Stipes are the major waste from the processing of Lentinus edodes.To make full use of L.edodes stipes(LES),differ-ent fractions of LES polysaccharides(LESPs)were first obtained by water extraction and gradient ethanol...Stipes are the major waste from the processing of Lentinus edodes.To make full use of L.edodes stipes(LES),differ-ent fractions of LES polysaccharides(LESPs)were first obtained by water extraction and gradient ethanol precipitation.Afterwards,the LES residues were treated with an optimal combination of Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the preparation of soluble/insoluble dietary fibers(LESS/LESI)using the response surface methodology and the Box-Behnken design.Subsequently,the in vitro immunomodulatory activity of LESPs and LESS,as well as the adsorption capacities of LESI were evaluated.The results showed that LESPs were neutral polysaccharides,mainly containing glucose.The optimal parameters for modifying the residues of LES were the followings:4%(w/w)A.niger,8%(w/w)S.cerevisiae,31℃,3 d,and a solid-liquid ratio of 1:12.5 in a yield of 14.73%/82.45%of LESS/LESI,respectively.The in vitro immunomodulatory activity assays revealed that LESPs and LESS had potent immunostimulatory activity to increase phagocytosis,acid phosphatase activity and nitric oxide production of RAW264.7 murine cell macrophages.The evaluation of adsorption capacities revealed that LESI owned stronger water holding capacity,oil holding capacity and water swelling capacity.This research could provide an effective way to fully utilize discarded L.edodes stipes with high added-value.展开更多
Novel substrates consisted of different fresh agro-industrial residues,their corresponding and commercial spent mushroom substrates(i.e.SMS deriving from laboratory-scale experiments and SMS deriving from industrial-s...Novel substrates consisted of different fresh agro-industrial residues,their corresponding and commercial spent mushroom substrates(i.e.SMS deriving from laboratory-scale experiments and SMS deriving from industrial-scale experiments by Green Zin S.A.-SMS GZ)and Pleurotus waste(PW;stipes/mishappen mushrooms)were used in blends for a new cultivation cycle of Pleurotus ostreatus and P.eryngii mushrooms in bags.Their impact on the biochemical properties(intra-cellular polysaccharides-IPSs,protein,lipid,total phenolic compounds-TPCs,individual carbohydrates composition of the IPSs)in the first-and second-flush whole mushrooms,pilei and stipes,as well as the fatty acids composition,the antioxidant activity(in the first-flush mushroom parts)and glucan content of stipes were examined.Both species produced satisfactory IPSs quantities in all substrates(28.69-46.38%,w/w)and significant protein amounts(18.37-26.80%,w/w).The further SMS addition(80%,w/w instead of 40%,w/w)in the cultivation substrates affected positively the mushroom IPSs values,whereas the highest protein content was detected in mushroom’s parts cultivated on substrates consisted of fresh agro-industrial residues.Mushroom’s lipid content was affected differently by the various substrate combinations,with SMS presence resulting in mushrooms with a lower fat content than those produced in substrates with PW addition.Fresh substrates with PW and those with coffee residue were the most favorable for TPCs production.Regarding production flushes,the nutritional value of mushrooms was comparable between them,only a slight increase in TPCs of second-flush carposomes was detected.Glucose was the predominant monosaccharide of the produced IPSs,combined with a significant production of total and β-glucans.SMSs and PW addition had a positive impact on antioxidant activity,too.A higher quantity of lipids,TPCs and significant antioxidant activity were detected in all Pleurotus pilei than stipes,whereas the latter were richer in IPSs.Both pilei and stipes had a significant protein amount.Hence,the data obtained by this study support the positive effect of different types of SMS and mushroom waste on P.ostreatus and P.eryngii nutritional value.展开更多
Mushroom cultivation is an implementation of the industrial biotechnology in the valorization of various lignocellulosic materials.In the present study,common lignocellulosic residues(wheat straw-WS and barley and oat...Mushroom cultivation is an implementation of the industrial biotechnology in the valorization of various lignocellulosic materials.In the present study,common lignocellulosic residues(wheat straw-WS and barley and oats straw-BOS)were supplemented with‘novel’compounds(sunflower and corn oil,yeast extract and CaSO4⋅2H2O)and their impact on the biochemical properties(composition of intra-cellular polysaccharides-IPSs,proteins,lipids,glucans,tocopherol content,carbohydrates and fatty acids composition),total phenolic compounds(TPCs)and the antioxidant activity