The present investigation is motivated by finding and developing an easily understandable solution in the context of unified quantum and gravitational theories. Model-based methods are applied, with emphasis on struct...The present investigation is motivated by finding and developing an easily understandable solution in the context of unified quantum and gravitational theories. Model-based methods are applied, with emphasis on structural descriptions by introducing some strong hypotheses. A subset of the introduced hypotheses led to a surprising understanding of the internal structure and construction of quarks, neutrons, protons and more complex atomic nuclei. The research work therefore focused mainly on the model-based interpretation of subatomic processes. The results obtained so far and presented in this paper are new. They consist of a generic description model for the structure of atomic nuclei. This model contains two important structural links that originate from the initial phase of the cosmological big bang. They hold atomic parts together and are involved in many known nuclear fusion and fission processes. Modifications of them, including the electron-positron annihilation process, are necessary and will be described. A new interpretation of the strong forces from the Standard Model is possible and will be given. In addition, the formation processes for electron and positron particles are considered. Based on the structural relationships, a deeper understanding of matter transformations (transmutations), early cosmological processes and dark matter has been achieved. All challenges of this work are the logical conclusions from the used hypotheses on two structural links. They need to be further investigated and verified by theoretical and experimental works. The postulated particle in this paper, as accompanying product in the electron-positron annihilation, will play a major role for the future investigations.展开更多
Micro-sized silicon anodes have shown much promise in large-scale industrial production of high-energy lithium batteries.However,large volume change(>300%)of silicon anodes causes severe particle pulverization and ...Micro-sized silicon anodes have shown much promise in large-scale industrial production of high-energy lithium batteries.However,large volume change(>300%)of silicon anodes causes severe particle pulverization and the formation of unstable solid electrolyte interphases during cycling,leading to rapid capacity decay and short cycle life of lithium-ion batteries.When addressing such issues,binder plays key roles in obtaining good structural integrity of silicon anodes.Herein,we report a biopolymer composite binder composed of rigid poly(acrylic acid)(PAA)and flexible silk fibroin(SF)tailored for micro-sized silicon anodes.The PAA/SF binder shows robust gradient binding energy via chemical interactions between carboxyl and amide groups,which can effectively accommodate large volume change of silicon.This PAA/SF binder also shows much stronger adhesion force and improved binding towards high-surface/defective carbon additives,resulting in better electrochemical stability and higher coulombic efficiency,than conventional PAA binder.As such,micro-sized silicon/carbon anodes fabricated with novel PAA/SF binder exhibit much better cyclability(up to 500 cycles at 0.5 C)and enhanced rate capability compared with conventional PAA-based anodes.This work provides new insights into the design of functional binders for high-capacity electrodes suffering from large volume change for the development of nextgeneration lithium batteries.展开更多
This paper introduces a novel theoretical model that reimagines the internal structure of quarks as superfluid vortices formed during the Quark Epoch of the Big Bang. The proposed theory challenges the traditional vie...This paper introduces a novel theoretical model that reimagines the internal structure of quarks as superfluid vortices formed during the Quark Epoch of the Big Bang. The proposed theory challenges the traditional view of quarks as point-like entities without internal structure, offering instead a hydrodynamic perspective that aligns with the principles of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). By considering quarks as vortices in a frictionless superfluid vacuum, the model provides new insights into their mass, charge, spin, and interactions. The formalism presented in this work utilizes hydrodynamic principles to model quarks as irrotational circular vortices, calculating key properties such as charge radius, mass, and density. The calculations are grounded in the application of vortex dynamics, including the evaluation of circulation, vorticity, and the balance of forces within the quantum fluid. The resulting quark radius and mass are shown to be consistent with known experimental ranges, providing a strong validation of the vortex-based formalism. The theory also explores the implications of this vortex model on the stability of quarks within protons and neutrons, and how quark-antiquark pairs (mesons) and three-quark structures (baryons) can be understood as interactions between these vortices. Additionally, the model predicts specific quark properties such as charge radius and density, which are consistent with experimental observations and current understandings of subatomic particle physics. Furthermore, this approach elucidates the strong force’s role as an interaction between these vortices, mediated by gluons in the quantum fluid. The proposed model not only aligns with existing experimental data but also paves the way for further exploration into the complex behaviors of quarks and their role in the fundamental structure of matter.展开更多
