,and the highest space-time yield of 412.0 mg gcat^(–1)h^(–1)for C_(2–4)=.展开更多
Energy density,the Achilles’heel of aqueous supercapacitors,is simultaneously determined by the voltage window and specific capacitance of the carbon materials,but the strategy of synchronously boosting them has rare...Energy density,the Achilles’heel of aqueous supercapacitors,is simultaneously determined by the voltage window and specific capacitance of the carbon materials,but the strategy of synchronously boosting them has rarely been reported.Herein,we demonstrate that the rational utilization of the interaction between redox mediators(RMs)and carbon electrode materials,especially those with rich intrinsic defects,contributes to extended potential windows and more stored charges concurrently.Using 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl(4OH-TEMPO)and intrinsic defect-rich carbons as the RMs and electrode materials,respectively,the potential window and capacitance are increased by 67%and sixfold in a neutral electrolyte.Moreover,this strategy could also be applied to alkaline and acid electrolytes.The first-principle calculation and experimental results demonstrate that the strong interaction between 4OH-TEMPO and defectrich carbons plays a key role as preferential adsorbed RMs may largely prohibit the contact of free water molecules with the electrode materials to terminate the water splitting at elevated potentials.For the RMs offering weaker interaction with the electrode materials,the water splitting still proceeds with a thus sole increase of the stored charges.The results discovered in this work could provide an alternative solution to address the low energy density of aqueous supercapacitors.展开更多
We propose the new field potential by maintaining both the symmetry of the scalar gauge and the conservation law keeping N?ether’s theorem, while disregarding the symmetry of the vector gauge. The new potential forms...We propose the new field potential by maintaining both the symmetry of the scalar gauge and the conservation law keeping N?ether’s theorem, while disregarding the symmetry of the vector gauge. The new potential forms like the well-type potential where a particle behaves almost freely but is very hard to escape without external energy, which can be interpreted as local confinement and asymptotic freedom. By assuming a 2-dimensional metric tensor in 4-dimensional space-time, we suggest the existence of 3 kinds of particles that resemble QCD with 3 color charges. We also show that the mass term exists but comes to zero and derive the charge and spin values. We can regard the particle with this new potential as a gluon, and the interaction in this well-type potential as a strong interaction for the properties of mass, charge, spin, and its behavior. We suggest the eight-fold way with this new particle, which is similar to the existing method based on SU (3) symmetry. Even though the strong interaction has been analyzed in the standard model and string theory, we build a new consistent model based on the theory of relativity including Riemann geometry, and show the unification of gravitational and strong interactional field.展开更多
The strong force effect on gluon distribution of quark-gluon plasma and its influence on jet energy loss with detailed balance are studied. We solve the possibility equation and obtain the value of non-extensive param...The strong force effect on gluon distribution of quark-gluon plasma and its influence on jet energy loss with detailed balance are studied. We solve the possibility equation and obtain the value of non-extensive parameter q. In the presence of strong interaction, more gluons stay at low-energy state than the free gluon case. The strong interaction effect is found to be important for jet energy loss with detailed balance at intermediate jet energy. The energy gain via absorption increases with the strong interaction. This will affect the nuclear modification factor RAA and the parameter of q at intermediate jet energy.展开更多
Maintaining high metal dispersion of supported metal catalysts to achieve superior reactivity under harsh conditions poses one of the main challenges for their practical applications.Constructing and regulating the st...Maintaining high metal dispersion of supported metal catalysts to achieve superior reactivity under harsh conditions poses one of the main challenges for their practical applications.Constructing and regulating the strong metal-support interactions(SMSI)by diverse methodologies has emerged as one of the promising approaches to fabricating robust supported metal catalysts.In this study,we report an L-ascorbic acid(AA)-inducing strategy to generate SMSI on a titania-supported gold(Au)catalyst after high-temperature treatment in an inert atmosphere(600℃,N_(2)).The AA-induced SMSI can efficiently stabilize Au nanoparticles(NPs)and preserve their catalytic performance.The detailed study reveals that the key to realizing this SMSI is the generation of oxygen vacancies within the TiO_(2) support induced by the adsorbed AA,which drives the formation of the Ti Oxpermeable layer onto the Au NPs.The strategy could be extended to TiO_(2)-supported Au catalysts with different crystal phases and platinum group metals,such as Pt,Pd,and Rh.This work offers a promising novel route to design stable and efficient supported noble metal catalysts by constructing SMSI using simple reducing organic adsorbent.展开更多
Photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting using bismuth vanadate(BiVO_(4))as a photoanode shows promise for renewable hydrogen production.Depositing cobalt phosphate(CoPi)on the BiVO_(4)photoanode as an oxygen evolutio...Photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting using bismuth vanadate(BiVO_(4))as a photoanode shows promise for renewable hydrogen production.Depositing cobalt phosphate(CoPi)on the BiVO_(4)photoanode as an oxygen evolution cocatalyst(OEC)is an effective method to improve the PEC performance.However,the CoPi/BiVO_(4)photoanode still faces challenges in terms of slow interface photogenerated carrier transport.Herein,we utilize the advantage of the classical strong metal-support interaction(SMSI)between Au and BiVO_(4)to prepare a CoPi/Au/BiVO_(4)(SMSI-CoPi/Au/BiVO_(4))photoanode.Due to the formation of SMSI,the accumulated electrons at the interface of CoPi/Au induce the accelerated extraction of photogenerated holes.Meanwhile,the active electron density of CoPi is increased,leading to improved water oxidation kinetic.As a result,the SMSI-CoPi/Au/BiVO_(4)photoanode exhibits a high photocurrent density of 5.01 m A cm^(-2)at 1.23 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode and an applied bias photon-to-current efficiency of 1.78%.This work highlights a novel approach to enhance hole transfer and water oxidation kinetics of OEC/BiVO_(4)composite photoanodes,offering the great potential of using SMSI for PEC water splitting.展开更多
