Unit stream power is the most important and dominant parameter for the determination of transport rate of sand,gravel,and hyper-concentrated sediment with wash load.Minimum energy dissipation rate theory,or its simpli...Unit stream power is the most important and dominant parameter for the determination of transport rate of sand,gravel,and hyper-concentrated sediment with wash load.Minimum energy dissipation rate theory,or its simplified minimum unit stream power and minimum stream power theories,can provide engineers the needed theoretical basis for river morphology and river engineering studies.The Generalized Sediment Transport model for Alluvial River Simulation computer mode series have been developed based on the above theories.The computer model series have been successfully applied in many countries.Examples will be used to illustrate the applications of the computer models to solving a wide range of river morphology and river engineering problems.展开更多
It is important to understand the relationship between the ambient ebb and flood currents and the electricity generated by tidal stream power generators to minimise investment risk and to optimise power generation for...It is important to understand the relationship between the ambient ebb and flood currents and the electricity generated by tidal stream power generators to minimise investment risk and to optimise power generation for distribution purposes. Such analyses no longer rely on average descriptions of the flow field or on single values for the device efficiency. In the present paper, we demonstrate a new method involving the integration of synthesised long termflow vectors with logistic descriptions of the device power curves. New experiments are then described with the Neptune Proteus vertical axis tidal stream power generator involving tow tests at speeds to 1.5 ms–1 in William Wright Dock on the Humber. The results are used to derive appropriate coefficients in the logisticcurve and to estimate the device’s annual electrical output.展开更多
Tidal stream power units with horizontal-axis propellers are one of promising technologies for generating the renewable green energy. The ebb and flow require that the power unit must operate in bidirectional tidal st...Tidal stream power units with horizontal-axis propellers are one of promising technologies for generating the renewable green energy. The ebb and flow require that the power unit must operate in bidirectional tidal streams. Hence a tidal stream power unit with counter-rotating type horizontal-axis bidirectional propellers is proposed in this paper. The blades with fully-symmetrical hydrofoils were optimized numerically. The output and flow conditions predicted by the computational fluid dynamics simulations are compared with the results of the wind tunnel experiments at the higher tip speed ratios, which are of expected usual operating conditions of this unit. The numerical and experimental results show good agreements. It is also confirmed that the flow discharged from the counter-rotating type propellers has no swirling component, though the single propeller generates the unacceptable swirling component.展开更多
Ocean energy has a potential of providing a large amount of renewable energy around the world. One of the forms of ocean energy, tidal stream power is widely recognized as the continuous, predictable and eco-friendly ...Ocean energy has a potential of providing a large amount of renewable energy around the world. One of the forms of ocean energy, tidal stream power is widely recognized as the continuous, predictable and eco-friendly ocean energy source. Unique tandem propellers that can counter-rotate have been designed to generate electric power effectively from a tidal stream. This type of power unit has several advantages compare to the conventional unit with a single propeller. At the design of the tidal stream power unit, it is important to investigate the structure of the tip vortex tubes shedding to predict the load of the propeller. In this research, we investigated the tip vortex shedding using the CFD method for the conventional single propeller and counter-rotating type tandem propellers and estimated the performance efficiency using RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes) model and we confirmed the limitation of RANS model on the calculation of the tip vortex stretching.展开更多
Yang's (1996) sediment transport theory based on unit stream power is one ofthe most accurate theories, but in his equations the use of product of slope and critical velocityinstead for critical unit stream power ...Yang's (1996) sediment transport theory based on unit stream power is one ofthe most accurate theories, but in his equations the use of product of slope and critical velocityinstead for critical unit stream power is not suitable. Dimensionless critical unit stream powerrequired at incipient motion can be derived from the principle of conservation of power as afunction of dimensionless particle diameter and relative roughness. Based on a lot of data sets,this new criterion was developed. By use of this new criteria, Yang's (1973) sand transport formulaand his 1984 gravel transport formula could be improved when sediment concentration is less thanabout 100 ppm by weight.展开更多
A new pulse stream neuron circuit is presented, which can be obtained in the digital CMOS process and combines both the merits of digital circuits and analog ones. The output is expressed by the frequency of the pulse...A new pulse stream neuron circuit is presented, which can be obtained in the digital CMOS process and combines both the merits of digital circuits and analog ones. The output is expressed by the frequency of the pulses with transfer characteristic, which is correspondent with the ideal sigmoid curve perfectly. Moreover, the pulse\|active strategy is introduced into the design of this CMOS pulse stream neuron circuit for the first time in order to reduce the power dissipation, which is applicable to the low\|power design of mixed\|signal circuits,too. A simple technical process and compact architecture make this circuit work at a higher speed and with lower power dissipation and smaller area.展开更多
