Symbiotic microorganisms are essential for the physiological processes of herbivorous pests,including the pear lace bug Stephanitis nashi,which is known for causing extensive damage to garden plants and fruit trees du...Symbiotic microorganisms are essential for the physiological processes of herbivorous pests,including the pear lace bug Stephanitis nashi,which is known for causing extensive damage to garden plants and fruit trees due to its exceptional adaptability to diverse host plants.However,the specific functional effects of the microbiome on the adaptation of S.nashi to its host plants remains unclear.Here,we identified significant microbial changes in S.nashi on 2 different host plants,crabapple and cherry blossom,characterized by the differences in fungal diversity as well as bacterial and fungal community structures,with abundant correlations between bacteria or fungi.Consistent with the microbiome changes,S.nashi that fed on cherry blossom demonstrated decreased metabolites and downregulated key metabolic pathways,such as the arginine and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway,which were crucial for host plant adaptation.Furthermore,correlation analysis unveiled numerous correlations between differential microorganisms and differential metabolites,which were influenced by the interactions between bacteria or fungi.These differential bacteria,fungi,and associated metabolites may modify the key metabolic pathways in S.nashi,aiding its adaptation to different host plants.These results provide valuable insights into the alteration in microbiome and function of S.nashi adapted to different host plants,contributing to a better understanding of pest invasion and dispersal from a microbial perspective.展开更多
Dracocephalum palmatum Stephan is a medicinal plant traditionally used by nomadic people in Eastern Russia;however,research on this plant is currently limited.Recently,although studies have been conducted on the const...Dracocephalum palmatum Stephan is a medicinal plant traditionally used by nomadic people in Eastern Russia;however,research on this plant is currently limited.Recently,although studies have been conducted on the constituents of this plant and their antioxidant effects,data on its various pharmacological activities are still lacking.Thus,this study examined the anticancer potential of the dried leaves of D.palmatum S.(DpL)using human prostate cancer PC-3 cells.The antioxidant potential of DpL was evaluated by estimating the total flavonoid and total phenolic content(TFC and TPC,respectively).Additionally,we investigated the effects of the DpL ethyl acetate fraction(DpLE)on cell proliferation,intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS)generation,apoptosis,and cell cycle arrest in this cell line.The expression levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD)-1,SOD-2,B-cell lymphoma 2(Bcl-2)and Bcl-2 associated X(Bax)ratio,phospho-protein kinase B(p-AKT),cleaved caspase-8,poly adenosine diphosphate(ADP)ribose polymerase(PARP),and cleaved-PARP were evaluated by western blotting.The results indicated that DpLE causes apoptosis and exerts intracellular ROS-independent anticancer effects on prostate cancer cells,associated with increased SOD-2,cleaved caspase-8,and cleaved-PARP expression and inhibited p-AKT signaling.Thus,DpLE may be a potential resource for the development of promising chemotherapeutic agents for prostate cancer.展开更多
Purpose: To investigate the effect of silver ionised water on acid production in plaque. Methods: After injecting 0.5 mL of silver ionised water (concentration: 5 ppm) produced with the sintering coating method in the...Purpose: To investigate the effect of silver ionised water on acid production in plaque. Methods: After injecting 0.5 mL of silver ionised water (concentration: 5 ppm) produced with the sintering coating method in the sensor part of the pH metre, plaque collected from the oral cavity by one platinum loop was mixed in. Immediately after that, a 5% sucrose solution (1 g/20 mL) was added and the pH was continuously measured for 30 minutes at 1-minute intervals (A). Similarly, silver ionised water was mixed with 5% sucrose solution in the same way as in (A) at 3 (B), 5 (C), 10 (D) and 15 minutes (E) after plaque contamination. The pH was measured at 1-minute intervals. The pH of the purified water containing no silver ionised water mixed with plaque and sugar solution at the same time was measured and used as a control. Each experiment was conducted three times, and the pH measured every minute was compared as a percentage of the pH at the beginning of the measurement (100%). Results: Analysis of variance of the repeated measurements to determine the effect of silver ionised water on the decrease in pH revealed a main effect of silver ionised water and an interaction between time and group [F<sub>(1.302,20.826)</sub> = 39.145, p < 0.01]. Multiple comparisons using Dunnett’s method showed a significant decline in the rate of decrease in pH from B to E as compared with that in the control (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Silver ionised water was found to inhibit the acid production in plaque.展开更多
