Presented in this study is a novel method for estimating the depth of single underwater source in shallow water,utilizing vector sensors.The approach leverages the depth distribution of the broadband Stokes parameters...Presented in this study is a novel method for estimating the depth of single underwater source in shallow water,utilizing vector sensors.The approach leverages the depth distribution of the broadband Stokes parameters to estimate source depth accurately.Unlike traditional matched field processing(MFP)and matched mode processing(MMP),the proposed approach can estimate source depth directly from the data received by sensors without requiring complete environmental information.Firstly,the broadband Stokes parameters(BSP)are established using the normal mode theory.Then the nonstationary phase approximation is used to simplify the theoretical derivation,which is necessary when dealing with broadband integrals.Additionally,range terms of the BSP are eliminated by normalization.By analyzing the depth distribution of the normalized broadband Stokes parameters(NBSP),it is found that the NBSP exhibit extreme values at the source depth,which can be used for source depth estimation.So the proposed depth estimation method is based on searching the peaks of the NBSP.Simulations show that this method is effective in relatively simple shallow water environments.Finally,the effect of source range,frequency bandwidth,sound speed profile(SSP),water depth,and signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)are studied.The findings indicate that the proposed method can accurately estimate the source depth when the SNR is greater than-5 d B and does not need to consider model mismatch issues.Additionally,variations in environmental parameters have minimal impact on estimation accuracy.Compared to MFP,the proposed method requires a higher SNR,but demonstrates superior robustness against fluctuations in environmental parameters.展开更多
The newly formulated non-Newtonian rivulet flows streaming down an inclined planar surface,with additional periodic perturbations arising from the application of the 2nd Stokes problem to the investigation of rivulet ...The newly formulated non-Newtonian rivulet flows streaming down an inclined planar surface,with additional periodic perturbations arising from the application of the 2nd Stokes problem to the investigation of rivulet dynamics,are demonstrated in the current research.Hereby,the 2nd Stokes problem assumes that the surface,with a thin shared layer of the fluid on it,oscillates in a harmonic manner along the x-axis of the rivulet flow,which coincides with the main flow direction streaming down the underlying surface.We obtain the exact extension of the rivulet flow family,clarifying the structure of the pressure field,which fully absorbs the arising perturbation.The profile of the velocity field is assumed to be Gaussian-type with a non-zero level of plasticity.Hence,the absolutely non-Newtonian case of the viscoplastic flow solution,which satisfies the motion and continuity equations,is considered(with particular cases of exact solutions for pressure).The perturbed governing equations of motion for rivulet flows then result in the Riccati-type ordinary differential equation(ODE),describing the dynamics of the coordinate x(t).The approximated schematic dynamics are presented in graphical plots.展开更多
The Stokes–Einstein–Debye(SED) relation in TIP5P water is tested with the original formula and its variants within the temperature range 240–390 K. The results indicate that although the variants explicitly break d...The Stokes–Einstein–Debye(SED) relation in TIP5P water is tested with the original formula and its variants within the temperature range 240–390 K. The results indicate that although the variants explicitly break down, the original SED relation is almost valid. Compared with the Stokes–Einstein relation, no explicit decoupling is observed in translational and rotational motion. Variation of the effective hydrodynamic radius is critical to testing the validity of the SED relation.展开更多
