A laboratory study was conducted to investigate volatile organic compound（VOC） emissions from agricultural soil amended with wheat straw and their associations with bacterial communities for a period of 66 days unde...A laboratory study was conducted to investigate volatile organic compound（VOC） emissions from agricultural soil amended with wheat straw and their associations with bacterial communities for a period of 66 days under non-flooded and flooded conditions. The results indicated that ethene, propene, ethanol, i-propanol, 2-butanol, acetaldehyde, acetone,2-butanone, 2-pentanone and acetophenone were the 10 most abundant VOCs, making up over 90% of the total VOCs released under the two water conditions. The mean emission of total VOCs from the amended soils under the non-flooded condition（5924 ng C/（kg·hr）） was significantly higher than that under the flooded condition（2211 ng C/（kg·hr））. One ＂peak emission window＂ appeared at days 0–44 or 4–44, and over 95% of the VOC emissions occurred during the first month under the two water conditions. Bacterial community analysis using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis（DGGE） showed that a relative increase of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and γ-Proteobacteria but a relative decrease of Acidobacteria with time were observed after straw amendments under the two water conditions. Cluster analysis revealed that the soil bacterial communities changed greatly with incubation time, which was in line with the variation of the VOC emissions over the experimental period. Most of the above top 10 VOCs correlated positively with the predominant bacterial species of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia but correlated negatively with the dominant bacterial species of Actinobacteria under the two water conditions. These results suggested that bacterial communities might play an important role in VOC emissions from straw-amended agricultural soils.展开更多
The straw of Grain-Straw-Dual-Use-Rice (GSDUR) variety 201 of which the grain quality and yield were equivalent to that of common rice variety (the grain yield approximately 7.5 t ha-1), but straw protein content was ...The straw of Grain-Straw-Dual-Use-Rice (GSDUR) variety 201 of which the grain quality and yield were equivalent to that of common rice variety (the grain yield approximately 7.5 t ha-1), but straw protein content was 9.31% (common rice straw i. e. CK was approximately 4.0%), and other eight fodder indexes were better than CK to some extent, was employed to feed animals. 15N tracing result suggested that the protein in 201 straw could be effectively transformed into fish body protein and white mouse body protein. The digestibility of fodder, the 15N recovery rate of animal body and the absorption of fodder protein were 13. 8, 9. 6, 24.49% and 16. 5, 6.0, 47. 2% higher than those of common rice straw respectively when feeding grass carp and white mice with 201 rice straw, whereas the 15N recovery rates of animal manure were 3. 25, 6. 5% lower than those of common rice straw, respectively. The results of feeding animals with 201 straw were as follows: (1)The milk yield of cow was increased by 8.3 % as compared to that of common rice straw. 843. 8 kg milk could be produced with 7. 5 t ha-1 of dry 201 straw. (2)Fish daily weight gain, straw consumption of grass carp, fish weight gain per kg fresh rice straw were increased by 60.0, 16.8 and 37.0 % respectively when 201 fresh straw was used to feed grass carp compared to feeding CK, and fish yield could be increased by 297.5 kg with 25.0 t ha-1 of fresh 201 straw. (3)The goose daily weight gain and the ratio of fodder and meat were increased by 33. 9 and 26.8 % respectively when 201 rice straw was used as the main raw material of the compound fodder to feed white geese compared to feeding CK, and geese weight could be increased by 2 358.0 kg with one hectare of 201 straw. (4)Not only were the feeding results identical when high quality 201 rice straw powder substituting for wheat bran which made up of 5 % compound fodder to feed cross bred pigs compared to CK, but 0.11 kg fine fodder could be saved when 1 kg cross bred pig weight was increased.展开更多
我国每年生产大量的作物秸秆,不加处理或处理不当,会严重威胁水体或大气环境质量。秸秆还田是当前解决作物秸秆田间焚烧或无序堆放威胁环境质量的最主要方法。秸秆还田按目的可分为两种方式:以处置秸秆为目的的处置化原位还田和以消除...我国每年生产大量的作物秸秆,不加处理或处理不当,会严重威胁水体或大气环境质量。秸秆还田是当前解决作物秸秆田间焚烧或无序堆放威胁环境质量的最主要方法。秸秆还田按目的可分为两种方式:以处置秸秆为目的的处置化原位还田和以消除作物生长障碍因素为目的的消障化异地还田。无论何种秸秆还田方式均未利用秸秆生物能,虽在一定程度上可以提高土壤有机质含量,但作用有限,且无显著的时间累积效应。秸秆沼气化利用了秸秆生物能,但因产气不稳定,沼渣、沼液处理难等因素,推广应用难度大。笔者提出了一种能够在同一时间和空间,实现秸秆改土和产能等多重目标的秸秆处理方式,称作“秸秆改土产能时空一体化处理”方法(space-time Integration of Soil improvement and Energy production by using Straw,ISES),即就近集中秸秆于需要改良的土壤,使秸秆施用量达到5%土重以上,与土壤充分混匀,在淹水条件下,密封培养,收集厌氧发酵产生的沼气用作家庭燃料或作它用。ISES处理可跨肥力等级提升土壤有机质含量,产气量及气体中CH4浓度与沼气发酵相当,且不需要处理沼液和沼渣,可服务于改土、产能和固碳等多重目标。加强对ISES系统碳转化和CH4产生过程及其产气率和CH4浓度影响因素的研究,评估ISES处理过程及处理后的环境效应,对于优化处理工艺,明确可采用ISES处理的土壤类型、适宜的处理时间,降低ISES处理的环境效应,制订安全生产措施,预测经济可行性都是十分必要的。展开更多