Present studies in physics assume that elementary particles are the building blocks of all matter, and that they are zero-dimensional objects which do not occupy space. The new I-Theory predicts that elementary partic...Present studies in physics assume that elementary particles are the building blocks of all matter, and that they are zero-dimensional objects which do not occupy space. The new I-Theory predicts that elementary particles do indeed have a substructure, three dimensions, and occupy space, being composed of fundamental particles called I-particles. In this article we identify the substructural pattern of elementary particles and define the quanta of energy that form each elementary particle. We demonstrate that the substructure comprises two classes of quanta which we call “attraction quanta” and “repulsion quanta”. We create a model that defines the rest-mass energy of each elementary particle and can predict new particles. Lastly, in order to incorporate this knowledge into the contemporary models of science, a revised periodic table is proposed.展开更多
The presented circular current loop model reveals that charged fundamental particles such as the electron consist essentially of electric and magnetic energy. The magnetic properties have the same order of magnitude a...The presented circular current loop model reveals that charged fundamental particles such as the electron consist essentially of electric and magnetic energy. The magnetic properties have the same order of magnitude as the electric ones. The electromagnetic field energy is the origin of the inertial mass. The Higgs boson, existing or not, is not needed to “explain” particle mass. The magnetic moment of fundamental particles is not anomalous! The “anomaly” indicates the existence of a small additional amount of kinetic energy. Thus, fundamental particles are not purely field-like such as photons and not (essentially) mass-like such as atoms, they represent a special kind of matter in between. Their kinetic energy is obviously not due to any relativistic effect but is related to an independent physical law that provides, together with the magnetic energy, the angular momentum exactly to be ħ/2. Fundamental particles are (at least) two-dimensional. In the simplest case their core consists of two concentric, nearly identical current loops. Their relative design details, the “anomaly” factor, and the rotational velocity of the uniformly distributed elementary charge follow from the stability condition, i.e. electric and magnetic force balance, and do not depend on the particle’s rest mass! Fundamental particles are objects of classical physics. Their magnetic forces are the true origin of the weak and strong nuclear interactions. For their explanation bosons and gluons are not needed.展开更多
The present study is focused on the roadway support in high stress composite soft rock. This paper expounds the two main features of roadway in soft rock, i.e., great deformation of surrounding rock and remarkable rhe...The present study is focused on the roadway support in high stress composite soft rock. This paper expounds the two main features of roadway in soft rock, i.e., great deformation of surrounding rock and remarkable rheological deformation. Furthermore, on the basis of analyzing physico chemical component of surrounding rock and the situation of the damaged roadway, the method of adopting strong bolting and shotcreting mesh for the primary support, bolting and grouting for the secondary support is put forward in light of the on the spot investigation of stress tension, mechanical parameter and engineering geology. The application reveals the method facilitates the continuation of west main roadway and the restoration of shaft station and chambers. Consequently, better techno economic results have been achieved.展开更多
In this study all energy in the universe, here called energy quanta, originate from a singularity at the centre of the universe. These energy quanta have different frequencies and at each frequency the energy quanta c...In this study all energy in the universe, here called energy quanta, originate from a singularity at the centre of the universe. These energy quanta have different frequencies and at each frequency the energy quanta can have positive or negative spin direction. There is a force of attraction between energy quanta which have exactly the same frequency but opposite spins. This is the dominating force in the universe and accounts for the strong nuclear force, the Coulomb force and the gravitational force. The universe contains one more basic entity;the oscillator quantum which absorbs and re-emits energy quanta at one specific frequency. The oscillator quantum can have positive or negative spin. Thus, there is a force of attraction between oscillator quanta with opposite spins and which amalgamates oscillator quanta into larger structures, i.e. particles (e.g. electron). These particles also have spin at a specific spin frequency and they have positive or negative spin. Thus they absorb and re-emit energy quanta at a frequency specific to the particle and where they can have positive or negative spin. This amalgamates particles into larger structures, e.g. quarks, neutron, proton and atomic nucleus. Using this model enables simple and stringent descriptions of elementary particle physics, electromagnetic theory, gravity, photon and inertial mass. The present model may be a step towards unification of elementary particle physics, general relativity, quantum physics and electromagnetic theory into one comprehensive theory.展开更多