In evolutionary theory,we generally believe that the evolution of life is from simple to complex,from single to diverse,and from lower to higher.Thus,the idea of evolutionary progress appears obvious.However,in contem...In evolutionary theory,we generally believe that the evolution of life is from simple to complex,from single to diverse,and from lower to higher.Thus,the idea of evolutionary progress appears obvious.However,in contemporary academic circles,some biologists and philosophers challenge this idea.Among them,Gould is the most influential.This paper first describes Gould’s seven arguments against evolutionary progress,i.e.,the human arrogance argument,anthropocentric argument,no inner thrust argument,no biological base argument,extreme contingency argument,statistical error argument,and bacteria(other than human beings)ruling the earth argument.Gould’s arguments against evolutionary progress have great influence in contemporary evolutionary theory.Thus,it is necessary to conduct a careful philosophical analysis of each of Gould’s arguments to reveal his philosophical mistakes.This research contends that Gould’s arguments against evolutionary progress are invalid.展开更多
When designing and building an optimal reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plant, it is important that engineers select effective membrane parameters for optimal application performance. The membrane selection can deter...When designing and building an optimal reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plant, it is important that engineers select effective membrane parameters for optimal application performance. The membrane selection can determine the success or failure of the entire desalination operation. The objective of this work is to review available membrane types and design parameters that can be selected for optimal application to yield the highest potential for plant operations. Factors such as osmotic pressure, water flux values, and membrane resistance will all be evaluated as functions of membrane parameters. The optimization of these parameters will be determined through the deployment of the solution-diffusion model devolved from the Maxwell Stephan Equation. When applying the solution-diffusion model to evaluate RO membranes, the Maxwell Stephan Equation provides mathematical analysis through which the steps for mass transfer through a RO membrane may be observed and calculated. A practical study of the use of the solution-diffusion model will be discussed. This study uses the diffusion-solution model to evaluate the effectiveness of a variety of Toray RO membranes. This practical application confirms two principal hypotheses when using the diffusion-solution model for membrane evaluation. First, there is an inverse relationship between membrane and water flux rate. Second, there is a proportional linear relationship between overall water flux rate and the applied pressure across a membrane.展开更多
本季Stephane Rol and保留了品牌独特的拖尾和精致的肩部设计,设计师说他把每条裙子都当作雕塑来制作,这一季他选择黑白纯色来突出裙装的廓形和剪裁,这些作品优美自然地就像是从写真簿直接搬上了T台.腿部独特的透视从视觉上拉长了双腿,...本季Stephane Rol and保留了品牌独特的拖尾和精致的肩部设计,设计师说他把每条裙子都当作雕塑来制作,这一季他选择黑白纯色来突出裙装的廓形和剪裁,这些作品优美自然地就像是从写真簿直接搬上了T台.腿部独特的透视从视觉上拉长了双腿,看起来高贵又性感.展开更多
基金supported by grants-in-aid from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32301594)the Scientific Research Startup Project of Nanjing Forestry University(No.163010320 and 163010325).
文摘Symbiotic microorganisms are essential for the physiological processes of herbivorous pests,including the pear lace bug Stephanitis nashi,which is known for causing extensive damage to garden plants and fruit trees due to its exceptional adaptability to diverse host plants.However,the specific functional effects of the microbiome on the adaptation of S.nashi to its host plants remains unclear.Here,we identified significant microbial changes in S.nashi on 2 different host plants,crabapple and cherry blossom,characterized by the differences in fungal diversity as well as bacterial and fungal community structures,with abundant correlations between bacteria or fungi.Consistent with the microbiome changes,S.nashi that fed on cherry blossom demonstrated decreased metabolites and downregulated key metabolic pathways,such as the arginine and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway,which were crucial for host plant adaptation.Furthermore,correlation analysis unveiled numerous correlations between differential microorganisms and differential metabolites,which were influenced by the interactions between bacteria or fungi.These differential bacteria,fungi,and associated metabolites may modify the key metabolic pathways in S.nashi,aiding its adaptation to different host plants.These results provide valuable insights into the alteration in microbiome and function of S.nashi adapted to different host plants,contributing to a better understanding of pest invasion and dispersal from a microbial perspective.