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41025012,41103067,41571130031 and 41273095)
文摘A laboratory study was conducted to investigate volatile organic compound（VOC） emissions from agricultural soil amended with wheat straw and their associations with bacterial communities for a period of 66 days under non-flooded and flooded conditions. The results indicated that ethene, propene, ethanol, i-propanol, 2-butanol, acetaldehyde, acetone,2-butanone, 2-pentanone and acetophenone were the 10 most abundant VOCs, making up over 90% of the total VOCs released under the two water conditions. The mean emission of total VOCs from the amended soils under the non-flooded condition（5924 ng C/（kg·hr）） was significantly higher than that under the flooded condition（2211 ng C/（kg·hr））. One ＂peak emission window＂ appeared at days 0–44 or 4–44, and over 95% of the VOC emissions occurred during the first month under the two water conditions. Bacterial community analysis using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis（DGGE） showed that a relative increase of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and γ-Proteobacteria but a relative decrease of Acidobacteria with time were observed after straw amendments under the two water conditions. Cluster analysis revealed that the soil bacterial communities changed greatly with incubation time, which was in line with the variation of the VOC emissions over the experimental period. Most of the above top 10 VOCs correlated positively with the predominant bacterial species of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia but correlated negatively with the dominant bacterial species of Actinobacteria under the two water conditions. These results suggested that bacterial communities might play an important role in VOC emissions from straw-amended agricultural soils.
文摘The straw of Grain-Straw-Dual-Use-Rice (GSDUR) variety 201 of which the grain quality and yield were equivalent to that of common rice variety (the grain yield approximately 7.5 t ha-1), but straw protein content was 9.31% (common rice straw i. e. CK was approximately 4.0%), and other eight fodder indexes were better than CK to some extent, was employed to feed animals. 15N tracing result suggested that the protein in 201 straw could be effectively transformed into fish body protein and white mouse body protein. The digestibility of fodder, the 15N recovery rate of animal body and the absorption of fodder protein were 13. 8, 9. 6, 24.49% and 16. 5, 6.0, 47. 2% higher than those of common rice straw respectively when feeding grass carp and white mice with 201 rice straw, whereas the 15N recovery rates of animal manure were 3. 25, 6. 5% lower than those of common rice straw, respectively. The results of feeding animals with 201 straw were as follows: (1)The milk yield of cow was increased by 8.3 % as compared to that of common rice straw. 843. 8 kg milk could be produced with 7. 5 t ha-1 of dry 201 straw. (2)Fish daily weight gain, straw consumption of grass carp, fish weight gain per kg fresh rice straw were increased by 60.0, 16.8 and 37.0 % respectively when 201 fresh straw was used to feed grass carp compared to feeding CK, and fish yield could be increased by 297.5 kg with 25.0 t ha-1 of fresh 201 straw. (3)The goose daily weight gain and the ratio of fodder and meat were increased by 33. 9 and 26.8 % respectively when 201 rice straw was used as the main raw material of the compound fodder to feed white geese compared to feeding CK, and geese weight could be increased by 2 358.0 kg with one hectare of 201 straw. (4)Not only were the feeding results identical when high quality 201 rice straw powder substituting for wheat bran which made up of 5 % compound fodder to feed cross bred pigs compared to CK, but 0.11 kg fine fodder could be saved when 1 kg cross bred pig weight was increased.
文摘我国每年生产大量的作物秸秆,不加处理或处理不当,会严重威胁水体或大气环境质量。秸秆还田是当前解决作物秸秆田间焚烧或无序堆放威胁环境质量的最主要方法。秸秆还田按目的可分为两种方式:以处置秸秆为目的的处置化原位还田和以消除作物生长障碍因素为目的的消障化异地还田。无论何种秸秆还田方式均未利用秸秆生物能,虽在一定程度上可以提高土壤有机质含量,但作用有限,且无显著的时间累积效应。秸秆沼气化利用了秸秆生物能,但因产气不稳定,沼渣、沼液处理难等因素,推广应用难度大。笔者提出了一种能够在同一时间和空间,实现秸秆改土和产能等多重目标的秸秆处理方式,称作“秸秆改土产能时空一体化处理”方法(space-time Integration of Soil improvement and Energy production by using Straw,ISES),即就近集中秸秆于需要改良的土壤,使秸秆施用量达到5%土重以上,与土壤充分混匀,在淹水条件下,密封培养,收集厌氧发酵产生的沼气用作家庭燃料或作它用。ISES处理可跨肥力等级提升土壤有机质含量,产气量及气体中CH4浓度与沼气发酵相当,且不需要处理沼液和沼渣,可服务于改土、产能和固碳等多重目标。加强对ISES系统碳转化和CH4产生过程及其产气率和CH4浓度影响因素的研究,评估ISES处理过程及处理后的环境效应,对于优化处理工艺,明确可采用ISES处理的土壤类型、适宜的处理时间,降低ISES处理的环境效应,制订安全生产措施,预测经济可行性都是十分必要的。