of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii mushrooms,cultivated in‘bag-logs’,was evaluated.Results revealed that supplements enhanced IPSs in carposomes cultivated on BOS substrates and the most positive were corn oil 2%,w/w and CaSO4⋅2H2O for P.ostreatus and P.eryngii,respectively(50.86 and 57.65%,w/w).In all treatments,there was a variety in the carbohydrate’s composition and a great production of glucans(40.67-62.15%,w/w),especially of the bioactiveβ-glucans(32.10-61.93%,w/w)in the stipes of both species.Significant protein content was detected in P.ostreatus and P.eryngii carposomes grown on substrates with yeast extract(28.99 and 30.09%,w/w;WS and 29.49 and 24.94%,w/w;BOS).Although mushrooms presented a low lipid content in general,high values of fat content were observed for both species when cultivated on BOS substrate supplemented with sunflower and corn oil(4.54-6.58%,w/w).The nutritional value of mushrooms was comparable between the two flushes.The greatest amount of TPCs were detected in supplemented WS(22.31-35.30 mg gallic acid equivalents/g d.w.)and BOS(21.03-41.74 mg gallic acid equivalents/g d.w.)with CaSO4⋅2H2O,in all parts of mushrooms and a strong antioxidant activity and tocopherols production,in all treatments.A higher quantity of lipids,antioxidant activity and reducing power was present in the pilei rather than the stipes,while the latter were richer in IPSs,regardless of the supplement’s presence.Therefore,the outlined supplemented substrates could be used to produce mushrooms with high nutritional and medicinal values.展开更多
The wild Lepista sordida is a kind of precious and rare edible fungus.An excellent strain of it by artificial domestication was obtained,which was high-yield and high in iron content.In this study,high-throughput comp...The wild Lepista sordida is a kind of precious and rare edible fungus.An excellent strain of it by artificial domestication was obtained,which was high-yield and high in iron content.In this study,high-throughput comparative proteomics was used to reveal the regulatory mechanism of its primordium differentiation in the early fruiting body formation.The mycelium before the primordium differentiation mainly expressed high levels of mitochondrial functional proteins and carbon dioxide concentration regulatory proteins.In young mushrooms,the highly expressed proteins were mainly involved in cell component generation,cell proliferation,nitrogen compound metabolism,nucleotide metabolism,glutathione metabolism,and purine metabolism.The differential regulation patterns of pileus and stipe growth to maturity were also revealed.The highly expressed proteins related to transcription,RNA splicing,the production of various organelles,DNA conformational change,nucleosome organization,protein processing,maturation and transport,and cell detoxification regulated the pileus development and maturity.The proteins related to carbohydrate and energy metabolism,large amounts of obsolete cytoplasmic parts,nutrient deprivation,and external stimuli regulated the stipe development and maturity.Multiple CAZymes regulated nutrient absorption,morphogenesis,spore production,stress response,and other life activities at different growth and development stages.展开更多
Five agro-industrial residues,their corresponding spent mushroom substrates(SMS),commercial fresh and spent mushroom compost of Agaricus(SMC)and Pleurotus ostreatus(SMS GZ)cultivation,Pleurotus and Agaricus waste(stip...Five agro-industrial residues,their corresponding spent mushroom substrates(SMS),commercial fresh and spent mushroom compost of Agaricus(SMC)and Pleurotus ostreatus(SMS GZ)cultivation,Pleurotus and Agaricus waste(stipes/mishappen mushrooms)were combined and re-utilized as novel substrates for the cultivation of P.ostreatus,P.eryngii and A.bisporus mushrooms.SMSs/SMC were used up to 40%(treatment 1 and 2),while 20%of mushroom waste were added in fresh and spent substrates(treatment 3 and 4).The impact of different substrates on mycelial growth rate and biomass production was examined.Then,Pleurotus spp.were cultivated on the most promising substrates and essential cultivation aspects(earliness,total mushroom yield,biological efficiency-BE)and carposomes’quality parameters(weight,morphological characteristics)were evaluated.Laccase and endoglucanase production by Pleurotus species were also determined at 50 and 100%of colonization stages.All species showed their fastest mycelial growth rate(up to 5 mm/day)on substrates consisted of SMC,whereas many combinations of species/substrate enhanced biomass production.The SMS GZ supplementation positively affected laccase activity;in the cultures of P.ostreatus and P.eryngii the highest values were 62,539 and 17,584 U/g d.w.,respectively.On the contrary,small amounts of endoglucanase were produced(0.007 to 0.322 U/g d.w.);the greatest production was recorded for P.ostreatus at full colonization.Regarding fermentation in bags,significant amount of total mushroom yield was produced in all substrates and those with SMS GZ supported the fastest earliness period and the highest BE for both Pleurotus species.BE values ranged from 54 to 133%for P.ostreatus and from 53 to 121%for P.eryngii.Concerning morphological characteristics,mushroom waste addition seemed to affect them positively.The data included in this paper support the effective re-utilization of different types of SMS and mushroom waste for fungal mass and enzymes’production and for new high quality Pleurotus spp.carposomes.展开更多
