Background:The Mongolian gerbil is an excellent laboratory animal for preparing the cerebral ischemia model due to its inherent deficiency in the circle of Willis.However,the low incidence and unpredictability of symp...Background:The Mongolian gerbil is an excellent laboratory animal for preparing the cerebral ischemia model due to its inherent deficiency in the circle of Willis.However,the low incidence and unpredictability of symptoms are caused by numerous complex variant types of the circle.Additionally,the lack of an evaluation system for the cer-ebral ischemia/reperfusion(I/R)model of gerbils has shackled the application of this model.Methods:We created a symptom-oriented principle and detailed neurobehavioral scoring criteria.At different time points of reperfusion,we analyzed the alteration in locomotion by rotarod test and grip force score,infarct volume by triphenyltetrazo-lium chloride(TTC)staining,neuron loss using Nissl staining,and histological charac-teristics using hematoxylin-eosin(H&E)straining.Results:With a successful model rate of 56%,32 of the 57 gerbils operated by our method harbored typical features of cerebral I/R injury,and the mortality rate in the male gerbils was significantly higher than that in the female gerbils.The suc-cessfully prepared I/R gerbils demonstrated a significant reduction in motility and grip strength at 1 day after reperfusion;formed obvious infarction;exhibited typi-cal pathological features,such as tissue edema,neuronal atrophy and death,and vacuolated structures;and were partially recovered with the extension of reperfu-sion time.Conclusion:This study developed a new method for the unilateral common carotid artery ligation I/R model of gerbil and established a standardized evaluation system for this model,which could provide a new cerebral I/R model of gerbils with more practical applications.展开更多
We review a 3d quantum gravity model, which incorporates massive spinning fields into the Euclidean path integral in a Chern-Simons formulation. Fundamental matter as defined in our previous preon model is recapped. B...We review a 3d quantum gravity model, which incorporates massive spinning fields into the Euclidean path integral in a Chern-Simons formulation. Fundamental matter as defined in our previous preon model is recapped. Both quantum gravity and the particle model are shown to be derivable from the supersymmetric 3d Chern-Simons action. Forces-Matter unification is achieved.展开更多
We propose that the QCD vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate density vary in space and drops to extremely low values in the Kennan, Barger and Cowie (KBC) void in analogy to earth’s atmospheric density drop with elevat...We propose that the QCD vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate density vary in space and drops to extremely low values in the Kennan, Barger and Cowie (KBC) void in analogy to earth’s atmospheric density drop with elevation from earth. We propose a formula for the gravitation acceleration based on the non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate. Gravity may be due to the underlying microscopic attraction between quarks and antiquarks, which are part of the vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate. We propose an electron tetrahedron model, where electrons are comprised of tetraquark tetrahedrons, and . The quarks determine the negative electron charge and the or quarks determine the electron two spin states. The electron tetrahedron may perform a high frequency quark exchange reactions with the pion tetrahedron condensate by tunneling through the condensation gap creating a delocalized electron cloud with a fixed spin. The pion tetrahedron may act as a QCD glue bonding electron pairs in atoms and molecules and protons to neutrons in the nuclei. Conservation of valence quarks and antiquarks is proposed.展开更多
The modified cosmology like quintessence model with kination phase predicted the Hubble expansion rate of the universe before Big Bang Nucleosynthesis is different from the standard cosmological scenario. The modified...The modified cosmology like quintessence model with kination phase predicted the Hubble expansion rate of the universe before Big Bang Nucleosynthesis is different from the standard cosmological scenario. The modified expansion rate leaves its imprint on the relic density of asymmetric dark matter. In this work, we review the calculation of relic density of asymmetric WIMP dark matter in the standard cosmological scenario and quintessence model with kination phase. Then we use the Planck data to find constraints on the annihilation cross section and the mass of the asymmetric dark matter in those models.展开更多