After one century of nuclear physics, the anomalous Rutherford scattering remains a puzzle: its underlying fundamental laws are still missing. The only presently recognized electromagnetic interaction in a nucleus is ...After one century of nuclear physics, the anomalous Rutherford scattering remains a puzzle: its underlying fundamental laws are still missing. The only presently recognized electromagnetic interaction in a nucleus is the so-called Coulomb electric force, in 1/r, only positive thus repulsive in official nuclear physics, explaining the Rutherford scattering at low kinetic energy of the impacting alpha particles. At high kinetic energy the Rutherford scattering formula doesn’t work, thus called “anomalous scattering”. I have discovered that, to solve the problem, it needs only to replace, at high kinetic energy, the Coulomb repulsive electric potential in 1/r, by the also repulsive magnetic Poisson potential in 1/r<sup>3</sup>. In log-log coordinates, one observes two straight lines of slopes, respectively −2 and −6. They correspond with the −1 and −3 exponents of the only repulsive electric and magnetic interactions, multiplied by 2 due to the cross-sections. Both Rutherford (normal and anomalous) scattering have been calculated electromagnetically. No attractive force needed.展开更多
Quark movement is almost by the speed of light. Due to this speed their inertial mass-effect increases profoundly. That inertial effect is an accelerating force. Within the nucleon the force is the strong force. As qu...Quark movement is almost by the speed of light. Due to this speed their inertial mass-effect increases profoundly. That inertial effect is an accelerating force. Within the nucleon the force is the strong force. As quarks movements are back and forth movements, called zigzag or oscillating movements, there is movement in opposite directions. So the oppositely acting forces annihilate each other. However the force acting on objects receding from each other is a trifle stronger than that acting on objects approaching each other. This small difference between these forces is a “left over” force and “leaks” out of the nucleon. In previous manuscripts, formulae were presented to calculate these forces. In the present paper the “left over”, “leaking” force is estimated, and this force is gravity.展开更多
This study investigated the regime-dependent predictability using convective-scale ensemble forecasts initialized with different initial condition perturbations in the Yangtze and Huai River basin(YHRB)of East China.T...This study investigated the regime-dependent predictability using convective-scale ensemble forecasts initialized with different initial condition perturbations in the Yangtze and Huai River basin(YHRB)of East China.The scale-dependent error growth(ensemble variability)and associated impact on precipitation forecasts(precipitation uncertainties)were quantitatively explored for 13 warm-season convective events that were categorized in terms of strong forcing and weak forcing.The forecast error growth in the strong-forcing regime shows a stepwise increase with increasing spatial scale,while the error growth shows a larger temporal variability with an afternoon peak appearing at smaller scales under weak forcing.This leads to the dissimilarity of precipitation uncertainty and shows a strong correlation between error growth and precipitation across spatial scales.The lateral boundary condition errors exert a quasi-linear increase on error growth with time at the larger scale,suggesting that the large-scale flow could govern the magnitude of error growth and associated precipitation uncertainties,especially for the strong-forcing regime.Further comparisons between scale-based initial error sensitivity experiments show evident scale interaction including upscale transfer of small-scale errors and downscale cascade of larger-scale errors.Specifically,small-scale errors are found to be more sensitive in the weak-forcing regime than those under strong forcing.Meanwhile,larger-scale initial errors are responsible for the error growth after 4 h and produce the precipitation uncertainties at the meso-β-scale.Consequently,these results can be used to explain underdispersion issues in convective-scale ensemble forecasts and provide feedback for ensemble design over the YHRB.展开更多
In this study, the relationship between the elementary masses and elementary charges of quarks and electrons is considered in connection to the strong nuclear force and the color charge. The relationship is further co...In this study, the relationship between the elementary masses and elementary charges of quarks and electrons is considered in connection to the strong nuclear force and the color charge. The relationship is further considered in connection with the matter-antimatter asymmetry problem, and the decay times for different particles. The results strongly suggest that the quarks can be expressed as charge equalization of the electron, and that the coincidence of the charges has no alternative way to be unified with the elementary masses. To solve these problems, a new standard model with a second group of antiparticles is proposed, and the strong nuclear force is considered as an interaction between equalized electric charges instead of being a fundamental force, which also explains its short-ranged high strength. A new periodic table of elements is proposed to unfold the overall number of elementary charges that make up the atomic nucleus of different elements.展开更多