Zonation patterns of riparian vegetation have been sampled and described in mountain streams in two catchments in the Hottentots-Holland Mountains, Western Cape, South Africa. Six main vegetation types that differ in ...Zonation patterns of riparian vegetation have been sampled and described in mountain streams in two catchments in the Hottentots-Holland Mountains, Western Cape, South Africa. Six main vegetation types that differ in structure and species composition, are dominant along these river banks: Aquatic vegetation, Wetbanks, Palmiet, Scrub, Forest and Shrubland(Fynbos). The study aims to correlate the vegetation patterns to flooding patterns, in particular the inundation frequency and stream power. A problem arises: because these catchments are ungauged, like most mountain catchments, with the only weirs at the downstream end of the catchment. Discharge data at the weirs are extrapolated to the sites upstream by multiplication with a factor based on the size of the subcatchment that drains through a sample site. In this way, recurrence intervals for floods in mountain streams are derived. Discharges at sites are also calculated using bed roughness(Manning's n) and slope in straight sections with uniform flow conditions. Stream power is derived from the discharges calculated in this manner. The combination of stream power and recurrence intervals explains the occurrence of most vegetation types occurring on the banks, except for one type: Afromontane Forest. This type is probably more dependent on other factors, such as protection from fire and the depth of the groundwater table.展开更多
The existing literature discussed only the aerial aspect and provided a brief description of tectonic-geomorphic correlation with field evidence.In present study we applied power law equations to estimate basin asymme...The existing literature discussed only the aerial aspect and provided a brief description of tectonic-geomorphic correlation with field evidence.In present study we applied power law equations to estimate basin asymmetry factor(AF),Transverse topographic asymmetric factor(T),Hypsometric Integral(HI),longitudinal profile,stream length gradient index(SL),steepness index(Ksn),Chi(χ),and knick point(Kp)analysis to examine the response of tectono-climatic fluctuations in the Mandakini River basin,central Uttarakhand Himalaya.To decouple the causative tectono-climatic factors,we employed geospatial and Stream Power Incision Modeling(SPIM)techniques.SPIM is a globally accepted tool to predict an equilibrium state between fluvial erosion rates and the escalating function of stream power.It is actively applied in modeling the transformation of river systems especially in rugged topographic regions.The present study covers SPIM-based morphometric assessment of the tectonically sensitive Mandakini River basin between Ramgarh Thrust(RT)and Vaikrita Thrust(VT)in the central region of Uttarakhand Himalaya.In the upper reaches of the basin,U-shaped glaciated valleys dominate the landscape,while a rolling topography and deeply incised narrow valleys are depicted towards the downstream.Therefore,to understand the response of active tectonic over geomorphology,the drainage basin has been divided into two separate zones from the confluence point near the Rampur area.The modeling outcomes indicate that the Mandakini drainage basin is in a disequilibrium state where channels are actively incising to bedrock.Overall,AF of 32 and 70 indicate leftward tilting in the upper reaches and rightward tilting in the lower reaches of the basin,respectively.The HI value of 0.38 indicates a stage of maturity,characterized by a concave shape profile.Based on the analysis it may be concluded that the fragile lithology and tectono-climatic fluctuations are dominantly controlling the topography and valley floor morphology of the Mandakini River.展开更多
文摘Unit stream power is the most important and dominant parameter for the determination of transport rate of sand,gravel,and hyper-concentrated sediment with wash load.Minimum energy dissipation rate theory,or its simplified minimum unit stream power and minimum stream power theories,can provide engineers the needed theoretical basis for river morphology and river engineering studies.The Generalized Sediment Transport model for Alluvial River Simulation computer mode series have been developed based on the above theories.The computer model series have been successfully applied in many countries.Examples will be used to illustrate the applications of the computer models to solving a wide range of river morphology and river engineering problems.
文摘It is important to understand the relationship between the ambient ebb and flood currents and the electricity generated by tidal stream power generators to minimise investment risk and to optimise power generation for distribution purposes. Such analyses no longer rely on average descriptions of the flow field or on single values for the device efficiency. In the present paper, we demonstrate a new method involving the integration of synthesised long termflow vectors with logistic descriptions of the device power curves. New experiments are then described with the Neptune Proteus vertical axis tidal stream power generator involving tow tests at speeds to 1.5 ms–1 in William Wright Dock on the Humber. The results are used to derive appropriate coefficients in the logisticcurve and to estimate the device’s annual electrical output.
文摘Tidal stream power units with horizontal-axis propellers are one of promising technologies for generating the renewable green energy. The ebb and flow require that the power unit must operate in bidirectional tidal streams. Hence a tidal stream power unit with counter-rotating type horizontal-axis bidirectional propellers is proposed in this paper. The blades with fully-symmetrical hydrofoils were optimized numerically. The output and flow conditions predicted by the computational fluid dynamics simulations are compared with the results of the wind tunnel experiments at the higher tip speed ratios, which are of expected usual operating conditions of this unit. The numerical and experimental results show good agreements. It is also confirmed that the flow discharged from the counter-rotating type propellers has no swirling component, though the single propeller generates the unacceptable swirling component.