The understanding of the mechanism for the mass building of elementary particles of Standard Model (SM) has made significant progresses since the confirmation of the existence of the Higgs boson, in particular the rea...The understanding of the mechanism for the mass building of elementary particles of Standard Model (SM) has made significant progresses since the confirmation of the existence of the Higgs boson, in particular the realization that the mass of an elementary particle of SM is not “God-given” but is created by interactions with involved energy fields. Nevertheless, a sophisticated model to answer fundamental questions is still missing. Further research is needed to compensate for the existing deficit. The current paper is aimed to contribute to such research by using “harmonic quark series”. Harmonic quark series were introduced between 2003 and 2005 by O. A. Teplov and represented a relatively new approach to understanding the physical masses of elementary particles. Although they are not generally recognized, some research works have revealed very interesting and exciting facts regarding the mass quanta. The original harmonic quark series consists of mathematical “quark” entities with an energy-mass quantum between 7.87 MeV and 69.2 GeV. They obey a strict mathematical rule derived from the general harmonic oscillation theory. Teplov showed some quantitative relations between the masses of his harmonic quarks and the SM particles, especially in the intermediate mass range, i.e. mesons and hadrons up to 1000 MeV. Early research work also includes the investigation of H. Yang/W. Yang in the development of their so-called YY model for elementary particles (Ying-Yang model with “Ying” and “Yang” as quark components for a new theoretical particle framework). Based on Teplov’s scheme and its mathematical formula, they introduced further harmonic quarks down to 1 eV and showed some quantitative relationships between the masses of these harmonic quarks and the masses of electrons and up and down quarks. In this article, we will extend the harmonic quark series according to the Teplov scheme up to a new entity with a mass quantum of 253.4 GeV and show some interesting new mass relations to the heavy particles of the Standard Model (W boson, Z boson, top quark and Higgs boson). Based on these facts, some predictions will be made for experimental verification. We also hope that our investigation and result will motivate more researcher to dedicate their work to harmonic quark series in theory and in experiments.展开更多
We present here a two-step method of classification and calculation for decay rates in the Standard Model. The first step is a phenomenological classification method, which is an extended and improved schematic experi...We present here a two-step method of classification and calculation for decay rates in the Standard Model. The first step is a phenomenological classification method, which is an extended and improved schematic experimental formula for decay width originally introduced by Chang. This schematic formula separates decays into seven classes. Furthermore, from it is derived a process-specific interaction energy m<sub>X</sub>. The second step is a numerical calculation method, which calculates this interaction energy m<sub>X</sub> numerically by minimization of action from the Lagrangian of the process, from which follows the decay width via the phenomenological formula. The Lagrangian is based on an extension of the Standard Model, the extended SU(4)-preon-model. A comparison of numerically calculated and observed decay widths for a large selection of decays shows a good agreement.展开更多
This paper describes an extension and a new foundation of the Standard Model of particle physics based on a SU(4)-force called hyper-color, and on preon subparticles. The hyper-color force is a generalization of the S...This paper describes an extension and a new foundation of the Standard Model of particle physics based on a SU(4)-force called hyper-color, and on preon subparticles. The hyper-color force is a generalization of the SU(2)-based weak interaction and the SU(1)-based right-chiral self-interaction, in which the W-and the Z-bosons are Yukawa residual-field-carriers of the hyper-color force, in the same sense as the pions are the residual-field-carriers of the color SU(3) interaction. Using the method of numerical minimization of the SU(4)-action based on this model, the masses and the inner structure of leptons, quarks and weak bosons are calculated: the mass results are very close to the experimental values. We calculate also precisely the value of the Cabibbo angle, so the mixing matrices of the Standard model, CKM matrix for quarks and PMNS matrix for neutrinos can also be calculated. In total, we reduce the 29 parameters of the Standard Model to a total of 7 parameters.展开更多
