Fruit spine density is an important commercial trait for cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.).Most North China-type cucumbers that are grown over large areas have a dense-spine phenotype,which directly affects the appearance ...Fruit spine density is an important commercial trait for cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.).Most North China-type cucumbers that are grown over large areas have a dense-spine phenotype,which directly affects the appearance quality,storage,and transportation of the fruits.Here,we isolated a novel few spines mutant(fs2)from the wild-type(WT)inbred line WD1,a North China-type cucumber with high density fruit spines,by an ethyl methanesulfonate(EMS)mutagenesis treatment.Genetic analysis revealed that the phenotype of fs2 is controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene.We fine-mapped the fs2 locus using F_(2) and BC_(1) populations(1,802 and 420 individuals,respectively),which showed that the candidate gene of FS2(Csa4G652850)encodes an ARID-HMG transcription factor containing an AT-rich interaction domain(ARID)and a high mobility group box domain(HMG).One SNP(C to T)and one InDel(a 40-bp deletion)in the coding region of FS2 result in amino acid variation and premature translation termination in the fs2 mutant,respectively.FS2 was found to be highly expressed in the apical buds and young ovaries.In addition,experiments suggest that FS2 participates in the regulation of fruit spine initiation by activating the expression of the Tril gene in cucumber.This work provides not only an important reference for understanding the molecular mechanisms of fruit spine development but also an important resource for fruit appearance quality breeding in cucumber.展开更多
The impacts of the Luzon Strait transport on shallow meridional overturning circulation(SMOC)in the South China Sea(SCS)have been pointed out by previous studies,but the issue whether the Luzon Strait transport domina...The impacts of the Luzon Strait transport on shallow meridional overturning circulation(SMOC)in the South China Sea(SCS)have been pointed out by previous studies,but the issue whether the Luzon Strait transport dominates the SMOC formation still remains open.The Helmholtz decomposition is applied based on the ocean general circulation model for the earth simulator products to address this issue.Results show that the motion caused by the Luzon Strait transport is characterized as an obvious southward flow between 13°N and 20°N.After this motion being removed,the clockwise winter SMOC and the anticlockwise summer SMOC can still exist significantly.The SMOC existence and its seasonal variation are also reproduced in the numerical simulation with the Luzon Strait closed.Both results of the Helmholtz decomposition and numerical experiment suggest that the SMOC formation and its seasonal variation are not dominated by the Luzon Strait transport.The SCS monsoon is the primary driving factor for the SMOC,which is related to the physical processes within the SCS.展开更多
The Indonesian Throughflow(ITF),mainly through the Makassar Strait,transports amounts of water and salt from the tropical Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean,playing a crucial role in modulating heat and energy budget b...The Indonesian Throughflow(ITF),mainly through the Makassar Strait,transports amounts of water and salt from the tropical Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean,playing a crucial role in modulating heat and energy budget between two oceans.The South China Sea Throughflow(SCSTF)significantly contributes to the net transport of the ITF via Karimata Strait and Mindoro-Sibutu Passage.However,the specific proportion and variability of South China Sea(SCS)water joining the ITF are still unclear.Based on high-resolution reanalysis data and a Lagrangian particle tracking method-Connectivity Modelling System(CMS),we quantified the proportion and variability of SCS water joining the ITF in the Makassar Strait.The results show that about 16.41%of the particles released in the Makassar Strait could be back-tracked from the SCS and 42.45%from the western Pacific Ocean.The particles through Mindoro Strait and Karimata Strait are about 10.55%and 3.39%,respectively.About 14.56%and 15.42%particles are trapped in the Sulu and Sulawesi seas.The proportion of SCS water shows significant interannual variability,which is highly related to El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)events.The correlation coefficient between interannual change of SCS water volume proportion and the Niño 3.4 index is 0.75,with an increase of about 24%during El Niño years and a decrease of about−22%during La Niña years.The proportion also varies with the depth of particles released,showing two peaks at surface and subsurface depths of 5 m and 110 m,respectively.展开更多
El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)affects the changes in ocean physical elements in Taiwan Strait(TWS)primarily by regulating the strength of the East Asian Winter Monsoon(EAWM)and the intrusion of the Kuroshio.A...El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)affects the changes in ocean physical elements in Taiwan Strait(TWS)primarily by regulating the strength of the East Asian Winter Monsoon(EAWM)and the intrusion of the Kuroshio.Additionally,the fluctuating impact between nutrient-poor seawater with high dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC)that infiltrates owing to the Kuroshio during El Niño phases and nutrient-rich seawater with low DIC from the South China Sea(SCS)carried by the EAWM during La Niña phases determines the nutrient content in TWS,thereby sculpting appropriate or unsuitable biochemical environment.In