文摘Ocean energy has a potential of providing a large amount of renewable energy around the world. One of the forms of ocean energy, tidal stream power is widely recognized as the continuous, predictable and eco-friendly ocean energy source. Unique tandem propellers that can counter-rotate have been designed to generate electric power effectively from a tidal stream. This type of power unit has several advantages compare to the conventional unit with a single propeller. At the design of the tidal stream power unit, it is important to investigate the structure of the tip vortex tubes shedding to predict the load of the propeller. In this research, we investigated the tip vortex shedding using the CFD method for the conventional single propeller and counter-rotating type tandem propellers and estimated the performance efficiency using RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes) model and we confirmed the limitation of RANS model on the calculation of the tip vortex stretching.
文摘Yang's (1996) sediment transport theory based on unit stream power is one ofthe most accurate theories, but in his equations the use of product of slope and critical velocityinstead for critical unit stream power is not suitable. Dimensionless critical unit stream powerrequired at incipient motion can be derived from the principle of conservation of power as afunction of dimensionless particle diameter and relative roughness. Based on a lot of data sets,this new criterion was developed. By use of this new criteria, Yang's (1973) sand transport formulaand his 1984 gravel transport formula could be improved when sediment concentration is less thanabout 100 ppm by weight.
基金Project Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China Under Grant No.6963 60 3 0
文摘A new pulse stream neuron circuit is presented, which can be obtained in the digital CMOS process and combines both the merits of digital circuits and analog ones. The output is expressed by the frequency of the pulses with transfer characteristic, which is correspondent with the ideal sigmoid curve perfectly. Moreover, the pulse\|active strategy is introduced into the design of this CMOS pulse stream neuron circuit for the first time in order to reduce the power dissipation, which is applicable to the low\|power design of mixed\|signal circuits,too. A simple technical process and compact architecture make this circuit work at a higher speed and with lower power dissipation and smaller area.
基金supported by funding from the National Research Foundation to C. Boucher and the VSB Funds (the Netherlands) to E. Siebenadditional funding from the Water Research Commission
文摘Zonation patterns of riparian vegetation have been sampled and described in mountain streams in two catchments in the Hottentots-Holland Mountains, Western Cape, South Africa. Six main vegetation types that differ in structure and species composition, are dominant along these river banks: Aquatic vegetation, Wetbanks, Palmiet, Scrub, Forest and Shrubland(Fynbos). The study aims to correlate the vegetation patterns to flooding patterns, in particular the inundation frequency and stream power. A problem arises: because these catchments are ungauged, like most mountain catchments, with the only weirs at the downstream end of the catchment. Discharge data at the weirs are extrapolated to the sites upstream by multiplication with a factor based on the size of the subcatchment that drains through a sample site. In this way, recurrence intervals for floods in mountain streams are derived. Discharges at sites are also calculated using bed roughness(Manning's n) and slope in straight sections with uniform flow conditions. Stream power is derived from the discharges calculated in this manner. The combination of stream power and recurrence intervals explains the occurrence of most vegetation types occurring on the banks, except for one type: Afromontane Forest. This type is probably more dependent on other factors, such as protection from fire and the depth of the groundwater table.
基金The authors are thankful to the UPES,Dehradun and the Department of Science and Technology,Govt of India(Project:CRG/2023/000555)for supporting this study.
文摘The existing literature discussed only the aerial aspect and provided a brief description of tectonic-geomorphic correlation with field evidence.In present study we applied power law equations to estimate basin asymmetry factor(AF),Transverse topographic asymmetric factor(T),Hypsometric Integral(HI),longitudinal profile,stream length gradient index(SL),steepness index(Ksn),Chi(χ),and knick point(Kp)analysis to examine the response of tectono-climatic fluctuations in the Mandakini River basin,central Uttarakhand Himalaya.To decouple the causative tectono-climatic factors,we employed geospatial and Stream Power Incision Modeling(SPIM)techniques.SPIM is a globally accepted tool to predict an equilibrium state between fluvial erosion rates and the escalating function of stream power.It is actively applied in modeling the transformation of river systems especially in rugged topographic regions.The present study covers SPIM-based morphometric assessment of the tectonically sensitive Mandakini River basin between Ramgarh Thrust(RT)and Vaikrita Thrust(VT)in the central region of Uttarakhand Himalaya.In the upper reaches of the basin,U-shaped glaciated valleys dominate the landscape,while a rolling topography and deeply incised narrow valleys are depicted towards the downstream.Therefore,to understand the response of active tectonic over geomorphology,the drainage basin has been divided into two separate zones from the confluence point near the Rampur area.The modeling outcomes indicate that the Mandakini drainage basin is in a disequilibrium state where channels are actively incising to bedrock.Overall,AF of 32 and 70 indicate leftward tilting in the upper reaches and rightward tilting in the lower reaches of the basin,respectively.The HI value of 0.38 indicates a stage of maturity,characterized by a concave shape profile.Based on the analysis it may be concluded that the fragile lithology and tectono-climatic fluctuations are dominantly controlling the topography and valley floor morphology of the Mandakini River.