In this manuscript,we propose an analytical equivalent linear viscoelastic constitutive model for fiber-reinforced composites,bypassing general computational homogenization.The method is based on the reduced-order hom...In this manuscript,we propose an analytical equivalent linear viscoelastic constitutive model for fiber-reinforced composites,bypassing general computational homogenization.The method is based on the reduced-order homogenization(ROH)approach.The ROH method typically involves solving multiple finite element problems under periodic conditions to evaluate elastic strain and eigenstrain influence functions in an‘off-line’stage,which offers substantial cost savings compared to direct computational homogenization methods.Due to the unique structure of the fibrous unit cell,“off-line”stage calculation can be eliminated by influence functions obtained analytically.Introducing the standard solid model to the ROH method enables the creation of a comprehensive analytical homogeneous viscoelastic constitutive model.This method treats fibrous composite materials as homogeneous,anisotropic viscoelastic materials,significantly reducing computational time due to its analytical nature.This approach also enables precise determination of a homogenized anisotropic relaxation modulus and accurate capture of various viscoelastic responses under different loading conditions.Three sets of numerical examples,including unit cell tests,three-point beam bending tests,and torsion tests,are given to demonstrate the predictive performance of the homogenized viscoelastic model.Furthermore,the model is validated against experimental measurements,confirming its accuracy and reliability.展开更多
The future space-borne gravitational wave(GW)detectors would provide a promising probe for the new physics beyond the standard model that admits the first-order phase transitions.The predictions for the GW background ...The future space-borne gravitational wave(GW)detectors would provide a promising probe for the new physics beyond the standard model that admits the first-order phase transitions.The predictions for the GW background vary sensitively among different concrete particle physics models but also share a large degeneracy in the model buildings,which motivates an effective model description on the phase transition based on different patterns of the electroweak symmetry breaking(EWSB).In this paper,using the scalar N-plet model as a demonstration,we propose an effective classification for three different patterns of EWSB:(1)radiative symmetry breaking with classical scale invariance,(2)the Higgs mechanism in a generic scalar extension,and(3)higher-dimensional operators.We conclude that a strong first-order phase transition could be realized for(1)and(2)with a small quartic coupling and a small isospin of an additional N-plet field for the light scalar field model with and without the classical scale invariance,and(3)with a large mixing coupling between scalar fields and a large isospin of the N-plet field for the heavy scalar field model.展开更多
To understand fundamental problems in hypersonic laminar-turbulent boundary layer transition for three-dimensional complex vehicles,a new standard model with typical lifting-body features has been proposed,named as hy...To understand fundamental problems in hypersonic laminar-turbulent boundary layer transition for three-dimensional complex vehicles,a new standard model with typical lifting-body features has been proposed,named as hypersonic transition research vehicle(HyTRV).The configuration of HyTRV is fully analytical,and details of the design process are discussed in this study.The transition characteristics for HyTRV are investigated using three combined methods,i.e.,theoretical analyses,numerical simulations,and wind tunnel experiments.Results show that the fully analytic parameterization design of HyTRV can satisfy the model simplification requirements from both numerical simulations and wind tunnel experiments.Meanwhile,the flow field of HyTRV reveals typical transition mechanisms in six relatively separated regions,including the streamwise vortex instability,crossflow instability,secondary instability,and attachment-line instability.Therefore,the proposed HyTRV model is valuable for fundamental researches in hypersonic boundary layer transition.展开更多
In this paper, we propose a new attribute-based proxy re-encryption scheme, where a semi-trusted proxy, with some additional information, can transform a ciphertext under a set of attributes into a new ciphertext unde...In this paper, we propose a new attribute-based proxy re-encryption scheme, where a semi-trusted proxy, with some additional information, can transform a ciphertext under a set of attributes into a new ciphertext under another set of attributes on the same message, but not vice versa, furthermore, its security was proved in the standard model based on decisional bilinear Diffie-Hellman assumption. This scheme can be used to realize fine-grained selectively sharing of encrypted data, but the general proxy rencryption scheme severely can not do it, so the proposed schemecan be thought as an improvement of general traditional proxy re-encryption scheme.展开更多
