There has been widespread cooperation and intervention by the international community in the reconstruction of post-conflict countries,and maintaining security and stability and assistance for economic recovery and de...There has been widespread cooperation and intervention by the international community in the reconstruction of post-conflict countries,and maintaining security and stability and assistance for economic recovery and development have been positioned as two indispensable wheels(Security-Development Nexus)in the rebuilding process of unstable countries.One of the most typical examples of the international community's involvement in post-conflict state-building was its support for Afghanistan after 2002.However,despite its efforts over 20 years,the Taliban seized all of Afghanistan in 2021,resulting in the collapse of 20 years of international community support for the building of a democratic state.This paper attempts to recapitulate the international community’s ambitious 20-year Security and Development efforts in Afghanistan,where the resulting failure lies and what lessons can be learned.The key points are:(1)the limitations of the UN’s role and the fact that it had continued to provide assistance without a clear“exit strategy”,(2)the security circle and the development circle had different objectives,and their collaboration was not effectively conducted,(3)the failure to include Taliban in the initial political process of the new state.展开更多
The method of state-building is based on particular ideologies and political philosophies,which means that different countries have different concepts of state-building.Among these concepts,nationalism is most closely...The method of state-building is based on particular ideologies and political philosophies,which means that different countries have different concepts of state-building.Among these concepts,nationalism is most closely related to state-building and plays an important part in the shaping of political frameworks especially in the Third World,including Arab countries.This article contends that nationalism in the postcolonial Arab countries demands in state-building strong populism,radical deinstitutionalization,direct democracy and charismatic leadership,but finally is converted to authoritarianism because of the unsustainability of these demands,which are both the logical result of self evolvement of nationalism and the inner quest of social development of Arab countries.As time goes by,whether Arab countries tend to accept totalitarian or democracy in state-building depends on the combination of nationalism with certain ideologies in the future.Among them,only civic nationalism can keep the political process in the right direction.展开更多
Forming a clear consciousness of the national territory and the world is a basic issue that must be solved in the process of modern state-building.Traditional China is a"tianxia(all under the heaven)system"(...Forming a clear consciousness of the national territory and the world is a basic issue that must be solved in the process of modern state-building.Traditional China is a"tianxia(all under the heaven)system"(tianxia tixi天下体系)based on the distinction between Han and Yi(roughly means barbarians)(huayi zhibian华夷之辩),which is incompatible with the modern conception of nation-state.According to it,European Nations and countries are distant uncivilised barbarians and tributers.At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century,with a series of political and cultural collisions between China and the Western countries,the subject of modern geography began to be popularised in Chinese schools.The geography textbooks during that period showed the intellectuals'efforts of promoting Chinese modern state-building,including reversing the traditional conceptions between Han and Yi and following the modern European civilisation,abadoning the traditional conception of Tianxia and shrinking China into a country with demarcated borders,and exposing the Western powers'aggressive nature and showing the territorial crisis faced by China so as to arouse peopl's territorial consciousness and patriotic emotion.The geography Textbooks in the late Qing Dynasty show that modern geographical imagination provides important impetus for Chinese modern state-building.展开更多
In the process of establishing the system of ethnic regional autonomy,the implementation of socialist principles has been crucial.It has required the implementation of the mass line,the cultivation of minority ethnic ...In the process of establishing the system of ethnic regional autonomy,the implementation of socialist principles has been crucial.It has required the implementation of the mass line,the cultivation of minority ethnic cadres,and successfully facilitated direct communication between the central government and people of all ethnic groups.By allowing people of all ethnic groups to take charge of their own affairs and improving their welfare through socialist political measures,it has fostered a deep-seated identification among the people of various ethnic groups with the Party and the state.Through institutional frameworks such as the principle of ethnic equality,socialist economic systems,and specific practical approaches,China has achieved great unity among its people.Based on the foundational principles of a socialist unitary state,the people's republic,and the leadership of the Communist Party of China,ethnic regional autonomy has successfully unified the diverse ethnic groups within the nation into an organic wholethe"Chinese people."This process has contributed to building a unified multi-ethnic state that promotes communication,garners recognition,achieves unity,and strengthens national unity,representing a qualitative leap in state-building since the late Qing Dynasty,fundamentally rooted in the socialist system of the country.展开更多
This article investigates a political event in modern China that has received relatively little attention in the West. The Seven Gentlemen Incident occurred in the midst of the national crisis of Japanese aggression, ...This article investigates a political event in modern China that has received relatively little attention in the West. The Seven Gentlemen Incident occurred in the midst of the national crisis of Japanese aggression, when an independent patriotic movement led by seven Shanghai intellectuals organized the National Salvation Association and urged Chiang Kai-shek to fight the Japanese invaders. The Chiang regime, however, arrested the seven and accused them of plotting to overthrow the government. They were released only after Japan launched a full-scale attack on China in July 1937. Scholars have offered varying images of the incident. While the Seven Gentlemen were denounced as criminals by the Nationalists in Chinese Taiwan, they were respected as national heroes in Chinese mainland. Myths with conflicting viewpoints have been created. What were the life and career backgrounds of these people？ Were they petty-bourgeoisie, as some mainlanders assume？ Were the seven figures, as mainland Chinese claim, motivated under communist leadership to organize their association？ What were their relations with the Nationalist regime and the Communist Party？ This article endeavors to answer these questions based on new primary documents in particular archival material and offers new perspectives on this fascinating episode of modern China.展开更多
Apart from West Bank and Gaza Strip,it is the Arab countries that most Palestinian refugees seek shelter in.These Palestinian refugees not only live a hard life,but also are put into an awkward situation.The denial of...Apart from West Bank and Gaza Strip,it is the Arab countries that most Palestinian refugees seek shelter in.These Palestinian refugees not only live a hard life,but also are put into an awkward situation.The denial of Palestinian refugees’right of return from the Israeli government,the economic weakness of Palestine and interest consideration of Arab countries contributed to the suspense of the solution to the Palestinian refugee problem.The presence and continuation of the problem have great impacts on the nation and state-building of Palestine and those Arab countries sheltering the Palestinian refugees.The final solution depends on the support from Arab countries.展开更多
文摘There has been widespread cooperation and intervention by the international community in the reconstruction of post-conflict countries,and maintaining security and stability and assistance for economic recovery and development have been positioned as two indispensable wheels(Security-Development Nexus)in the rebuilding process of unstable countries.One of the most typical examples of the international community's involvement in post-conflict state-building was its support for Afghanistan after 2002.However,despite its efforts over 20 years,the Taliban seized all of Afghanistan in 2021,resulting in the collapse of 20 years of international community support for the building of a democratic state.This paper attempts to recapitulate the international community’s ambitious 20-year Security and Development efforts in Afghanistan,where the resulting failure lies and what lessons can be learned.The key points are:(1)the limitations of the UN’s role and the fact that it had continued to provide assistance without a clear“exit strategy”,(2)the security circle and the development circle had different objectives,and their collaboration was not effectively conducted,(3)the failure to include Taliban in the initial political process of the new state.