Ruthenium(Ru)has been regarded as one of the most promising alternatives to substitute Pt for catalyzing alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),owing to its inherent high activity and being the cheapest platinum-gr...Ruthenium(Ru)has been regarded as one of the most promising alternatives to substitute Pt for catalyzing alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),owing to its inherent high activity and being the cheapest platinum-group metal.Herein,based on the idea of strong metal–support interaction(SMSI)regulation,Ru/TiN catalysts with different degrees of TiN overlayer over Ru nanoparticles were fabricated,which were applied to the alkaline electrolytic water.Characterizations reveal that the TiN overlayer would gradually encapsulate the Ru nanoparticles and induce more electron transfer from Ru nanoparticles to TiN support by the Ru–N–Ti bond as the SMSI degree increased.Further study shows that the exposed Ru–TiN interfaces greatly promote the H_(2) desorption capacity.Thus,the Ru/TiN-300 with a moderate SMSI degree exhibits excellent HER performance,with an overpotential of 38 mV at 10 mA cm^(−2).Also,due to the encapsulation role of TiN overlayer on Ru nanoparticles,it displays super long-term stability with a very slight potential change after 24 h.This study provides a deep insight into the influence of the SMSI effect between Ru and TiN on HER and offers a novel approach for preparing efficient and stable HER electrocatalysts through SMSI engineering.展开更多
Water electrolysis poses a significant challenge for balancing catalytic activity and stability of oxygen evolution reaction(OER)electrocatalysts.In this study,we address this challenge by constructing asymmetric redo...Water electrolysis poses a significant challenge for balancing catalytic activity and stability of oxygen evolution reaction(OER)electrocatalysts.In this study,we address this challenge by constructing asymmetric redox chemistry through elaborate surface OO–Ru–OH and bulk Ru–O–Ni/Fe coordination moieties within single-atom Ru-decorated defective NiFe LDH nanosheets(Ru@d-NiFe LDH)in conjunction with strong metal-support interactions(SMSI).Rigorous spectroscopic characterization and theoretical calculations indicate that single-atom Ru can delocalize the O 2p electrons on the surface and optimize d-electron configurations of metal atoms in bulk through SMSI.The^(18)O isotope labeling experiment based on operando differential electrochemical mass spectrometry(DEMS),chemical probe experiments,and theoretical calculations confirm the encouraged surface lattice oxygen,stabilized bulk lattice oxygen,and enhanced adsorption of oxygen-containing intermediates for bulk metals in Ru@d-NiFe LDH,leading to asymmetric redox chemistry for OER.The Ru@d-NiFe LDH electrocatalyst exhibits exceptional performance with an overpotential of 230 mV to achieve 10 mA cm^(−2)and maintains high robustness under industrial current density.This approach for achieving asymmetric redox chemistry through SMSI presents a new avenue for developing high-performance electrocatalysts and instills confidence in its industrial applicability.展开更多
Tuning Strong Metal-support Interactions(SMSI)is a key strategy to obtain highly active catalysts,but conventional methods usually enable TiO_(x) encapsulation of noble metal components to minimize the exposure of nob...Tuning Strong Metal-support Interactions(SMSI)is a key strategy to obtain highly active catalysts,but conventional methods usually enable TiO_(x) encapsulation of noble metal components to minimize the exposure of noble metals.This study demonstrates a catalyst preparation method to modulate a weak encapsulation of Pt metal nanoparticles(NPs)with the supported TiO_(2),achieving the moderate suppression of SMSI effects.The introduction of silica inhibits this encapsulation,as reflected in the characterization results such as XPS and HRTEM,while the Ti^(4+) to Ti^(3+) conversion due to SMSI can still be found on the support surface.Furthermore,the hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde(CAL)as a probe reaction revealed that once this encapsulation behavior was suppressed,the adsorption capacity of the catalyst for small molecules like H_(2) and CO was enhanced,which thereby improved the catalytic activity and facilitated the hydrogenation of CAL.Meanwhile,the introduction of SiO_(2) also changed the surface structure of the catalyst,which inhibited the occurrence of the acetal reaction and improved the conversion efficiency of C=O and C=C hydrogenation.Systematic manipulation of SMSI formation and its consequence on the performance in catalytic hydrogenation reactions are discussed.展开更多
Inducing the classic strong metal-support interaction(SMSI)is an effective approach to enhance the performance of supported metal catalysts by encapsulating the metal nanoparticles(NPs)with supports.Conventional therm...Inducing the classic strong metal-support interaction(SMSI)is an effective approach to enhance the performance of supported metal catalysts by encapsulating the metal nanoparticles(NPs)with supports.Conventional thermal reduction method for inducing SMSI processes is often accompanied by undesirable structural evolution of metal NPs.In this study,a mild electrochemical method has been developed as a new approach to induce SMSI,using the cable structured core@shell CNT@SnO_(2) loaded Pt NPs as a proof of concept.The induced SnO_(x) encapsulation layer on the surface of Pt NPs can protect Pt NPs from the poisoned of CO impurity in hydrogen oxidation reaction(HOR),and the HOR current density could still maintain 85% for 2000 s with 10,000 ppm CO in H_(2),while the commercial Pt/C is completely inactivated.In addition,the electrons transfer from SnO_(x) to Pt NPs improved the HOR activity of the E-Pt-CNT@SnO_(2),achieving the excellent exchange current density of 1.55 A·mgPt^(-1).In situ Raman spectra and theoretical calculations show that the key to the electrochemical-method-induced SMSI is the formation of defects and the migration of SnO_(x) caused by the electrochemical redox operation,and the weakening the SneO bond strength by Pt NPs.展开更多
Green hydrogen is urgently required for sustainable development of human beings and rational construction of heterostructures holds great promising for photocatalytic hydrogen generation.Herein,2D/2D WSe_(2)/ZnIn_(2)S...Green hydrogen is urgently required for sustainable development of human beings and rational construction of heterostructures holds great promising for photocatalytic hydrogen generation.Herein,2D/2D WSe_(2)/ZnIn_(2)S_(4) heterostructures with strong hetero-interface interaction and abundant contact were constructed via an impregnation-annealing strategy.Efficient charge transfer from ZnIn_(2)S_(4) to WSe_(2)was evidenced by transient absorption spectroscopy in crafted heterostructures owing to the tight and2D face-to-face contact.As a result,the prepared WSe_(2)/ZnIn_(2)S_(4) heterostructures exhibited boosted photocatalytic performance and a highest hydrogen evolution rate of 3.377 mmol/(g h)was achieved with an apparent quantum yield of 45.7%at 420 nm.The work not only provides new strategies to achieve efficient 2D/2D heterostructures but also paves the way for the development of green hydrogen in the future.展开更多