The potential of selected Pleurotus ostreatus and P. eryngii wild-type and commercial strains to colonize andproduce carposomes after solid-state fermentation of five substrates constituted of agro-residues namely whe...The potential of selected Pleurotus ostreatus and P. eryngii wild-type and commercial strains to colonize andproduce carposomes after solid-state fermentation of five substrates constituted of agro-residues namely wheatstraw (WS), beech wood shavings (BWS), coffee residue (CR), barley and oats straw (BOS), rice bark (RB),supplemented with wheat bran was investigated. The effect of substrate composition on bioprocess feasibilitywas assessed for the different strains by quantitative (i.e., mushroom yield and Biological Efficiency-BE %) andcarposome qualitative parameters (i.e., weight, size, colour, firmness). P. ostreatus strains produced carposomesearlier than P. eryngii ones. Early fruiting formation was promoted in WS for P. ostreatus strains, whereas forP. eryngii the lowest values of earliness were observed on BOS substrate. As for crop productivity, P. ostreatusstrain AMRL 150 provided the highest BE (>70%) in all substrates except for RB, while P. ostreatus strain AMRL144 achieved the highest yield and BE in BOS and BWS (75.30 and 64.26%, respectively). P. eryngii stainsproduced less number but heavier carposomes. The highest values of BE% for these strains were recorded on WSand BOS substrates. The BE was further correlated to growth parameters of fungal vegetative phase. As formushroom colour, P. ostreatus were lighter than P. eryngii and BOS substrate promoted lightness in both strains.Firmer P. ostreatus mushrooms were produced at CR. No differences in the whiteness and firmness were detectedamong P. eryngii mushrooms and at any substrate used. The data included in this paper showed that Pleurotusmushrooms can be cultivated on low- or zero-value agro-industrial residues of great financial and environmentalimportance towards the production of value-added food products.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(The integration and demonstration of key technologies of characteristic cash crops,fruit and vegetable industry in Qinba Mountain area of Shaanxi Province,No.2022YFD1602000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32272428,31801491)+4 种基金the Scientific Program Funded by Xi’an Science and Technology Bureau(No.22NYYF032)Young Talent Lifting Project Funded by Shaanxi Association for Science and Technology(No.20220216)National Foreign Expert Project Funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(G2022041012L)Xi’an Weiyang District of Technology and Industrial Information Bureau(No.202134)Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(SZY-KJCYC-2023-014).
文摘Stipes are the major waste from the processing of Lentinus edodes.To make full use of L.edodes stipes(LES),differ-ent fractions of LES polysaccharides(LESPs)were first obtained by water extraction and gradient ethanol precipitation.Afterwards,the LES residues were treated with an optimal combination of Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the preparation of soluble/insoluble dietary fibers(LESS/LESI)using the response surface methodology and the Box-Behnken design.Subsequently,the in vitro immunomodulatory activity of LESPs and LESS,as well as the adsorption capacities of LESI were evaluated.The results showed that LESPs were neutral polysaccharides,mainly containing glucose.The optimal parameters for modifying the residues of LES were the followings:4%(w/w)A.niger,8%(w/w)S.cerevisiae,31℃,3 d,and a solid-liquid ratio of 1:12.5 in a yield of 14.73%/82.45%of LESS/LESI,respectively.The in vitro immunomodulatory activity assays revealed that LESPs and LESS had potent immunostimulatory activity to increase phagocytosis,acid phosphatase activity and nitric oxide production of RAW264.7 murine cell macrophages.The evaluation of adsorption capacities revealed that LESI owned stronger water holding capacity,oil holding capacity and water swelling capacity.This research could provide an effective way to fully utilize discarded L.edodes stipes with high added-value.