文摘Dracocephalum palmatum Stephan is a medicinal plant traditionally used by nomadic people in Eastern Russia;however,research on this plant is currently limited.Recently,although studies have been conducted on the constituents of this plant and their antioxidant effects,data on its various pharmacological activities are still lacking.Thus,this study examined the anticancer potential of the dried leaves of D.palmatum S.(DpL)using human prostate cancer PC-3 cells.The antioxidant potential of DpL was evaluated by estimating the total flavonoid and total phenolic content(TFC and TPC,respectively).Additionally,we investigated the effects of the DpL ethyl acetate fraction(DpLE)on cell proliferation,intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS)generation,apoptosis,and cell cycle arrest in this cell line.The expression levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD)-1,SOD-2,B-cell lymphoma 2(Bcl-2)and Bcl-2 associated X(Bax)ratio,phospho-protein kinase B(p-AKT),cleaved caspase-8,poly adenosine diphosphate(ADP)ribose polymerase(PARP),and cleaved-PARP were evaluated by western blotting.The results indicated that DpLE causes apoptosis and exerts intracellular ROS-independent anticancer effects on prostate cancer cells,associated with increased SOD-2,cleaved caspase-8,and cleaved-PARP expression and inhibited p-AKT signaling.Thus,DpLE may be a potential resource for the development of promising chemotherapeutic agents for prostate cancer.
文摘Purpose: To investigate the effect of silver ionised water on acid production in plaque. Methods: After injecting 0.5 mL of silver ionised water (concentration: 5 ppm) produced with the sintering coating method in the sensor part of the pH metre, plaque collected from the oral cavity by one platinum loop was mixed in. Immediately after that, a 5% sucrose solution (1 g/20 mL) was added and the pH was continuously measured for 30 minutes at 1-minute intervals (A). Similarly, silver ionised water was mixed with 5% sucrose solution in the same way as in (A) at 3 (B), 5 (C), 10 (D) and 15 minutes (E) after plaque contamination. The pH was measured at 1-minute intervals. The pH of the purified water containing no silver ionised water mixed with plaque and sugar solution at the same time was measured and used as a control. Each experiment was conducted three times, and the pH measured every minute was compared as a percentage of the pH at the beginning of the measurement (100%). Results: Analysis of variance of the repeated measurements to determine the effect of silver ionised water on the decrease in pH revealed a main effect of silver ionised water and an interaction between time and group [F<sub>(1.302,20.826)</sub> = 39.145, p < 0.01]. Multiple comparisons using Dunnett’s method showed a significant decline in the rate of decrease in pH from B to E as compared with that in the control (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Silver ionised water was found to inhibit the acid production in plaque.
文摘In evolutionary theory,we generally believe that the evolution of life is from simple to complex,from single to diverse,and from lower to higher.Thus,the idea of evolutionary progress appears obvious.However,in contemporary academic circles,some biologists and philosophers challenge this idea.Among them,Gould is the most influential.This paper first describes Gould’s seven arguments against evolutionary progress,i.e.,the human arrogance argument,anthropocentric argument,no inner thrust argument,no biological base argument,extreme contingency argument,statistical error argument,and bacteria(other than human beings)ruling the earth argument.Gould’s arguments against evolutionary progress have great influence in contemporary evolutionary theory.Thus,it is necessary to conduct a careful philosophical analysis of each of Gould’s arguments to reveal his philosophical mistakes.This research contends that Gould’s arguments against evolutionary progress are invalid.
文摘When designing and building an optimal reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plant, it is important that engineers select effective membrane parameters for optimal application performance. The membrane selection can determine the success or failure of the entire desalination operation. The objective of this work is to review available membrane types and design parameters that can be selected for optimal application to yield the highest potential for plant operations. Factors such as osmotic pressure, water flux values, and membrane resistance will all be evaluated as functions of membrane parameters. The optimization of these parameters will be determined through the deployment of the solution-diffusion model devolved from the Maxwell Stephan Equation. When applying the solution-diffusion model to evaluate RO membranes, the Maxwell Stephan Equation provides mathematical analysis through which the steps for mass transfer through a RO membrane may be observed and calculated. A practical study of the use of the solution-diffusion model will be discussed. This study uses the diffusion-solution model to evaluate the effectiveness of a variety of Toray RO membranes. This practical application confirms two principal hypotheses when using the diffusion-solution model for membrane evaluation. First, there is an inverse relationship between membrane and water flux rate. Second, there is a proportional linear relationship between overall water flux rate and the applied pressure across a membrane.