In this study,K_(x)-Mn-Ce catalysts prepared by sol-gel method were investigated for toluene oxidation.Compared with Mn-Ce,the catalytic performance of K_(x)-Mn-Ce was further improved.X-ray diffraction(XRD),high reso...In this study,K_(x)-Mn-Ce catalysts prepared by sol-gel method were investigated for toluene oxidation.Compared with Mn-Ce,the catalytic performance of K_(x)-Mn-Ce was further improved.X-ray diffraction(XRD),high resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM)and Raman analyses demonstrate that K ions enter the lattice of CeO_(2) and disperse uniformly.The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),H_(2)-temperature programmed reduction(H_(2)-TPR).and O_(2)-temperature programmed desorption(O_(2)-TPD)analyses indicate that there is a strong interaction between K,Mn and Ce;the charge co mpensation effect would be induced when K ions enter the lattice of CeO_(2),which leads to more oxygen vacancies due to the generation of more Ce^(3+).Toluene-TPD shows that K-doping enhances the activation ability of toluene.Among all catalysts,K0.1-Mn-Ce shows the highest concentration of Mn^(4+),Ce^(3+),Osur,and redox ability,resulting in higher low-temperature catalytic activity.Additionally,the results of stability and water resistance also prove that K0.1-Mn-Ce catalyst possesses excellent stability and water resistance.展开更多
The unique hierarchical nitrogen-doped carbon nanocages(h NCNC) are used as a new support to homogeneously immobilize spinel Co Fe_2O_4 nanoparticles by a facile solvothermal method. The so-constructed hierarchical Co...The unique hierarchical nitrogen-doped carbon nanocages(h NCNC) are used as a new support to homogeneously immobilize spinel Co Fe_2O_4 nanoparticles by a facile solvothermal method. The so-constructed hierarchical Co Fe_2O_4/h NCNC catalyst exhibits a high oxygen reduction activity with an onset potential of0.966 V and half-wave potential of 0.819 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, far superior to the corresponding 0.846 and 0.742 V for its counterpart of Co Fe_2O_4/h CNC with undoped hierarchical carbon nanocages(h CNC) as the support, which locates at the top level for spinel-based catalysts to date.Consequently, the Co Fe_2O_4/h NCNC displays the superior performance to the Co Fe_2O_4/h CNC, when used as the cathode catalysts in the home-made Al-air batteries. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterizations reveal the more charge transfer from Co Fe_2O_4 to h NCNC than to h CNC, indicating the stronger interaction between Co Fe_2O_4 and h NCNC due to the nitrogen participation. The enhanced interaction and hierarchical morphology favor the high dispersion and modification of electronic states for the active species as well as the mass transport during the oxygen reduction process, which plays a significant role in boosting the electrocatalytic performances. In addition, we noticed the high sensitivity of O 1 s spectrum to the particle size and chemical environment for spinel oxides, which is used as an indicator to understand the evolution of ORR activities for all the Co Fe_2O_4-related contrast catalysts. Accordingly,the well-defined structure-performance relationship is demonstrated by the combination of experimental characterizations with theoretical calculations. This study provides a promising strategy to develop efficient, inexpensive and durable oxygen reduction electrocatalysts by tuning the interaction between spinel metal oxides and the carbon-based supports.展开更多
In this paper, by using the Lagrangian coordinates, the strongly oblique interactions between solitary waves with the same mode in a stratified fluid ape discussed, which includes the shallow fluid case and deep fluid...In this paper, by using the Lagrangian coordinates, the strongly oblique interactions between solitary waves with the same mode in a stratified fluid ape discussed, which includes the shallow fluid case and deep fluid case. It is found that the interactions are described by the KP equation for the shallow fluid case, the two-dimensional intermediate long wave equation (2D-ILW equation) for the deep fluid case and the two-dimensional BO equation (2D-BO equation) for the infinite deep fluid case.展开更多
High-efficiency electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)offers a promising strategy to address energy and environmental crisis.Platinum is the most effective electrocatalyst for the HER.However,challenging sca...High-efficiency electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)offers a promising strategy to address energy and environmental crisis.Platinum is the most effective electrocatalyst for the HER.However,challenging scarcity,valuableness,and poor electrochemical stability still hinder its wide application.Here,we designed an outstanding HER electrocatalyst,highly dispersed rhodium(Rh)nanoparticles with an average diameter of only 3 nm supported on boron(B)nanosheets.The HER catalytic activity is even comparable to that of commercial platinum catalysts,with an overpotential of only 66 mV in 0.5 M H_(2)SO_(4) and 101 mV in 1 M KOH to reach the current density of 10 mA cm−2.Meanwhile,the catalyst exhibited impressive electrochemical durability during long-term electrochemical processes in acidic and alkaline media,even the simu-lated seawater environment.Theoretical calculations unraveled that the structure-activity relationship between B(104)crystal plane and Rh(111)crystal plane is beneficial to the release of hydrogen,and surface O plays a vital role in the catalysis process.Our work may gain insights into the development of supported metal catalysts with robust catalytic performance through precise engineering of the strong metal-supported interaction effect.展开更多
Gold catalysts have been reported as highly effective catalysts in various oxidation reactions.However,for chemoselective hydrogenation reactions,gold‐based catalysts normally show much lowercatalytic activity than p...Gold catalysts have been reported as highly effective catalysts in various oxidation reactions.However,for chemoselective hydrogenation reactions,gold‐based catalysts normally show much lowercatalytic activity than platinum group metals,even though their selectivities are excellent.Here,wereport that the chemoselective hydrogenation activity of 3‐nitrostyrene to 3‐vinylaniline overAu/TiO_(2)can be enhanced up to 3.3 times through the hydrogen reduction strategy.It is revealedthat strong metal‐support interaction,between gold nanoparticles(NPs)and TiO_(2)support,is introducedthrough hydrogen reduction,resulting in partial dispersion of reduced TiOx on the Au surface.The partially covered Au not only increases the perimeter of the interface between the gold NPs andthe support,but also benefits H_(2)activation.Reaction kinetic analysis and H_(2)‐D2 exchange reactionshow that H_(2)activation is the critical step in the hydrogenation of 3‐nitrostyrene to 3‐vinylaniline.Density functional theory calculations verify that hydrogen dissociation and hydrogen transfer arefavored at the interface of gold NPs and TiO_(2)over the hydrogen‐reduced Au/TiO_(2).This study providesinsights for fabricating highly active gold‐based catalysts for chemoselective hydrogenationreactions.展开更多