Hierarchical identity based cryptography is a generalization of identity based encryption that mirrors an organizational hierarchy. It allows a root public key generator to distribute the workload by delegating public...Hierarchical identity based cryptography is a generalization of identity based encryption that mirrors an organizational hierarchy. It allows a root public key generator to distribute the workload by delegating public key generation and identity authentication to lower-level public key generators. Most hierarchical identity based signature schemes are provably secure in the random oracle model or the weak models without random oracles such as gauntlet-ID model. Currently, there is no hierarchical identity based signature scheme that is fully secure in the standard model, with short public parameters and a tight reduction. In this paper, a hierarchical identity based signature scheme based on the q-SDH problem that is fully secure in the standard model is proposed. The signature size is independent of the level of the hierarchy. Moreover, our scheme has short public parameters, high efficiency and a tight reduction.展开更多
Digital signature,as an important cryptographic primitive,has been widely used in many application scenarios,such as e-commerce,authentication,cloud computing,and so on.Certificateless Public Key Cryptography(PKC)can ...Digital signature,as an important cryptographic primitive,has been widely used in many application scenarios,such as e-commerce,authentication,cloud computing,and so on.Certificateless Public Key Cryptography(PKC)can get rid of the certificate management problem in the traditional Public Key Infrastructure(PKI)and eliminate the key-escrow problem in the identity-based PKC.Lately,a new Certificateless Signature(CLS)scheme has been proposed by Kyung-Ah Shim(IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL,2018,13(2)),which claimed to achieve provable security in the standard model.Unfortunately,we present a concrete attack to demonstrate that the scheme cannot defend against the Type I adversary.In this type of attack,the adversary can replace the public key of the signer,and then he plays the role of the signer to forge a legal certificateless signature on any message.Furthermore,we give an improved CLS scheme to resist such an attack.In terms of the efficiency and the signature length,the improved CLS is preferable to the original scheme and some recently proposed CLS schemes in the case of precomputation.展开更多
A directed signature is a type of signature with restricted verification ability.Directed signatures allow only a designated verifier to check the validity of the signature issued to him,and at the time of trouble or ...A directed signature is a type of signature with restricted verification ability.Directed signatures allow only a designated verifier to check the validity of the signature issued to him,and at the time of trouble or if necessary,any third party can verify the signature with the help of the signer or the designated verifier.Directed signature schemes are widely used in situations where the receiver's privacy should be protected.Proxy signatures allow an entity to delegate its signing capability to another entity in such a way that the latter can sign message on behalf of the former when the former is not available.Proxy signature schemes have found numerous practical applications such as distributed systems and mobile agent applications.In this paper,we firstly define the notion of the directed proxy signature by combining the proxy signature and directed signature.Then,we formalize its security model and present a concrete scheme in the standard model.Finally,we use the techniques from provable security to show that the proposed scheme is unforgeable under the gap Diffie-Hellman assumption,and invisible under the decisional Diffie-Hellman assumption.展开更多
To give concurrent consideration both the efficiency and the security(intensity of intractable problem) in the standard model,a chosen ciphertext secure identity-based broadcast encryption is proposed.Against the chos...To give concurrent consideration both the efficiency and the security(intensity of intractable problem) in the standard model,a chosen ciphertext secure identity-based broadcast encryption is proposed.Against the chosen ciphertext security model,by using identity(ID) sequence and adding additional information in ciphertext,the self-adaptive chosen identity security(the full security) and the chosen ciphertext security are gained simultaneously.The reduction of scheme's security is the decisional bilinear Diffie-Hellman(BDH) intractable assumption,and the proof of security shows that the proposed scheme is indistinguishable against adaptive chosen ciphertext attacks in the standard model under the decisional BDH intractable assumption.So the security level is improved,and it is suitable for higher security environment.展开更多