文摘Novel substrates consisted of different fresh agro-industrial residues,their corresponding and commercial spent mushroom substrates(i.e.SMS deriving from laboratory-scale experiments and SMS deriving from industrial-scale experiments by Green Zin S.A.-SMS GZ)and Pleurotus waste(PW;stipes/mishappen mushrooms)were used in blends for a new cultivation cycle of Pleurotus ostreatus and P.eryngii mushrooms in bags.Their impact on the biochemical properties(intra-cellular polysaccharides-IPSs,protein,lipid,total phenolic compounds-TPCs,individual carbohydrates composition of the IPSs)in the first-and second-flush whole mushrooms,pilei and stipes,as well as the fatty acids composition,the antioxidant activity(in the first-flush mushroom parts)and glucan content of stipes were examined.Both species produced satisfactory IPSs quantities in all substrates(28.69-46.38%,w/w)and significant protein amounts(18.37-26.80%,w/w).The further SMS addition(80%,w/w instead of 40%,w/w)in the cultivation substrates affected positively the mushroom IPSs values,whereas the highest protein content was detected in mushroom’s parts cultivated on substrates consisted of fresh agro-industrial residues.Mushroom’s lipid content was affected differently by the various substrate combinations,with SMS presence resulting in mushrooms with a lower fat content than those produced in substrates with PW addition.Fresh substrates with PW and those with coffee residue were the most favorable for TPCs production.Regarding production flushes,the nutritional value of mushrooms was comparable between them,only a slight increase in TPCs of second-flush carposomes was detected.Glucose was the predominant monosaccharide of the produced IPSs,combined with a significant production of total and β-glucans.SMSs and PW addition had a positive impact on antioxidant activity,too.A higher quantity of lipids,TPCs and significant antioxidant activity were detected in all Pleurotus pilei than stipes,whereas the latter were richer in IPSs.Both pilei and stipes had a significant protein amount.Hence,the data obtained by this study support the positive effect of different types of SMS and mushroom waste on P.ostreatus and P.eryngii nutritional value.
基金co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund of the European Union and Greek national funds(European Social Fund-ESF)through the Operational Program Competitiveness,Entrepreneurship and Innovation,under the call RESEARCH-CREATE-INNOVATE(project code:Τ1EDK-05027)scien-tifically coordinated by the Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Dimitra(Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products/Laboratory of Edible Fungi).
文摘Mushroom cultivation is an implementation of the industrial biotechnology in the valorization of various lignocellulosic materials.In the present study,common lignocellulosic residues(wheat straw-WS and barley and oats straw-BOS)were supplemented with‘novel’compounds(sunflower and corn oil,yeast extract and CaSO4⋅2H2O)and their impact on the biochemical properties(composition of intra-cellular polysaccharides-IPSs,proteins,lipids,glucans,tocopherol content,carbohydrates and fatty acids composition),total phenolic compounds(TPCs)and the antioxidant activity of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii mushrooms,cultivated in‘bag-logs’,was evaluated.Results revealed that supplements enhanced IPSs in carposomes cultivated on BOS substrates and the most positive were corn oil 2%,w/w and CaSO4⋅2H2O for P.ostreatus and P.eryngii,respectively(50.86 and 57.65%,w/w).In all treatments,there was a variety in the carbohydrate’s composition and a great production of glucans(40.67-62.15%,w/w),especially of the bioactiveβ-glucans(32.10-61.93%,w/w)in the stipes of both species.Significant protein content was detected in P.ostreatus and P.eryngii carposomes grown on substrates with yeast extract(28.99 and 30.09%,w/w;WS and 29.49 and 24.94%,w/w;BOS).Although mushrooms presented a low lipid content in general,high values of fat content were observed for both species when cultivated on BOS substrate supplemented with sunflower and corn oil(4.54-6.58%,w/w).The nutritional value of mushrooms was comparable between the two flushes.The greatest amount of TPCs were detected in supplemented WS(22.31-35.30 mg gallic acid equivalents/g d.w.)and BOS(21.03-41.74 mg gallic acid equivalents/g d.w.)with CaSO4⋅2H2O,in all parts of mushrooms and a strong antioxidant activity and tocopherols production,in all treatments.A higher quantity of lipids,antioxidant activity and reducing power was present in the pilei rather than the stipes,while the latter were richer in IPSs,regardless of the supplement’s presence.Therefore,the outlined supplemented substrates could be used to produce mushrooms with high nutritional and medicinal values.
基金funded by the Shandong Edible Fungus Agricultural Technology System(SDAIT-07-02)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32000041 and 32272789)+2 种基金the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(ZR2020QC005)the Qingdao Agricultural University Scientific Research Foundation(6631120076)horizontal project:Breeding and property protection of new varieties of factory produced Hypsizygus marmoreus(20183702012614).