The development of high-sulfur-loading Li-S batteries is a key prerequisite for their commercial applications.This requires to surmount the huge polarization,severe polysulfide shuttling and drastic volume change caus...The development of high-sulfur-loading Li-S batteries is a key prerequisite for their commercial applications.This requires to surmount the huge polarization,severe polysulfide shuttling and drastic volume change caused by electrode thickening.High-strength polar binders are ideal for constructing robust and long-life high-loading sulfur cathodes but show very weak interfacial interaction with non-polar sulfur materials.To address this issue,this work devises a highly integrated sulfur@polydopamine/highstrength binder composite cathodes,targeting long-lasting and high-sulfur-loading Li-S batteries.The super-adhesion polydopamine(PD)can form a uniform nano-coating over the graphene/sulfur(G-S)surface and provide strong affinity to the cross-linked polyacrylamide(c-PAM)binder,thus tightly integrating sulfur with the binder network and greatly boosting the overall mechanical strength/conductivity of the electrode.Moreover,the PD coating and c-PAM binder rich in polar groups can form two effective blockades against the effusion of soluble polysulfides.As such,the 4.5 mg cm−2 sulfur-loaded G-S@PD-c-PAM cathode achieves a capacity of 480 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles at 1 C,while maintaining a capacity of 396 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles at 0.2 C when the sulfur loading rises to 9.1 mg cm−2.This work provides a system-wide concept for constructing high-loading sulfur cathodes through integrated structural design.展开更多
Electromagnetically induced transparency （EIT） is investigated in a system of cold, interacting cesium Rydberg atoms. The utilized cesium levels 6S1/2, 6P3/2 and nD5/2 constitute a cascade three-level system, in whi...Electromagnetically induced transparency （EIT） is investigated in a system of cold, interacting cesium Rydberg atoms. The utilized cesium levels 6S1/2, 6P3/2 and nD5/2 constitute a cascade three-level system, in which a coupling laser drives the Rydberg transition, and a probe laser detects the EIT signal on the 6S1/2 to 6/23/2 transition. Rydberg EIT spectra are found to depend on the strong interaction between the Rydberg atoms. Diminished EIT transparency is obtained when the Rabi frequency of the probe laser is increased, whereas the corresponding linewidth remains unchanged. To model the system with a three-level Linclblad equation, we introduce a Rydberg-level dephasing rate γ3 = κ×（P33/Ωp）^2, with a value κ that depends on the ground-state atom density and the Rydberg level, The simulation results are largely consistent with the measurements. The experiments, in which the principal quantum number is varied between 30 and 43, demonstrate that the EIT reduction observed at large Ωp is due to the strong interactions between the Rydberg atoms.展开更多
Dry reforming of ethane(DRE)has received significant attention because of its potential to produce chemical raw materials and reduce carbon emissions.Herein,a composition-induced strong metal-support interaction(SMSI)...Dry reforming of ethane(DRE)has received significant attention because of its potential to produce chemical raw materials and reduce carbon emissions.Herein,a composition-induced strong metal-support interaction(SMSI)effect over FeNi/Al-Ce-O catalysts is revealed via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),H_(2)-temperature programmed reduction(TPR),and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS)elemental mapping.The introduction of Al into Al-Ce-O supports significantly influences the dispersion of surface active components and improves the catalytic performance for DRE over supported FeNi catalysts due to enhancement of the SMSI effect.The catalytic properties,for example,C_(2)H_(6) and CO_(2) conversion,CO selectivity and yield,and turnover frequencies(TOFs),of supported FeNi catalysts first increase and then decrease with increasing Al content,following the same trend as the theoretical effective surface area(TESA)of the corresponding catalysts.The FeNi/Ce-Al_(0.5) catalyst,with 50%Al content,exhibits the best DRE performance under steady-state conditions at 873 K.As observed by with in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)analysis,the introduction of Al not only increases the content of surface Ce3+and oxygen vacancies but also promotes the dispersion of surface active components,which further alters the catalytic properties for DRE over supported FeNi catalysts.展开更多
In this paper we study the interaction of strong and weak singularities for hyperbolic system of conservation laws in multidimensional space. Under the assumption of transversal intersect of the shock front with the b...In this paper we study the interaction of strong and weak singularities for hyperbolic system of conservation laws in multidimensional space. Under the assumption of transversal intersect of the shock front with the bicharacteristics bearing weak singularities we proved a theorem on regularity propagation across the shock front.展开更多
文摘Fe-based catalysts are widely used for CO_(2)hydrogenation to light olefins(C_(2–4)=);however,precise regulation of active phases and the balance between intermediate reactions remain significant challenges.Herein,we find that the addition of moderate amounts of Ti forms a strong interaction with Fe compositions,modulating the Fe_(3)O_(4)and Fe_(5)C_(2)contents.Enhanced interaction leads to an increased Fe_(5)C_(2)/Fe_(3)O_(4)ratio,which in turn enhances the adsorption of reactants and intermediates,promoting CO hydrogenation to unsaturated alkyl groups and facilitating C–C coupling.Furthermore,the strong Fe-Ti interaction induces the preferential growth of Fe_(5)C_(2)into prismatic structures that expose the(020),(–112),and(311)facets,forming compact active interfacial sites with Fe_(3)O_(4)nanoparticles.These facet and interfacial effects significantly promote the synergistic coupling of the reverse water gas shift and Fischer-Tropsch reactions.The optimized 3K/FeTi catalyst with the highest Fe_(5)C_(2)/Fe_(3)O_(4)ratio of 3.6 achieves a 52.2%CO_(2)conversion rate,with 44.5%selectivity for C2–4=and 9.5%for CO,and the highest space-time yield of 412.0 mg gcat^(–1)h^(–1)for C_(2–4)=.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22179145,22138013,and 21975287)Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(ZR2020ZD08)+1 种基金Taishan Scholar Project(no.ts201712020)the startup support grant from China University of Petroleum(East China)