To facilitate stability analysis of discrete-time bidirectional associative memory (BAM) neural networks, they were converted into novel neural network models, termed standard neural network models (SNNMs), which inte...To facilitate stability analysis of discrete-time bidirectional associative memory (BAM) neural networks, they were converted into novel neural network models, termed standard neural network models (SNNMs), which interconnect linear dynamic systems and bounded static nonlinear operators. By combining a number of different Lyapunov functionals with S-procedure, some useful criteria of global asymptotic stability and global exponential stability of the equilibrium points of SNNMs were derived. These stability conditions were formulated as linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). So global stability of the discrete-time BAM neural networks could be analyzed by using the stability results of the SNNMs. Compared to the existing stability analysis methods, the proposed approach is easy to implement, less conservative, and is applicable to other recurrent neural networks.展开更多
The underlying rules for a natural system describing cellular automata are simple, but produce highly complex behavior. A mathematical basis for the spectra of discrete coherent and non-coherent electromagnetic (EM) f...The underlying rules for a natural system describing cellular automata are simple, but produce highly complex behavior. A mathematical basis for the spectra of discrete coherent and non-coherent electromagnetic (EM) frequencies was derived, in which the algorithm exhibits an information distribution according to ratios of 2:3 in 1:2 at a semi-harmonic manner. This generalized music (GM) model shows that energy both in elementary particles and animate systems is semi-harmonic, quantized and discrete. A support for an ontological basis of the Standard Model was found, and indicates that the GM-model underlies the quantum field theory of subatomic particles. The present theory combines quantum mechanics and classical periodic systems, obeys to locality and solves the “hidden variable theory of Bohm”. The discovered pattern of electromagnetic field eigenvalues, within a broad range of discrete frequencies, points at a de Broglie/Bohm type of causal interpretation of quantum mechanics, implying an integral resonant pilot-wave/particle modality. The model has been substantiated by a meta-analysis of measured discrete energies of: 37 different Elementary Particles, 45 different EPR-measurements, zero-point energies of elements and about 450 electromagnetic wave frequencies of cells with a mean accuracy of 0.58%. It has been shown that the GM-scale is frequency-locked with zero-point oscillations, and thereby evidently implies involvement of entanglement.展开更多
The Standard Model of particle physics does not account for charged fermion mass values and neutrino mass, or explain why only three particles are in each charge state 0, -e/3, 2e/3, and -e. These issues are addressed...The Standard Model of particle physics does not account for charged fermion mass values and neutrino mass, or explain why only three particles are in each charge state 0, -e/3, 2e/3, and -e. These issues are addressed by treating Standard Model particles with mass m as spheres with diameter equal to their Compton wavelength l =ħ/mc, where ħis Planck’s constant and c the speed of light, and any charge in diametrically opposed pairs ±ne/6 with n = 1, 2, or 3 at the axis of rotation on the sphere surface. Particles are ground state solutions of quantized Friedmann equations from general relativity, with differing internal gravitational constants. Energy distribution within particles identifies Standard Model particles with spheres containing central black holes with mass m, and particle spin resulting from black hole angular momentum. In each charge state, energy distribution within particles satisfies a cubic equation in l, allowing only three particles in the charge state and requiring neutrino mass. Cosmic vacuum energy density is a lower limit on energy density of systems in the universe, and setting electron neutrino average energy density equal to cosmic vacuum energy density predicts neutrino masses consistent with experiment. Relations between charged fermion wavelength solutions to cubic equations in different charge states determine charged fermion masses relative to electron mass as a consequence of charge neutrality of the universe. An appendix shows assigning charge ±e/6 to bits of information on the event horizon available for holographic description of physics in the observable universe accounts for dominance of matter over anti-matter. The analysis explains why only three Standard Models are in each charge state and predicts neutrino masses based on cosmic vacuum energy density as a lower bound on neutrino energy density.展开更多
We investigated the neutral Higgs boson pair production at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in the SM with four families. We found that the gluon-gluon fusion mode is the most dominant one in producing neutral Hig...We investigated the neutral Higgs boson pair production at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in the SM with four families. We found that the gluon-gluon fusion mode is the most dominant one in producing neutral Higgs boson pair at the LHC, and it can be used to probe the trilinear Higgs coupling. If the heavy quarks of the fourth generation really exist within the SM, they can manifest their effect on the cross section of the Higgs pair production process at the LHC. Our numerical results show that there will be neutral Higgs boson pair production events per year if the next generation heavy quarks really exist, while there will be only events produced per year if there are only three families in the SM.展开更多