After one century of nuclear physics, its underlying fundamental laws remain a puzzle. Rutherford scattering is well known to be electric at low kinetic energy. Nobody noticed that the Rutherford scattering formula wo...After one century of nuclear physics, its underlying fundamental laws remain a puzzle. Rutherford scattering is well known to be electric at low kinetic energy. Nobody noticed that the Rutherford scattering formula works also at high kinetic energy, needing only to replace the repulsive electric -2 exponent by the also repulsive magnetic -6 exponent. A proton attracts a not so neutral neutron as amber attracts dust. The nucleons have magnetic moments that interact as magnets, equilibrating statically the electric attraction between a proton and a not so neutral neutron. In this paper, the electromagnetic potential energies of the deuteron 2H and the α particle 4He have been calculated statically, using only electromagnetic fundamental laws and constants. Nuclear scattering and binding energy are both electromagnetic.展开更多
文摘The present investigation is motivated by finding and developing an easily understandable solution in the context of unified quantum and gravitational theories. Model-based methods are applied, with emphasis on structural descriptions by introducing some strong hypotheses. A subset of the introduced hypotheses led to a surprising understanding of the internal structure and construction of quarks, neutrons, protons and more complex atomic nuclei. The research work therefore focused mainly on the model-based interpretation of subatomic processes. The results obtained so far and presented in this paper are new. They consist of a generic description model for the structure of atomic nuclei. This model contains two important structural links that originate from the initial phase of the cosmological big bang. They hold atomic parts together and are involved in many known nuclear fusion and fission processes. Modifications of them, including the electron-positron annihilation process, are necessary and will be described. A new interpretation of the strong forces from the Standard Model is possible and will be given. In addition, the formation processes for electron and positron particles are considered. Based on the structural relationships, a deeper understanding of matter transformations (transmutations), early cosmological processes and dark matter has been achieved. All challenges of this work are the logical conclusions from the used hypotheses on two structural links. They need to be further investigated and verified by theoretical and experimental works. The postulated particle in this paper, as accompanying product in the electron-positron annihilation, will play a major role for the future investigations.
文摘Micro-sized silicon anodes have shown much promise in large-scale industrial production of high-energy lithium batteries.However,large volume change(>300%)of silicon anodes causes severe particle pulverization and the formation of unstable solid electrolyte interphases during cycling,leading to rapid capacity decay and short cycle life of lithium-ion batteries.When addressing such issues,binder plays key roles in obtaining good structural integrity of silicon anodes.Herein,we report a biopolymer composite binder composed of rigid poly(acrylic acid)(PAA)and flexible silk fibroin(SF)tailored for micro-sized silicon anodes.The PAA/SF binder shows robust gradient binding energy via chemical interactions between carboxyl and amide groups,which can effectively accommodate large volume change of silicon.This PAA/SF binder also shows much stronger adhesion force and improved binding towards high-surface/defective carbon additives,resulting in better electrochemical stability and higher coulombic efficiency,than conventional PAA binder.As such,micro-sized silicon/carbon anodes fabricated with novel PAA/SF binder exhibit much better cyclability(up to 500 cycles at 0.5 C)and enhanced rate capability compared with conventional PAA-based anodes.This work provides new insights into the design of functional binders for high-capacity electrodes suffering from large volume change for the development of nextgeneration lithium batteries.
文摘This paper introduces a novel theoretical model that reimagines the internal structure of quarks as superfluid vortices formed during the Quark Epoch of the Big Bang. The proposed theory challenges the traditional view of quarks as point-like entities without internal structure, offering instead a hydrodynamic perspective that aligns with the principles of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). By considering quarks as vortices in a frictionless superfluid vacuum, the model provides new insights into their mass, charge, spin, and interactions. The formalism presented in this work utilizes hydrodynamic principles to model quarks as irrotational circular vortices, calculating key properties such as charge radius, mass, and density. The calculations are grounded in the application of vortex dynamics, including the evaluation of circulation, vorticity, and the balance of forces within the quantum fluid. The resulting quark radius and mass are shown to be consistent with known experimental ranges, providing a strong validation of the vortex-based formalism. The theory also explores the implications of this vortex model on the stability of quarks within protons and neutrons, and how quark-antiquark pairs (mesons) and three-quark structures (baryons) can be understood as interactions between these vortices. Additionally, the model predicts specific quark properties such as charge radius and density, which are consistent with experimental observations and current understandings of subatomic particle physics. Furthermore, this approach elucidates the strong force’s role as an interaction between these vortices, mediated by gluons in the quantum fluid. The proposed model not only aligns with existing experimental data but also paves the way for further exploration into the complex behaviors of quarks and their role in the fundamental structure of matter.