文摘Energy density,the Achilles’heel of aqueous supercapacitors,is simultaneously determined by the voltage window and specific capacitance of the carbon materials,but the strategy of synchronously boosting them has rarely been reported.Herein,we demonstrate that the rational utilization of the interaction between redox mediators(RMs)and carbon electrode materials,especially those with rich intrinsic defects,contributes to extended potential windows and more stored charges concurrently.Using 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl(4OH-TEMPO)and intrinsic defect-rich carbons as the RMs and electrode materials,respectively,the potential window and capacitance are increased by 67%and sixfold in a neutral electrolyte.Moreover,this strategy could also be applied to alkaline and acid electrolytes.The first-principle calculation and experimental results demonstrate that the strong interaction between 4OH-TEMPO and defectrich carbons plays a key role as preferential adsorbed RMs may largely prohibit the contact of free water molecules with the electrode materials to terminate the water splitting at elevated potentials.For the RMs offering weaker interaction with the electrode materials,the water splitting still proceeds with a thus sole increase of the stored charges.The results discovered in this work could provide an alternative solution to address the low energy density of aqueous supercapacitors.
文摘We propose the new field potential by maintaining both the symmetry of the scalar gauge and the conservation law keeping N?ether’s theorem, while disregarding the symmetry of the vector gauge. The new potential forms like the well-type potential where a particle behaves almost freely but is very hard to escape without external energy, which can be interpreted as local confinement and asymptotic freedom. By assuming a 2-dimensional metric tensor in 4-dimensional space-time, we suggest the existence of 3 kinds of particles that resemble QCD with 3 color charges. We also show that the mass term exists but comes to zero and derive the charge and spin values. We can regard the particle with this new potential as a gluon, and the interaction in this well-type potential as a strong interaction for the properties of mass, charge, spin, and its behavior. We suggest the eight-fold way with this new particle, which is similar to the existing method based on SU (3) symmetry. Even though the strong interaction has been analyzed in the standard model and string theory, we build a new consistent model based on the theory of relativity including Riemann geometry, and show the unification of gravitational and strong interactional field.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 11205024the Doctoral Scientific Fund Project of the Ministry of Education of China under Grant No 2012004112004
文摘The strong force effect on gluon distribution of quark-gluon plasma and its influence on jet energy loss with detailed balance are studied. We solve the possibility equation and obtain the value of non-extensive parameter q. In the presence of strong interaction, more gluons stay at low-energy state than the free gluon case. The strong interaction effect is found to be important for jet energy loss with detailed balance at intermediate jet energy. The energy gain via absorption increases with the strong interaction. This will affect the nuclear modification factor RAA and the parameter of q at intermediate jet energy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS)under the Joint Research Program(Nos.NSFC21961142006 and JPJSJRP20191804)+3 种基金NSFC(Nos.U22A20394 and 22375200)the DICP.CAS-Cardiff Joint Research Units(No.121421ZYLH20230008)the International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.028GJHZ2023097GC)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M723086)。
文摘Maintaining high metal dispersion of supported metal catalysts to achieve superior reactivity under harsh conditions poses one of the main challenges for their practical applications.Constructing and regulating the strong metal-support interactions(SMSI)by diverse methodologies has emerged as one of the promising approaches to fabricating robust supported metal catalysts.In this study,we report an L-ascorbic acid(AA)-inducing strategy to generate SMSI on a titania-supported gold(Au)catalyst after high-temperature treatment in an inert atmosphere(600℃,N_(2)).The AA-induced SMSI can efficiently stabilize Au nanoparticles(NPs)and preserve their catalytic performance.The detailed study reveals that the key to realizing this SMSI is the generation of oxygen vacancies within the TiO_(2) support induced by the adsorbed AA,which drives the formation of the Ti Oxpermeable layer onto the Au NPs.The strategy could be extended to TiO_(2)-supported Au catalysts with different crystal phases and platinum group metals,such as Pt,Pd,and Rh.This work offers a promising novel route to design stable and efficient supported noble metal catalysts by constructing SMSI using simple reducing organic adsorbent.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52472241,52403108 and 52301285)Department of Science and Technology of Hubei Province(Nos.2025AFA114 and 2024CSA076)+1 种基金Wuhan Science and Technology Bureau(Nos.2023020201010116 and 2024040801020319)Hubei Provincial Department of Education(No.Q20231703)。
文摘Photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting using bismuth vanadate(BiVO_(4))as a photoanode shows promise for renewable hydrogen production.Depositing cobalt phosphate(CoPi)on the BiVO_(4)photoanode as an oxygen evolution cocatalyst(OEC)is an effective method to improve the PEC performance.However,the CoPi/BiVO_(4)photoanode still faces challenges in terms of slow interface photogenerated carrier transport.Herein,we utilize the advantage of the classical strong metal-support interaction(SMSI)between Au and BiVO_(4)to prepare a CoPi/Au/BiVO_(4)(SMSI-CoPi/Au/BiVO_(4))photoanode.Due to the formation of SMSI,the accumulated electrons at the interface of CoPi/Au induce the accelerated extraction of photogenerated holes.Meanwhile,the active electron density of CoPi is increased,leading to improved water oxidation kinetic.As a result,the SMSI-CoPi/Au/BiVO_(4)photoanode exhibits a high photocurrent density of 5.01 m A cm^(-2)at 1.23 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode and an applied bias photon-to-current efficiency of 1.78%.This work highlights a novel approach to enhance hole transfer and water oxidation kinetics of OEC/BiVO_(4)composite photoanodes,offering the great potential of using SMSI for PEC water splitting.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.22075159,22002066)Shandong Taishan Scholars Project(Grant Nos.ts20190932,tsqn202103058)+1 种基金Open Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory of Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials(Grant No.202203404)Postdoctoral Applied Research Project in Qingdao,and the Youth Innovation Team Project of Shandong Provincial Education Department(Grant No.2019KJC023).