文摘The wild Lepista sordida is a kind of precious and rare edible fungus.An excellent strain of it by artificial domestication was obtained,which was high-yield and high in iron content.In this study,high-throughput comparative proteomics was used to reveal the regulatory mechanism of its primordium differentiation in the early fruiting body formation.The mycelium before the primordium differentiation mainly expressed high levels of mitochondrial functional proteins and carbon dioxide concentration regulatory proteins.In young mushrooms,the highly expressed proteins were mainly involved in cell component generation,cell proliferation,nitrogen compound metabolism,nucleotide metabolism,glutathione metabolism,and purine metabolism.The differential regulation patterns of pileus and stipe growth to maturity were also revealed.The highly expressed proteins related to transcription,RNA splicing,the production of various organelles,DNA conformational change,nucleosome organization,protein processing,maturation and transport,and cell detoxification regulated the pileus development and maturity.The proteins related to carbohydrate and energy metabolism,large amounts of obsolete cytoplasmic parts,nutrient deprivation,and external stimuli regulated the stipe development and maturity.Multiple CAZymes regulated nutrient absorption,morphogenesis,spore production,stress response,and other life activities at different growth and development stages.
文摘Five agro-industrial residues,their corresponding spent mushroom substrates(SMS),commercial fresh and spent mushroom compost of Agaricus(SMC)and Pleurotus ostreatus(SMS GZ)cultivation,Pleurotus and Agaricus waste(stipes/mishappen mushrooms)were combined and re-utilized as novel substrates for the cultivation of P.ostreatus,P.eryngii and A.bisporus mushrooms.SMSs/SMC were used up to 40%(treatment 1 and 2),while 20%of mushroom waste were added in fresh and spent substrates(treatment 3 and 4).The impact of different substrates on mycelial growth rate and biomass production was examined.Then,Pleurotus spp.were cultivated on the most promising substrates and essential cultivation aspects(earliness,total mushroom yield,biological efficiency-BE)and carposomes’quality parameters(weight,morphological characteristics)were evaluated.Laccase and endoglucanase production by Pleurotus species were also determined at 50 and 100%of colonization stages.All species showed their fastest mycelial growth rate(up to 5 mm/day)on substrates consisted of SMC,whereas many combinations of species/substrate enhanced biomass production.The SMS GZ supplementation positively affected laccase activity;in the cultures of P.ostreatus and P.eryngii the highest values were 62,539 and 17,584 U/g d.w.,respectively.On the contrary,small amounts of endoglucanase were produced(0.007 to 0.322 U/g d.w.);the greatest production was recorded for P.ostreatus at full colonization.Regarding fermentation in bags,significant amount of total mushroom yield was produced in all substrates and those with SMS GZ supported the fastest earliness period and the highest BE for both Pleurotus species.BE values ranged from 54 to 133%for P.ostreatus and from 53 to 121%for P.eryngii.Concerning morphological characteristics,mushroom waste addition seemed to affect them positively.The data included in this paper support the effective re-utilization of different types of SMS and mushroom waste for fungal mass and enzymes’production and for new high quality Pleurotus spp.carposomes.
文摘The potential of selected Pleurotus ostreatus and P. eryngii wild-type and commercial strains to colonize andproduce carposomes after solid-state fermentation of five substrates constituted of agro-residues namely wheatstraw (WS), beech wood shavings (BWS), coffee residue (CR), barley and oats straw (BOS), rice bark (RB),supplemented with wheat bran was investigated. The effect of substrate composition on bioprocess feasibilitywas assessed for the different strains by quantitative (i.e., mushroom yield and Biological Efficiency-BE %) andcarposome qualitative parameters (i.e., weight, size, colour, firmness). P. ostreatus strains produced carposomesearlier than P. eryngii ones. Early fruiting formation was promoted in WS for P. ostreatus strains, whereas forP. eryngii the lowest values of earliness were observed on BOS substrate. As for crop productivity, P. ostreatusstrain AMRL 150 provided the highest BE (>70%) in all substrates except for RB, while P. ostreatus strain AMRL144 achieved the highest yield and BE in BOS and BWS (75.30 and 64.26%, respectively). P. eryngii stainsproduced less number but heavier carposomes. The highest values of BE% for these strains were recorded on WSand BOS substrates. The BE was further correlated to growth parameters of fungal vegetative phase. As formushroom colour, P. ostreatus were lighter than P. eryngii and BOS substrate promoted lightness in both strains.Firmer P. ostreatus mushrooms were produced at CR. No differences in the whiteness and firmness were detectedamong P. eryngii mushrooms and at any substrate used. The data included in this paper showed that Pleurotusmushrooms can be cultivated on low- or zero-value agro-industrial residues of great financial and environmentalimportance towards the production of value-added food products.