文摘Present studies in physics assume that elementary particles are the building blocks of all matter, and that they are zero-dimensional objects which do not occupy space. The new I-Theory predicts that elementary particles do indeed have a substructure, three dimensions, and occupy space, being composed of fundamental particles called I-particles. In this article we identify the substructural pattern of elementary particles and define the quanta of energy that form each elementary particle. We demonstrate that the substructure comprises two classes of quanta which we call “attraction quanta” and “repulsion quanta”. We create a model that defines the rest-mass energy of each elementary particle and can predict new particles. Lastly, in order to incorporate this knowledge into the contemporary models of science, a revised periodic table is proposed.
文摘The presented circular current loop model reveals that charged fundamental particles such as the electron consist essentially of electric and magnetic energy. The magnetic properties have the same order of magnitude as the electric ones. The electromagnetic field energy is the origin of the inertial mass. The Higgs boson, existing or not, is not needed to “explain” particle mass. The magnetic moment of fundamental particles is not anomalous! The “anomaly” indicates the existence of a small additional amount of kinetic energy. Thus, fundamental particles are not purely field-like such as photons and not (essentially) mass-like such as atoms, they represent a special kind of matter in between. Their kinetic energy is obviously not due to any relativistic effect but is related to an independent physical law that provides, together with the magnetic energy, the angular momentum exactly to be ħ/2. Fundamental particles are (at least) two-dimensional. In the simplest case their core consists of two concentric, nearly identical current loops. Their relative design details, the “anomaly” factor, and the rotational velocity of the uniformly distributed elementary charge follow from the stability condition, i.e. electric and magnetic force balance, and do not depend on the particle’s rest mass! Fundamental particles are objects of classical physics. Their magnetic forces are the true origin of the weak and strong nuclear interactions. For their explanation bosons and gluons are not needed.
文摘The present study is focused on the roadway support in high stress composite soft rock. This paper expounds the two main features of roadway in soft rock, i.e., great deformation of surrounding rock and remarkable rheological deformation. Furthermore, on the basis of analyzing physico chemical component of surrounding rock and the situation of the damaged roadway, the method of adopting strong bolting and shotcreting mesh for the primary support, bolting and grouting for the secondary support is put forward in light of the on the spot investigation of stress tension, mechanical parameter and engineering geology. The application reveals the method facilitates the continuation of west main roadway and the restoration of shaft station and chambers. Consequently, better techno economic results have been achieved.
文摘In this study all energy in the universe, here called energy quanta, originate from a singularity at the centre of the universe. These energy quanta have different frequencies and at each frequency the energy quanta can have positive or negative spin direction. There is a force of attraction between energy quanta which have exactly the same frequency but opposite spins. This is the dominating force in the universe and accounts for the strong nuclear force, the Coulomb force and the gravitational force. The universe contains one more basic entity;the oscillator quantum which absorbs and re-emits energy quanta at one specific frequency. The oscillator quantum can have positive or negative spin. Thus, there is a force of attraction between oscillator quanta with opposite spins and which amalgamates oscillator quanta into larger structures, i.e. particles (e.g. electron). These particles also have spin at a specific spin frequency and they have positive or negative spin. Thus they absorb and re-emit energy quanta at a frequency specific to the particle and where they can have positive or negative spin. This amalgamates particles into larger structures, e.g. quarks, neutron, proton and atomic nucleus. Using this model enables simple and stringent descriptions of elementary particle physics, electromagnetic theory, gravity, photon and inertial mass. The present model may be a step towards unification of elementary particle physics, general relativity, quantum physics and electromagnetic theory into one comprehensive theory.