文摘Ruthenium(Ru)has been regarded as one of the most promising alternatives to substitute Pt for catalyzing alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),owing to its inherent high activity and being the cheapest platinum-group metal.Herein,based on the idea of strong metal–support interaction(SMSI)regulation,Ru/TiN catalysts with different degrees of TiN overlayer over Ru nanoparticles were fabricated,which were applied to the alkaline electrolytic water.Characterizations reveal that the TiN overlayer would gradually encapsulate the Ru nanoparticles and induce more electron transfer from Ru nanoparticles to TiN support by the Ru–N–Ti bond as the SMSI degree increased.Further study shows that the exposed Ru–TiN interfaces greatly promote the H_(2) desorption capacity.Thus,the Ru/TiN-300 with a moderate SMSI degree exhibits excellent HER performance,with an overpotential of 38 mV at 10 mA cm^(−2).Also,due to the encapsulation role of TiN overlayer on Ru nanoparticles,it displays super long-term stability with a very slight potential change after 24 h.This study provides a deep insight into the influence of the SMSI effect between Ru and TiN on HER and offers a novel approach for preparing efficient and stable HER electrocatalysts through SMSI engineering.
基金supported by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2021B1515120072)the Natural Science Foundation of China(22279096 and T2241003)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(WUT:2023IVA094).
文摘Water electrolysis poses a significant challenge for balancing catalytic activity and stability of oxygen evolution reaction(OER)electrocatalysts.In this study,we address this challenge by constructing asymmetric redox chemistry through elaborate surface OO–Ru–OH and bulk Ru–O–Ni/Fe coordination moieties within single-atom Ru-decorated defective NiFe LDH nanosheets(Ru@d-NiFe LDH)in conjunction with strong metal-support interactions(SMSI).Rigorous spectroscopic characterization and theoretical calculations indicate that single-atom Ru can delocalize the O 2p electrons on the surface and optimize d-electron configurations of metal atoms in bulk through SMSI.The^(18)O isotope labeling experiment based on operando differential electrochemical mass spectrometry(DEMS),chemical probe experiments,and theoretical calculations confirm the encouraged surface lattice oxygen,stabilized bulk lattice oxygen,and enhanced adsorption of oxygen-containing intermediates for bulk metals in Ru@d-NiFe LDH,leading to asymmetric redox chemistry for OER.The Ru@d-NiFe LDH electrocatalyst exhibits exceptional performance with an overpotential of 230 mV to achieve 10 mA cm^(−2)and maintains high robustness under industrial current density.This approach for achieving asymmetric redox chemistry through SMSI presents a new avenue for developing high-performance electrocatalysts and instills confidence in its industrial applicability.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21576291,22003076)National Natural Science Foundation of China-Outstanding Youth foundation(22322814)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(23CX03007A,22CX06012A)are gratefully acknowledge。
文摘Tuning Strong Metal-support Interactions(SMSI)is a key strategy to obtain highly active catalysts,but conventional methods usually enable TiO_(x) encapsulation of noble metal components to minimize the exposure of noble metals.This study demonstrates a catalyst preparation method to modulate a weak encapsulation of Pt metal nanoparticles(NPs)with the supported TiO_(2),achieving the moderate suppression of SMSI effects.The introduction of silica inhibits this encapsulation,as reflected in the characterization results such as XPS and HRTEM,while the Ti^(4+) to Ti^(3+) conversion due to SMSI can still be found on the support surface.Furthermore,the hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde(CAL)as a probe reaction revealed that once this encapsulation behavior was suppressed,the adsorption capacity of the catalyst for small molecules like H_(2) and CO was enhanced,which thereby improved the catalytic activity and facilitated the hydrogenation of CAL.Meanwhile,the introduction of SiO_(2) also changed the surface structure of the catalyst,which inhibited the occurrence of the acetal reaction and improved the conversion efficiency of C=O and C=C hydrogenation.Systematic manipulation of SMSI formation and its consequence on the performance in catalytic hydrogenation reactions are discussed.
基金the“National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22122202)”.