文摘The method of state-building is based on particular ideologies and political philosophies,which means that different countries have different concepts of state-building.Among these concepts,nationalism is most closely related to state-building and plays an important part in the shaping of political frameworks especially in the Third World,including Arab countries.This article contends that nationalism in the postcolonial Arab countries demands in state-building strong populism,radical deinstitutionalization,direct democracy and charismatic leadership,but finally is converted to authoritarianism because of the unsustainability of these demands,which are both the logical result of self evolvement of nationalism and the inner quest of social development of Arab countries.As time goes by,whether Arab countries tend to accept totalitarian or democracy in state-building depends on the combination of nationalism with certain ideologies in the future.Among them,only civic nationalism can keep the political process in the right direction.
文摘Forming a clear consciousness of the national territory and the world is a basic issue that must be solved in the process of modern state-building.Traditional China is a"tianxia(all under the heaven)system"(tianxia tixi天下体系)based on the distinction between Han and Yi(roughly means barbarians)(huayi zhibian华夷之辩),which is incompatible with the modern conception of nation-state.According to it,European Nations and countries are distant uncivilised barbarians and tributers.At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century,with a series of political and cultural collisions between China and the Western countries,the subject of modern geography began to be popularised in Chinese schools.The geography textbooks during that period showed the intellectuals'efforts of promoting Chinese modern state-building,including reversing the traditional conceptions between Han and Yi and following the modern European civilisation,abadoning the traditional conception of Tianxia and shrinking China into a country with demarcated borders,and exposing the Western powers'aggressive nature and showing the territorial crisis faced by China so as to arouse peopl's territorial consciousness and patriotic emotion.The geography Textbooks in the late Qing Dynasty show that modern geographical imagination provides important impetus for Chinese modern state-building.
文摘In the process of establishing the system of ethnic regional autonomy,the implementation of socialist principles has been crucial.It has required the implementation of the mass line,the cultivation of minority ethnic cadres,and successfully facilitated direct communication between the central government and people of all ethnic groups.By allowing people of all ethnic groups to take charge of their own affairs and improving their welfare through socialist political measures,it has fostered a deep-seated identification among the people of various ethnic groups with the Party and the state.Through institutional frameworks such as the principle of ethnic equality,socialist economic systems,and specific practical approaches,China has achieved great unity among its people.Based on the foundational principles of a socialist unitary state,the people's republic,and the leadership of the Communist Party of China,ethnic regional autonomy has successfully unified the diverse ethnic groups within the nation into an organic wholethe"Chinese people."This process has contributed to building a unified multi-ethnic state that promotes communication,garners recognition,achieves unity,and strengthens national unity,representing a qualitative leap in state-building since the late Qing Dynasty,fundamentally rooted in the socialist system of the country.
文摘This article investigates a political event in modern China that has received relatively little attention in the West. The Seven Gentlemen Incident occurred in the midst of the national crisis of Japanese aggression, when an independent patriotic movement led by seven Shanghai intellectuals organized the National Salvation Association and urged Chiang Kai-shek to fight the Japanese invaders. The Chiang regime, however, arrested the seven and accused them of plotting to overthrow the government. They were released only after Japan launched a full-scale attack on China in July 1937. Scholars have offered varying images of the incident. While the Seven Gentlemen were denounced as criminals by the Nationalists in Chinese Taiwan, they were respected as national heroes in Chinese mainland. Myths with conflicting viewpoints have been created. What were the life and career backgrounds of these people？ Were they petty-bourgeoisie, as some mainlanders assume？ Were the seven figures, as mainland Chinese claim, motivated under communist leadership to organize their association？ What were their relations with the Nationalist regime and the Communist Party？ This article endeavors to answer these questions based on new primary documents in particular archival material and offers new perspectives on this fascinating episode of modern China.
基金financed by Humanities and Social Sciences Planning Fund operated by the Ministry of Education,PRC.
文摘Apart from West Bank and Gaza Strip,it is the Arab countries that most Palestinian refugees seek shelter in.These Palestinian refugees not only live a hard life,but also are put into an awkward situation.The denial of Palestinian refugees’right of return from the Israeli government,the economic weakness of Palestine and interest consideration of Arab countries contributed to the suspense of the solution to the Palestinian refugee problem.The presence and continuation of the problem have great impacts on the nation and state-building of Palestine and those Arab countries sheltering the Palestinian refugees.The final solution depends on the support from Arab countries.