We consider single production of the heavy top quark T predicted by the three-site Higgsless model in future high energy collider experiments, such as the high energy linear e＋ e- collider （ILC）, the linear-ring ty...We consider single production of the heavy top quark T predicted by the three-site Higgsless model in future high energy collider experiments, such as the high energy linear e＋ e- collider （ILC）, the linear-ring type ep collider （THERA）, and the CERN Large Hadron Collider （LHC）. Our numerical results show that the possible signals of the heavy top quark T might be detected via the subproeess qb → q＇T at the LHC.展开更多
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China,Grant/Award Number:2021YFF0702402National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:32070531。
文摘Background:The Mongolian gerbil is an excellent laboratory animal for preparing the cerebral ischemia model due to its inherent deficiency in the circle of Willis.However,the low incidence and unpredictability of symptoms are caused by numerous complex variant types of the circle.Additionally,the lack of an evaluation system for the cer-ebral ischemia/reperfusion(I/R)model of gerbils has shackled the application of this model.Methods:We created a symptom-oriented principle and detailed neurobehavioral scoring criteria.At different time points of reperfusion,we analyzed the alteration in locomotion by rotarod test and grip force score,infarct volume by triphenyltetrazo-lium chloride(TTC)staining,neuron loss using Nissl staining,and histological charac-teristics using hematoxylin-eosin(H&E)straining.Results:With a successful model rate of 56%,32 of the 57 gerbils operated by our method harbored typical features of cerebral I/R injury,and the mortality rate in the male gerbils was significantly higher than that in the female gerbils.The suc-cessfully prepared I/R gerbils demonstrated a significant reduction in motility and grip strength at 1 day after reperfusion;formed obvious infarction;exhibited typi-cal pathological features,such as tissue edema,neuronal atrophy and death,and vacuolated structures;and were partially recovered with the extension of reperfu-sion time.Conclusion:This study developed a new method for the unilateral common carotid artery ligation I/R model of gerbil and established a standardized evaluation system for this model,which could provide a new cerebral I/R model of gerbils with more practical applications.
文摘We review a 3d quantum gravity model, which incorporates massive spinning fields into the Euclidean path integral in a Chern-Simons formulation. Fundamental matter as defined in our previous preon model is recapped. Both quantum gravity and the particle model are shown to be derivable from the supersymmetric 3d Chern-Simons action. Forces-Matter unification is achieved.
文摘We propose that the QCD vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate density vary in space and drops to extremely low values in the Kennan, Barger and Cowie (KBC) void in analogy to earth’s atmospheric density drop with elevation from earth. We propose a formula for the gravitation acceleration based on the non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate. Gravity may be due to the underlying microscopic attraction between quarks and antiquarks, which are part of the vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate. We propose an electron tetrahedron model, where electrons are comprised of tetraquark tetrahedrons, and . The quarks determine the negative electron charge and the or quarks determine the electron two spin states. The electron tetrahedron may perform a high frequency quark exchange reactions with the pion tetrahedron condensate by tunneling through the condensation gap creating a delocalized electron cloud with a fixed spin. The pion tetrahedron may act as a QCD glue bonding electron pairs in atoms and molecules and protons to neutrons in the nuclei. Conservation of valence quarks and antiquarks is proposed.
文摘The modified cosmology like quintessence model with kination phase predicted the Hubble expansion rate of the universe before Big Bang Nucleosynthesis is different from the standard cosmological scenario. The modified expansion rate leaves its imprint on the relic density of asymmetric dark matter. In this work, we review the calculation of relic density of asymmetric WIMP dark matter in the standard cosmological scenario and quintessence model with kination phase. Then we use the Planck data to find constraints on the annihilation cross section and the mass of the asymmetric dark matter in those models.