文摘Inducing the classic strong metal-support interaction(SMSI)is an effective approach to enhance the performance of supported metal catalysts by encapsulating the metal nanoparticles(NPs)with supports.Conventional thermal reduction method for inducing SMSI processes is often accompanied by undesirable structural evolution of metal NPs.In this study,a mild electrochemical method has been developed as a new approach to induce SMSI,using the cable structured core@shell CNT@SnO_(2) loaded Pt NPs as a proof of concept.The induced SnO_(x) encapsulation layer on the surface of Pt NPs can protect Pt NPs from the poisoned of CO impurity in hydrogen oxidation reaction(HOR),and the HOR current density could still maintain 85% for 2000 s with 10,000 ppm CO in H_(2),while the commercial Pt/C is completely inactivated.In addition,the electrons transfer from SnO_(x) to Pt NPs improved the HOR activity of the E-Pt-CNT@SnO_(2),achieving the excellent exchange current density of 1.55 A·mgPt^(-1).In situ Raman spectra and theoretical calculations show that the key to the electrochemical-method-induced SMSI is the formation of defects and the migration of SnO_(x) caused by the electrochemical redox operation,and the weakening the SneO bond strength by Pt NPs.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.52106259)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2024MS013)Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi (Program No.2022LL-JB-08)。
文摘Green hydrogen is urgently required for sustainable development of human beings and rational construction of heterostructures holds great promising for photocatalytic hydrogen generation.Herein,2D/2D WSe_(2)/ZnIn_(2)S_(4) heterostructures with strong hetero-interface interaction and abundant contact were constructed via an impregnation-annealing strategy.Efficient charge transfer from ZnIn_(2)S_(4) to WSe_(2)was evidenced by transient absorption spectroscopy in crafted heterostructures owing to the tight and2D face-to-face contact.As a result,the prepared WSe_(2)/ZnIn_(2)S_(4) heterostructures exhibited boosted photocatalytic performance and a highest hydrogen evolution rate of 3.377 mmol/(g h)was achieved with an apparent quantum yield of 45.7%at 420 nm.The work not only provides new strategies to achieve efficient 2D/2D heterostructures but also paves the way for the development of green hydrogen in the future.
基金Project supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Cornell University(30919011220)the Key Project of Jiangsu Province Programs for Research and Development(BE2019115)+1 种基金Top-notch Academic Programs Project of Jiangsu Higher Education InstitutionsChina-Finland Industrial R&D Program(BZ2018015)。
文摘In this study,K_(x)-Mn-Ce catalysts prepared by sol-gel method were investigated for toluene oxidation.Compared with Mn-Ce,the catalytic performance of K_(x)-Mn-Ce was further improved.X-ray diffraction(XRD),high resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM)and Raman analyses demonstrate that K ions enter the lattice of CeO_(2) and disperse uniformly.The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),H_(2)-temperature programmed reduction(H_(2)-TPR).and O_(2)-temperature programmed desorption(O_(2)-TPD)analyses indicate that there is a strong interaction between K,Mn and Ce;the charge co mpensation effect would be induced when K ions enter the lattice of CeO_(2),which leads to more oxygen vacancies due to the generation of more Ce^(3+).Toluene-TPD shows that K-doping enhances the activation ability of toluene.Among all catalysts,K0.1-Mn-Ce shows the highest concentration of Mn^(4+),Ce^(3+),Osur,and redox ability,resulting in higher low-temperature catalytic activity.Additionally,the results of stability and water resistance also prove that K0.1-Mn-Ce catalyst possesses excellent stability and water resistance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21473089, 51232003, 21373108, 21573107, and 51571110)the National Basic Research Program of China (2013CB932902)+2 种基金Changzhou Technology Support Program (CE20130032)Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education InstitutionsFundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
文摘The unique hierarchical nitrogen-doped carbon nanocages(h NCNC) are used as a new support to homogeneously immobilize spinel Co Fe_2O_4 nanoparticles by a facile solvothermal method. The so-constructed hierarchical Co Fe_2O_4/h NCNC catalyst exhibits a high oxygen reduction activity with an onset potential of0.966 V and half-wave potential of 0.819 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, far superior to the corresponding 0.846 and 0.742 V for its counterpart of Co Fe_2O_4/h CNC with undoped hierarchical carbon nanocages(h CNC) as the support, which locates at the top level for spinel-based catalysts to date.Consequently, the Co Fe_2O_4/h NCNC displays the superior performance to the Co Fe_2O_4/h CNC, when used as the cathode catalysts in the home-made Al-air batteries. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterizations reveal the more charge transfer from Co Fe_2O_4 to h NCNC than to h CNC, indicating the stronger interaction between Co Fe_2O_4 and h NCNC due to the nitrogen participation. The enhanced interaction and hierarchical morphology favor the high dispersion and modification of electronic states for the active species as well as the mass transport during the oxygen reduction process, which plays a significant role in boosting the electrocatalytic performances. In addition, we noticed the high sensitivity of O 1 s spectrum to the particle size and chemical environment for spinel oxides, which is used as an indicator to understand the evolution of ORR activities for all the Co Fe_2O_4-related contrast catalysts. Accordingly,the well-defined structure-performance relationship is demonstrated by the combination of experimental characterizations with theoretical calculations. This study provides a promising strategy to develop efficient, inexpensive and durable oxygen reduction electrocatalysts by tuning the interaction between spinel metal oxides and the carbon-based supports.
文摘In this paper, by using the Lagrangian coordinates, the strongly oblique interactions between solitary waves with the same mode in a stratified fluid ape discussed, which includes the shallow fluid case and deep fluid case. It is found that the interactions are described by the KP equation for the shallow fluid case, the two-dimensional intermediate long wave equation (2D-ILW equation) for the deep fluid case and the two-dimensional BO equation (2D-BO equation) for the infinite deep fluid case.
基金project was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21901154,21671129)the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(No.IRT17R71)。
文摘High-efficiency electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)offers a promising strategy to address energy and environmental crisis.Platinum is the most effective electrocatalyst for the HER.However,challenging scarcity,valuableness,and poor electrochemical stability still hinder its wide application.Here,we designed an outstanding HER electrocatalyst,highly dispersed rhodium(Rh)nanoparticles with an average diameter of only 3 nm supported on boron(B)nanosheets.The HER catalytic activity is even comparable to that of commercial platinum catalysts,with an overpotential of only 66 mV in 0.5 M H_(2)SO_(4) and 101 mV in 1 M KOH to reach the current density of 10 mA cm−2.Meanwhile,the catalyst exhibited impressive electrochemical durability during long-term electrochemical processes in acidic and alkaline media,even the simu-lated seawater environment.Theoretical calculations unraveled that the structure-activity relationship between B(104)crystal plane and Rh(111)crystal plane is beneficial to the release of hydrogen,and surface O plays a vital role in the catalysis process.Our work may gain insights into the development of supported metal catalysts with robust catalytic performance through precise engineering of the strong metal-supported interaction effect.