this study,based on high-resolution sea-surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide(pCO_(2))data,we investigate the relationship between pCO_(2)level of TWS and ENSO events in winter.The physical mechanisms affecting the anomalous distribution of pCO_(2)level during ENSO are also explored.Stepwise regression was employed to identify the optimal influencing factors for modeling pCO_(2).Results indicate a significant positive correlation between Niño3.4 index and pCO_(2),which is significantly influenced by factors such as sea-surface temperature(SST),chlorophyll-a(Chl a),and DIC.These are related to the anomalously strong Kuroshio intrusion and weaker EAWM during El Niño years.It brings a large amount of high SST water with low nutrient concentration and high DIC,which is detrimental to CO_(2)dissolution and phytoplankton growth over the TWS,leading to an increase in pCO_(2).Conversely,pCO_(2)level is significantly low under the influence of SCS seawater during La Niña years.Based on the characterization of the pCO_(2)level response to ENSO,the carbon balance at TWS can be explored.展开更多
Analysis of 2 D seismic data over 4 500 km in length from the Madura Strait Basin in the East Java Sea reveals seismic re?ection characteristics of reefs and associated sedimentary bodies, including asymmetrical or sy...Analysis of 2 D seismic data over 4 500 km in length from the Madura Strait Basin in the East Java Sea reveals seismic re?ection characteristics of reefs and associated sedimentary bodies, including asymmetrical or symmetrical dome re?ections, slope progradational re?ections, chaotic re?ections and discontinuous strong re?ections inside the reef, which onlap the ?ank of the reef. It is concluded that the developmental paleo-environment of most reefs is mainly conducive to shallow marine carbonate platform facies and platform margin facies, based on well core data, variations in seismic facies and strata thickness.The formation and evolution of all reefs are primarily in?uenced by the tectonic framework of the Madura Strait Basin. Platform margin reefs are principally controlled by two types of structures: one is a series of E-W trending Paleogene normal faults, and the other is an E-W trending Neogene inversion structures. In addition, wave actions, tidal currents and other ocean currents play an accelerated role in sorting, rounding and redeposition for the accumulation and evolution of reefs. Tertiary reefs in the MSB can be divided into four types: 1) an open platform coral reef of Late Oligocene to Early Miocene, 2) a platform margin coral reef controlled by normal faults in Late Oligocene to Early Miocene, 3) a platform margin Globigerina moundreef controlled by a "hidden" inversion structure in Early Pliocene, and 4) a platform margin Globigerina mound-reef controlled by thrust faults in the early Pliocene. Patterns of the formation and evolution of reefs are also suggested.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31972425)the Shanghai Agriculture Applied Technology Development Program,China(2020-02-08-00-08-F0148)。
文摘Fruit spine density is an important commercial trait for cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.).Most North China-type cucumbers that are grown over large areas have a dense-spine phenotype,which directly affects the appearance quality,storage,and transportation of the fruits.Here,we isolated a novel few spines mutant(fs2)from the wild-type(WT)inbred line WD1,a North China-type cucumber with high density fruit spines,by an ethyl methanesulfonate(EMS)mutagenesis treatment.Genetic analysis revealed that the phenotype of fs2 is controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene.We fine-mapped the fs2 locus using F_(2) and BC_(1) populations(1,802 and 420 individuals,respectively),which showed that the candidate gene of FS2(Csa4G652850)encodes an ARID-HMG transcription factor containing an AT-rich interaction domain(ARID)and a high mobility group box domain(HMG).One SNP(C to T)and one InDel(a 40-bp deletion)in the coding region of FS2 result in amino acid variation and premature translation termination in the fs2 mutant,respectively.FS2 was found to be highly expressed in the apical buds and young ovaries.In addition,experiments suggest that FS2 participates in the regulation of fruit spine initiation by activating the expression of the Tril gene in cucumber.This work provides not only an important reference for understanding the molecular mechanisms of fruit spine development but also an important resource for fruit appearance quality breeding in cucumber.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.42076003.
文摘The impacts of the Luzon Strait transport on shallow meridional overturning circulation(SMOC)in the South China Sea(SCS)have been pointed out by previous studies,but the issue whether the Luzon Strait transport dominates the SMOC formation still remains open.The Helmholtz decomposition is applied based on the ocean general circulation model for the earth simulator products to address this issue.Results show that the motion caused by the Luzon Strait transport is characterized as an obvious southward flow between 13°N and 20°N.After this motion being removed,the clockwise winter SMOC and the anticlockwise summer SMOC can still exist significantly.The SMOC existence and its seasonal variation are also reproduced in the numerical simulation with the Luzon Strait closed.Both results of the Helmholtz decomposition and numerical experiment suggest that the SMOC formation and its seasonal variation are not dominated by the Luzon Strait transport.The SCS monsoon is the primary driving factor for the SMOC,which is related to the physical processes within the SCS.