The aggressive nature and high mortality rate of lung cancer underscore the imperative need for early diagnosis of the disease.Thus,aminopeptidase N(APN),a potential biomarker for lung cancer,should be thoroughly inve...The aggressive nature and high mortality rate of lung cancer underscore the imperative need for early diagnosis of the disease.Thus,aminopeptidase N(APN),a potential biomarker for lung cancer,should be thoroughly investigated in this context.This report describes the development of HA-apn,a novel near-infrared fluorescent probe,specifically engineered for the sensitive detection of endogenous APN.Characterized by its high selectivity,straightforward molecular architecture,and suitable optical properties,including a long-wavelength emission at 835 nm and a large Stokes shift of 285 nm,HA-apn had high efficacy in identifying overexpressed APN in tumor cells,which shows its potential in pinpointing malignancies.To further validate its applicability and effectiveness in facilitating the direct and enhanced visualization of pulmonary alterations,an in situ lung cancer mouse model was employed.Notably,HAapn was applied for in vivo imaging of APN activity in the lung cancer mouse model receiving the probe through aerosol inhalation,and rapid and precise diagnostic results were achieved within 30min postadministration.Overall,HA-apn can be applied as an effective,non-intrusive tool for the rapid and accurate detection of pulmonary conditions.展开更多
Red fluorescent proteins with large Stokes shift(LSS-RFPs)are advantageous for multicolor imaging applications that allow simultaneous visualizations of multiple biological events.But it is difficult to develop LSS-RF...Red fluorescent proteins with large Stokes shift(LSS-RFPs)are advantageous for multicolor imaging applications that allow simultaneous visualizations of multiple biological events.But it is difficult to develop LSS-RFPs by extending the emission wavelength of RFPs to far-red region.Here,we employed Forster resonance energy transfer(FRET)strategy to engineer the far-red fluorescent proteins with large Stokes shift.LSS-m Apple and LSS-mCherry were constructed by fusing HaloTag to m Apple and mCherry,allowing the fluorophore TMSi R to be connected to these RFPs.FRET between RFPs and TMSi R enabled them to apply the excitation of donor RFPs to emit far-red fluorescence of acceptor TMSi R.The Stokes shifts of LSS-m Apple and LSS-mCherry were 97 nm and 75 nm,respectively.The high FRET efficiency of LSS-mCherry(E_(FRET)=83.7%)can greatly reduce the fluorescence from the donor channel,which did not affect co-imaging with mCherry.In addition,LSS-mCherry also showed excellent photostability(t_(1/2)=449.3 s),enabling stable confocal fluorescence imaging for 15 min under continuous strong excitation.Furthermore,LSS-mCherry was applied for fluorescence labeling and imaging of the nucleus,mitochondria,lysosomes,and endoplasmic reticulum in living cells.Finally,we applied LSS-mCherry to perform multi-color bioimaging of 2–4 channels,and there was no obvious crosstalk between these channels.展开更多
The lattice dynamics of a high Al composition semiconductor alloy,Al_(0.86)Ga_(0.14)N,in comparison with intrinsic GaN and AlN are studied by Stokes/anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy in the temperature range of 85–823 K...The lattice dynamics of a high Al composition semiconductor alloy,Al_(0.86)Ga_(0.14)N,in comparison with intrinsic GaN and AlN are studied by Stokes/anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy in the temperature range of 85–823 K.The phonon anharmonic effect in Al_(0.86)Ga_(0.14)N is found to be stronger than that in GaN,revealing low thermal conductivity in the semiconductor alloy.Multi-phonon coupling behavior is analyzed by both Stokes Raman and anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy.It is interesting to find that the anti-Stokes scattering exhibits stronger three-phonon coupling than the Stokes scattering,which may be due to the fact that the anti-stokes scattering process is generated from an excited state and the scattered photons have higher energies.The Stokes/anti-Stokes temperature correction factor β for Raman modes in Al_(0.86)Ga_(0.14)N alloy are all smaller than those of the corresponding intrinsic modes in GaN and AlN.The reasons for the difference in b can be attributed to three aspects,including the equipment setups,materials properties(the binding energy)and the coupling strength of Raman scattering and the sample.展开更多