文摘Gold catalysts have been reported as highly effective catalysts in various oxidation reactions.However,for chemoselective hydrogenation reactions,gold‐based catalysts normally show much lowercatalytic activity than platinum group metals,even though their selectivities are excellent.Here,wereport that the chemoselective hydrogenation activity of 3‐nitrostyrene to 3‐vinylaniline overAu/TiO_(2)can be enhanced up to 3.3 times through the hydrogen reduction strategy.It is revealedthat strong metal‐support interaction,between gold nanoparticles(NPs)and TiO_(2)support,is introducedthrough hydrogen reduction,resulting in partial dispersion of reduced TiOx on the Au surface.The partially covered Au not only increases the perimeter of the interface between the gold NPs andthe support,but also benefits H_(2)activation.Reaction kinetic analysis and H_(2)‐D2 exchange reactionshow that H_(2)activation is the critical step in the hydrogenation of 3‐nitrostyrene to 3‐vinylaniline.Density functional theory calculations verify that hydrogen dissociation and hydrogen transfer arefavored at the interface of gold NPs and TiO_(2)over the hydrogen‐reduced Au/TiO_(2).This study providesinsights for fabricating highly active gold‐based catalysts for chemoselective hydrogenationreactions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21875155,51675275,21703185 and 21473119)Q.B.Z.acknowledges the Leading Project Foundation of Science Department of Fujian Province(2018H0034)Shenzhen Science and Technology Planning Project(JCYJ20170818153427106).
文摘The development of high-sulfur-loading Li-S batteries is a key prerequisite for their commercial applications.This requires to surmount the huge polarization,severe polysulfide shuttling and drastic volume change caused by electrode thickening.High-strength polar binders are ideal for constructing robust and long-life high-loading sulfur cathodes but show very weak interfacial interaction with non-polar sulfur materials.To address this issue,this work devises a highly integrated sulfur@polydopamine/highstrength binder composite cathodes,targeting long-lasting and high-sulfur-loading Li-S batteries.The super-adhesion polydopamine(PD)can form a uniform nano-coating over the graphene/sulfur(G-S)surface and provide strong affinity to the cross-linked polyacrylamide(c-PAM)binder,thus tightly integrating sulfur with the binder network and greatly boosting the overall mechanical strength/conductivity of the electrode.Moreover,the PD coating and c-PAM binder rich in polar groups can form two effective blockades against the effusion of soluble polysulfides.As such,the 4.5 mg cm−2 sulfur-loaded G-S@PD-c-PAM cathode achieves a capacity of 480 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles at 1 C,while maintaining a capacity of 396 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles at 0.2 C when the sulfur loading rises to 9.1 mg cm−2.This work provides a system-wide concept for constructing high-loading sulfur cathodes through integrated structural design.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China under Grant No 2012CB921603Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University of Ministry of Education of China under Grant No IRT13076+2 种基金the State Key Program of the National Natural Science of China under Grant No 11434007the National Natural Science of China under Grant Nos 11274209,61475090,60378039 and 61378013Shanxi Scholarship Council of China(2014-009)
文摘Electromagnetically induced transparency （EIT） is investigated in a system of cold, interacting cesium Rydberg atoms. The utilized cesium levels 6S1/2, 6P3/2 and nD5/2 constitute a cascade three-level system, in which a coupling laser drives the Rydberg transition, and a probe laser detects the EIT signal on the 6S1/2 to 6/23/2 transition. Rydberg EIT spectra are found to depend on the strong interaction between the Rydberg atoms. Diminished EIT transparency is obtained when the Rabi frequency of the probe laser is increased, whereas the corresponding linewidth remains unchanged. To model the system with a three-level Linclblad equation, we introduce a Rydberg-level dephasing rate γ3 = κ×（P33/Ωp）^2, with a value κ that depends on the ground-state atom density and the Rydberg level, The simulation results are largely consistent with the measurements. The experiments, in which the principal quantum number is varied between 30 and 43, demonstrate that the EIT reduction observed at large Ωp is due to the strong interactions between the Rydberg atoms.
基金support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFB0702800)the China Petrochemical Corporation(Sinopec Group)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91434102 and U1663221)。
文摘Dry reforming of ethane(DRE)has received significant attention because of its potential to produce chemical raw materials and reduce carbon emissions.Herein,a composition-induced strong metal-support interaction(SMSI)effect over FeNi/Al-Ce-O catalysts is revealed via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),H_(2)-temperature programmed reduction(TPR),and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS)elemental mapping.The introduction of Al into Al-Ce-O supports significantly influences the dispersion of surface active components and improves the catalytic performance for DRE over supported FeNi catalysts due to enhancement of the SMSI effect.The catalytic properties,for example,C_(2)H_(6) and CO_(2) conversion,CO selectivity and yield,and turnover frequencies(TOFs),of supported FeNi catalysts first increase and then decrease with increasing Al content,following the same trend as the theoretical effective surface area(TESA)of the corresponding catalysts.The FeNi/Ce-Al_(0.5) catalyst,with 50%Al content,exhibits the best DRE performance under steady-state conditions at 873 K.As observed by with in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)analysis,the introduction of Al not only increases the content of surface Ce3+and oxygen vacancies but also promotes the dispersion of surface active components,which further alters the catalytic properties for DRE over supported FeNi catalysts.
文摘In this paper we study the interaction of strong and weak singularities for hyperbolic system of conservation laws in multidimensional space. Under the assumption of transversal intersect of the shock front with the bicharacteristics bearing weak singularities we proved a theorem on regularity propagation across the shock front.