文摘After one century of nuclear physics, the anomalous Rutherford scattering remains a puzzle: its underlying fundamental laws are still missing. The only presently recognized electromagnetic interaction in a nucleus is the so-called Coulomb electric force, in 1/r, only positive thus repulsive in official nuclear physics, explaining the Rutherford scattering at low kinetic energy of the impacting alpha particles. At high kinetic energy the Rutherford scattering formula doesn’t work, thus called “anomalous scattering”. I have discovered that, to solve the problem, it needs only to replace, at high kinetic energy, the Coulomb repulsive electric potential in 1/r, by the also repulsive magnetic Poisson potential in 1/r<sup>3</sup>. In log-log coordinates, one observes two straight lines of slopes, respectively −2 and −6. They correspond with the −1 and −3 exponents of the only repulsive electric and magnetic interactions, multiplied by 2 due to the cross-sections. Both Rutherford (normal and anomalous) scattering have been calculated electromagnetically. No attractive force needed.
文摘Quark movement is almost by the speed of light. Due to this speed their inertial mass-effect increases profoundly. That inertial effect is an accelerating force. Within the nucleon the force is the strong force. As quarks movements are back and forth movements, called zigzag or oscillating movements, there is movement in opposite directions. So the oppositely acting forces annihilate each other. However the force acting on objects receding from each other is a trifle stronger than that acting on objects approaching each other. This small difference between these forces is a “left over” force and “leaks” out of the nucleon. In previous manuscripts, formulae were presented to calculate these forces. In the present paper the “left over”, “leaking” force is estimated, and this force is gravity.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2017YFC1502103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41430427 and 41705035)+1 种基金the China Scholarship Councilthe Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.KYCX17_0876)。
文摘This study investigated the regime-dependent predictability using convective-scale ensemble forecasts initialized with different initial condition perturbations in the Yangtze and Huai River basin(YHRB)of East China.The scale-dependent error growth(ensemble variability)and associated impact on precipitation forecasts(precipitation uncertainties)were quantitatively explored for 13 warm-season convective events that were categorized in terms of strong forcing and weak forcing.The forecast error growth in the strong-forcing regime shows a stepwise increase with increasing spatial scale,while the error growth shows a larger temporal variability with an afternoon peak appearing at smaller scales under weak forcing.This leads to the dissimilarity of precipitation uncertainty and shows a strong correlation between error growth and precipitation across spatial scales.The lateral boundary condition errors exert a quasi-linear increase on error growth with time at the larger scale,suggesting that the large-scale flow could govern the magnitude of error growth and associated precipitation uncertainties,especially for the strong-forcing regime.Further comparisons between scale-based initial error sensitivity experiments show evident scale interaction including upscale transfer of small-scale errors and downscale cascade of larger-scale errors.Specifically,small-scale errors are found to be more sensitive in the weak-forcing regime than those under strong forcing.Meanwhile,larger-scale initial errors are responsible for the error growth after 4 h and produce the precipitation uncertainties at the meso-β-scale.Consequently,these results can be used to explain underdispersion issues in convective-scale ensemble forecasts and provide feedback for ensemble design over the YHRB.
文摘In this study, the relationship between the elementary masses and elementary charges of quarks and electrons is considered in connection to the strong nuclear force and the color charge. The relationship is further considered in connection with the matter-antimatter asymmetry problem, and the decay times for different particles. The results strongly suggest that the quarks can be expressed as charge equalization of the electron, and that the coincidence of the charges has no alternative way to be unified with the elementary masses. To solve these problems, a new standard model with a second group of antiparticles is proposed, and the strong nuclear force is considered as an interaction between equalized electric charges instead of being a fundamental force, which also explains its short-ranged high strength. A new periodic table of elements is proposed to unfold the overall number of elementary charges that make up the atomic nucleus of different elements.
文摘After one century of nuclear physics, its underlying fundamental laws remain a puzzle. Rutherford scattering is well known to be electric at low kinetic energy. Nobody noticed that the Rutherford scattering formula works also at high kinetic energy, needing only to replace the repulsive electric -2 exponent by the also repulsive magnetic -6 exponent. A proton attracts a not so neutral neutron as amber attracts dust. The nucleons have magnetic moments that interact as magnets, equilibrating statically the electric attraction between a proton and a not so neutral neutron. In this paper, the electromagnetic potential energies of the deuteron 2H and the α particle 4He have been calculated statically, using only electromagnetic fundamental laws and constants. Nuclear scattering and binding energy are both electromagnetic.