The wave-forcing 'Coriolis-Stokes forcing' and 'Stokes-vortex force' induced by Stokes drift affect the upper ocean jointly.To study the effect of the wave-induced Stokes drift on the dynamics of the o...The wave-forcing 'Coriolis-Stokes forcing' and 'Stokes-vortex force' induced by Stokes drift affect the upper ocean jointly.To study the effect of the wave-induced Stokes drift on the dynamics of the ocean mixed layer,a new three-dimensional(3D) numerical model is derived using the primitive basic equations and Eulerian wave averaging.The Princeton Ocean Model(POM),a 3D primitive equation ocean model is used with the upper wave-averaged basic equations.The global ocean circulation is simulated using the POM model,and the Stokes drift is evaluated based on the wave data generated by WAVEWATCH III.We compared simulations with and without the Stokes drift.The results show that the magnitude of the Stokes drift is comparable with the Eulerian mean current.Including the Stokes drift in the ocean model affects both the Eulerian current and the Lagranian drift and causes the vertical mixing coefficients to increase.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12274348 and 12004335)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2024YFC2813800)。
文摘Presented in this study is a novel method for estimating the depth of single underwater source in shallow water,utilizing vector sensors.The approach leverages the depth distribution of the broadband Stokes parameters to estimate source depth accurately.Unlike traditional matched field processing(MFP)and matched mode processing(MMP),the proposed approach can estimate source depth directly from the data received by sensors without requiring complete environmental information.Firstly,the broadband Stokes parameters(BSP)are established using the normal mode theory.Then the nonstationary phase approximation is used to simplify the theoretical derivation,which is necessary when dealing with broadband integrals.Additionally,range terms of the BSP are eliminated by normalization.By analyzing the depth distribution of the normalized broadband Stokes parameters(NBSP),it is found that the NBSP exhibit extreme values at the source depth,which can be used for source depth estimation.So the proposed depth estimation method is based on searching the peaks of the NBSP.Simulations show that this method is effective in relatively simple shallow water environments.Finally,the effect of source range,frequency bandwidth,sound speed profile(SSP),water depth,and signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)are studied.The findings indicate that the proposed method can accurately estimate the source depth when the SNR is greater than-5 d B and does not need to consider model mismatch issues.Additionally,variations in environmental parameters have minimal impact on estimation accuracy.Compared to MFP,the proposed method requires a higher SNR,but demonstrates superior robustness against fluctuations in environmental parameters.
文摘The newly formulated non-Newtonian rivulet flows streaming down an inclined planar surface,with additional periodic perturbations arising from the application of the 2nd Stokes problem to the investigation of rivulet dynamics,are demonstrated in the current research.Hereby,the 2nd Stokes problem assumes that the surface,with a thin shared layer of the fluid on it,oscillates in a harmonic manner along the x-axis of the rivulet flow,which coincides with the main flow direction streaming down the underlying surface.We obtain the exact extension of the rivulet flow family,clarifying the structure of the pressure field,which fully absorbs the arising perturbation.The profile of the velocity field is assumed to be Gaussian-type with a non-zero level of plasticity.Hence,the absolutely non-Newtonian case of the viscoplastic flow solution,which satisfies the motion and continuity equations,is considered(with particular cases of exact solutions for pressure).The perturbed governing equations of motion for rivulet flows then result in the Riccati-type ordinary differential equation(ODE),describing the dynamics of the coordinate x(t).The approximated schematic dynamics are presented in graphical plots.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12104502)the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province (Grant No. 2023YFG0308)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 24CAFUC03057)。
文摘The Stokes–Einstein–Debye(SED) relation in TIP5P water is tested with the original formula and its variants within the temperature range 240–390 K. The results indicate that although the variants explicitly break down, the original SED relation is almost valid. Compared with the Stokes–Einstein relation, no explicit decoupling is observed in translational and rotational motion. Variation of the effective hydrodynamic radius is critical to testing the validity of the SED relation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22004046 and 22074052)the Science and Technology Developing Foundation of Jilin Province of China(Nos.20240404044ZP,20230101033JC and 20220505015ZP).