文摘The understanding of the mechanism for the mass building of elementary particles of Standard Model (SM) has made significant progresses since the confirmation of the existence of the Higgs boson, in particular the realization that the mass of an elementary particle of SM is not “God-given” but is created by interactions with involved energy fields. Nevertheless, a sophisticated model to answer fundamental questions is still missing. Further research is needed to compensate for the existing deficit. The current paper is aimed to contribute to such research by using “harmonic quark series”. Harmonic quark series were introduced between 2003 and 2005 by O. A. Teplov and represented a relatively new approach to understanding the physical masses of elementary particles. Although they are not generally recognized, some research works have revealed very interesting and exciting facts regarding the mass quanta. The original harmonic quark series consists of mathematical “quark” entities with an energy-mass quantum between 7.87 MeV and 69.2 GeV. They obey a strict mathematical rule derived from the general harmonic oscillation theory. Teplov showed some quantitative relations between the masses of his harmonic quarks and the SM particles, especially in the intermediate mass range, i.e. mesons and hadrons up to 1000 MeV. Early research work also includes the investigation of H. Yang/W. Yang in the development of their so-called YY model for elementary particles (Ying-Yang model with “Ying” and “Yang” as quark components for a new theoretical particle framework). Based on Teplov’s scheme and its mathematical formula, they introduced further harmonic quarks down to 1 eV and showed some quantitative relationships between the masses of these harmonic quarks and the masses of electrons and up and down quarks. In this article, we will extend the harmonic quark series according to the Teplov scheme up to a new entity with a mass quantum of 253.4 GeV and show some interesting new mass relations to the heavy particles of the Standard Model (W boson, Z boson, top quark and Higgs boson). Based on these facts, some predictions will be made for experimental verification. We also hope that our investigation and result will motivate more researcher to dedicate their work to harmonic quark series in theory and in experiments.
文摘We present here a two-step method of classification and calculation for decay rates in the Standard Model. The first step is a phenomenological classification method, which is an extended and improved schematic experimental formula for decay width originally introduced by Chang. This schematic formula separates decays into seven classes. Furthermore, from it is derived a process-specific interaction energy m<sub>X</sub>. The second step is a numerical calculation method, which calculates this interaction energy m<sub>X</sub> numerically by minimization of action from the Lagrangian of the process, from which follows the decay width via the phenomenological formula. The Lagrangian is based on an extension of the Standard Model, the extended SU(4)-preon-model. A comparison of numerically calculated and observed decay widths for a large selection of decays shows a good agreement.
文摘This paper describes an extension and a new foundation of the Standard Model of particle physics based on a SU(4)-force called hyper-color, and on preon subparticles. The hyper-color force is a generalization of the SU(2)-based weak interaction and the SU(1)-based right-chiral self-interaction, in which the W-and the Z-bosons are Yukawa residual-field-carriers of the hyper-color force, in the same sense as the pions are the residual-field-carriers of the color SU(3) interaction. Using the method of numerical minimization of the SU(4)-action based on this model, the masses and the inner structure of leptons, quarks and weak bosons are calculated: the mass results are very close to the experimental values. We calculate also precisely the value of the Cabibbo angle, so the mixing matrices of the Standard model, CKM matrix for quarks and PMNS matrix for neutrinos can also be calculated. In total, we reduce the 29 parameters of the Standard Model to a total of 7 parameters.
基金support by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2023YFA1008901)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11988102,12172009)is gratefully acknowledged.
文摘In this manuscript,we propose an analytical equivalent linear viscoelastic constitutive model for fiber-reinforced composites,bypassing general computational homogenization.The method is based on the reduced-order homogenization(ROH)approach.The ROH method typically involves solving multiple finite element problems under periodic conditions to evaluate elastic strain and eigenstrain influence functions in an‘off-line’stage,which offers substantial cost savings compared to direct computational homogenization methods.Due to the unique structure of the fibrous unit cell,“off-line”stage calculation can be eliminated by influence functions obtained analytically.Introducing the standard solid model to the ROH method enables the creation of a comprehensive analytical homogeneous viscoelastic constitutive model.This method treats fibrous composite materials as homogeneous,anisotropic viscoelastic materials,significantly reducing computational time due to its analytical nature.This approach also enables precise determination of a homogenized anisotropic relaxation modulus and accurate capture of various viscoelastic responses under different loading conditions.Three sets of numerical examples,including unit cell tests,three-point beam bending tests,and torsion tests,are given to demonstrate the predictive performance of the homogenized viscoelastic model.Furthermore,the model is validated against experimental measurements,confirming its accuracy and reliability.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant Nos.2021YFC2203004,2021YFA0718304,2020YFC2201501RGC is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants Nos.11947302,11991052,11690022,11821505 and 11851302+8 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)under Grant Nos.XDB23030100 and XDA15020701the Key Research Program of the CAS under Grant No.XDPB15the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of CAS.SJW is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant Nos.2021YFC2203004 and 2021YFA0718304the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.12422502 and 12105344the China Manned Space Project under Grant No.CMS-CSST-2021-B01JHY is supported by the National Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.12022514,11875003 and 12047503the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant Nos.2020YFC2201501 and 2021YFA0718304the CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research under Grant No.YSBR-006the Key Research Program of the CAS under Grant No.XDPB15.