基金The Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)under contact No.SML2021SP309the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 42276005,42430402,and 92158204.
文摘The Indonesian Throughflow(ITF),mainly through the Makassar Strait,transports amounts of water and salt from the tropical Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean,playing a crucial role in modulating heat and energy budget between two oceans.The South China Sea Throughflow(SCSTF)significantly contributes to the net transport of the ITF via Karimata Strait and Mindoro-Sibutu Passage.However,the specific proportion and variability of South China Sea(SCS)water joining the ITF are still unclear.Based on high-resolution reanalysis data and a Lagrangian particle tracking method-Connectivity Modelling System(CMS),we quantified the proportion and variability of SCS water joining the ITF in the Makassar Strait.The results show that about 16.41%of the particles released in the Makassar Strait could be back-tracked from the SCS and 42.45%from the western Pacific Ocean.The particles through Mindoro Strait and Karimata Strait are about 10.55%and 3.39%,respectively.About 14.56%and 15.42%particles are trapped in the Sulu and Sulawesi seas.The proportion of SCS water shows significant interannual variability,which is highly related to El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)events.The correlation coefficient between interannual change of SCS water volume proportion and the Niño 3.4 index is 0.75,with an increase of about 24%during El Niño years and a decrease of about−22%during La Niña years.The proportion also varies with the depth of particles released,showing two peaks at surface and subsurface depths of 5 m and 110 m,respectively.
基金The Key R&D Project of Zhejiang Province under contract No.2023C03120the General Scientific Research Project of Zhejiang Province under contract No.Y202353957the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.42106017.
文摘El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)affects the changes in ocean physical elements in Taiwan Strait(TWS)primarily by regulating the strength of the East Asian Winter Monsoon(EAWM)and the intrusion of the Kuroshio.Additionally,the fluctuating impact between nutrient-poor seawater with high dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC)that infiltrates owing to the Kuroshio during El Niño phases and nutrient-rich seawater with low DIC from the South China Sea(SCS)carried by the EAWM during La Niña phases determines the nutrient content in TWS,thereby sculpting appropriate or unsuitable biochemical environment.In this study,based on high-resolution sea-surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide(pCO_(2))data,we investigate the relationship between pCO_(2)level of TWS and ENSO events in winter.The physical mechanisms affecting the anomalous distribution of pCO_(2)level during ENSO are also explored.Stepwise regression was employed to identify the optimal influencing factors for modeling pCO_(2).Results indicate a significant positive correlation between Niño3.4 index and pCO_(2),which is significantly influenced by factors such as sea-surface temperature(SST),chlorophyll-a(Chl a),and DIC.These are related to the anomalously strong Kuroshio intrusion and weaker EAWM during El Niño years.It brings a large amount of high SST water with low nutrient concentration and high DIC,which is detrimental to CO_(2)dissolution and phytoplankton growth over the TWS,leading to an increase in pCO_(2).Conversely,pCO_(2)level is significantly low under the influence of SCS seawater during La Niña years.Based on the characterization of the pCO_(2)level response to ENSO,the carbon balance at TWS can be explored.
基金Supported by the Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Nos.QNLM201708,QNLM2016ORP0206)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Project Financially Supported by Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Nos.2017ASKJ02,2017ASKJ01,2016ASKJ13)+2 种基金the Special Fund for Land&Resources Scientific Research in the Public Interest(No.201511037)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China(No.ZR2016DB33)the National Key Research and Development Program(No.2017YFC0306706-04)
文摘Analysis of 2 D seismic data over 4 500 km in length from the Madura Strait Basin in the East Java Sea reveals seismic re?ection characteristics of reefs and associated sedimentary bodies, including asymmetrical or symmetrical dome re?ections, slope progradational re?ections, chaotic re?ections and discontinuous strong re?ections inside the reef, which onlap the ?ank of the reef. It is concluded that the developmental paleo-environment of most reefs is mainly conducive to shallow marine carbonate platform facies and platform margin facies, based on well core data, variations in seismic facies and strata thickness.The formation and evolution of all reefs are primarily in?uenced by the tectonic framework of the Madura Strait Basin. Platform margin reefs are principally controlled by two types of structures: one is a series of E-W trending Paleogene normal faults, and the other is an E-W trending Neogene inversion structures. In addition, wave actions, tidal currents and other ocean currents play an accelerated role in sorting, rounding and redeposition for the accumulation and evolution of reefs. Tertiary reefs in the MSB can be divided into four types: 1) an open platform coral reef of Late Oligocene to Early Miocene, 2) a platform margin coral reef controlled by normal faults in Late Oligocene to Early Miocene, 3) a platform margin Globigerina moundreef controlled by a "hidden" inversion structure in Early Pliocene, and 4) a platform margin Globigerina mound-reef controlled by thrust faults in the early Pliocene. Patterns of the formation and evolution of reefs are also suggested.