文摘The aggressive nature and high mortality rate of lung cancer underscore the imperative need for early diagnosis of the disease.Thus,aminopeptidase N(APN),a potential biomarker for lung cancer,should be thoroughly investigated in this context.This report describes the development of HA-apn,a novel near-infrared fluorescent probe,specifically engineered for the sensitive detection of endogenous APN.Characterized by its high selectivity,straightforward molecular architecture,and suitable optical properties,including a long-wavelength emission at 835 nm and a large Stokes shift of 285 nm,HA-apn had high efficacy in identifying overexpressed APN in tumor cells,which shows its potential in pinpointing malignancies.To further validate its applicability and effectiveness in facilitating the direct and enhanced visualization of pulmonary alterations,an in situ lung cancer mouse model was employed.Notably,HAapn was applied for in vivo imaging of APN activity in the lung cancer mouse model receiving the probe through aerosol inhalation,and rapid and precise diagnostic results were achieved within 30min postadministration.Overall,HA-apn can be applied as an effective,non-intrusive tool for the rapid and accurate detection of pulmonary conditions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22225806,22078314,22278394,22378385)Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics(Nos.DICPI202142,DICPI202436)。
文摘Red fluorescent proteins with large Stokes shift(LSS-RFPs)are advantageous for multicolor imaging applications that allow simultaneous visualizations of multiple biological events.But it is difficult to develop LSS-RFPs by extending the emission wavelength of RFPs to far-red region.Here,we employed Forster resonance energy transfer(FRET)strategy to engineer the far-red fluorescent proteins with large Stokes shift.LSS-m Apple and LSS-mCherry were constructed by fusing HaloTag to m Apple and mCherry,allowing the fluorophore TMSi R to be connected to these RFPs.FRET between RFPs and TMSi R enabled them to apply the excitation of donor RFPs to emit far-red fluorescence of acceptor TMSi R.The Stokes shifts of LSS-m Apple and LSS-mCherry were 97 nm and 75 nm,respectively.The high FRET efficiency of LSS-mCherry(E_(FRET)=83.7%)can greatly reduce the fluorescence from the donor channel,which did not affect co-imaging with mCherry.In addition,LSS-mCherry also showed excellent photostability(t_(1/2)=449.3 s),enabling stable confocal fluorescence imaging for 15 min under continuous strong excitation.Furthermore,LSS-mCherry was applied for fluorescence labeling and imaging of the nucleus,mitochondria,lysosomes,and endoplasmic reticulum in living cells.Finally,we applied LSS-mCherry to perform multi-color bioimaging of 2–4 channels,and there was no obvious crosstalk between these channels.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12374013)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2020SCUNL107).
文摘The lattice dynamics of a high Al composition semiconductor alloy,Al_(0.86)Ga_(0.14)N,in comparison with intrinsic GaN and AlN are studied by Stokes/anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy in the temperature range of 85–823 K.The phonon anharmonic effect in Al_(0.86)Ga_(0.14)N is found to be stronger than that in GaN,revealing low thermal conductivity in the semiconductor alloy.Multi-phonon coupling behavior is analyzed by both Stokes Raman and anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy.It is interesting to find that the anti-Stokes scattering exhibits stronger three-phonon coupling than the Stokes scattering,which may be due to the fact that the anti-stokes scattering process is generated from an excited state and the scattered photons have higher energies.The Stokes/anti-Stokes temperature correction factor β for Raman modes in Al_(0.86)Ga_(0.14)N alloy are all smaller than those of the corresponding intrinsic modes in GaN and AlN.The reasons for the difference in b can be attributed to three aspects,including the equipment setups,materials properties(the binding energy)and the coupling strength of Raman scattering and the sample.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41376028)the Open Fund of the Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering,Ocean University of China(No.201362045)
文摘The wave-forcing 'Coriolis-Stokes forcing' and 'Stokes-vortex force' induced by Stokes drift affect the upper ocean jointly.To study the effect of the wave-induced Stokes drift on the dynamics of the ocean mixed layer,a new three-dimensional(3D) numerical model is derived using the primitive basic equations and Eulerian wave averaging.The Princeton Ocean Model(POM),a 3D primitive equation ocean model is used with the upper wave-averaged basic equations.The global ocean circulation is simulated using the POM model,and the Stokes drift is evaluated based on the wave data generated by WAVEWATCH III.We compared simulations with and without the Stokes drift.The results show that the magnitude of the Stokes drift is comparable with the Eulerian mean current.Including the Stokes drift in the ocean model affects both the Eulerian current and the Lagranian drift and causes the vertical mixing coefficients to increase.