文摘The future space-borne gravitational wave(GW)detectors would provide a promising probe for the new physics beyond the standard model that admits the first-order phase transitions.The predictions for the GW background vary sensitively among different concrete particle physics models but also share a large degeneracy in the model buildings,which motivates an effective model description on the phase transition based on different patterns of the electroweak symmetry breaking(EWSB).In this paper,using the scalar N-plet model as a demonstration,we propose an effective classification for three different patterns of EWSB:(1)radiative symmetry breaking with classical scale invariance,(2)the Higgs mechanism in a generic scalar extension,and(3)higher-dimensional operators.We conclude that a strong first-order phase transition could be realized for(1)and(2)with a small quartic coupling and a small isospin of an additional N-plet field for the light scalar field model with and without the classical scale invariance,and(3)with a large mixing coupling between scalar fields and a large isospin of the N-plet field for the heavy scalar field model.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant 11702315,92052301)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant 2016YFA0401200).
文摘To understand fundamental problems in hypersonic laminar-turbulent boundary layer transition for three-dimensional complex vehicles,a new standard model with typical lifting-body features has been proposed,named as hypersonic transition research vehicle(HyTRV).The configuration of HyTRV is fully analytical,and details of the design process are discussed in this study.The transition characteristics for HyTRV are investigated using three combined methods,i.e.,theoretical analyses,numerical simulations,and wind tunnel experiments.Results show that the fully analytic parameterization design of HyTRV can satisfy the model simplification requirements from both numerical simulations and wind tunnel experiments.Meanwhile,the flow field of HyTRV reveals typical transition mechanisms in six relatively separated regions,including the streamwise vortex instability,crossflow instability,secondary instability,and attachment-line instability.Therefore,the proposed HyTRV model is valuable for fundamental researches in hypersonic boundary layer transition.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Y2007G37)the Science and Technology Development Program of Shandong Province (2007GG10001012)
文摘In this paper, we propose a new attribute-based proxy re-encryption scheme, where a semi-trusted proxy, with some additional information, can transform a ciphertext under a set of attributes into a new ciphertext under another set of attributes on the same message, but not vice versa, furthermore, its security was proved in the standard model based on decisional bilinear Diffie-Hellman assumption. This scheme can be used to realize fine-grained selectively sharing of encrypted data, but the general proxy rencryption scheme severely can not do it, so the proposed schemecan be thought as an improvement of general traditional proxy re-encryption scheme.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (6057303)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University by Ministry of Education (NCET-05-0398)
文摘Hierarchical identity based cryptography is a generalization of identity based encryption that mirrors an organizational hierarchy. It allows a root public key generator to distribute the workload by delegating public key generation and identity authentication to lower-level public key generators. Most hierarchical identity based signature schemes are provably secure in the random oracle model or the weak models without random oracles such as gauntlet-ID model. Currently, there is no hierarchical identity based signature scheme that is fully secure in the standard model, with short public parameters and a tight reduction. In this paper, a hierarchical identity based signature scheme based on the q-SDH problem that is fully secure in the standard model is proposed. The signature size is independent of the level of the hierarchy. Moreover, our scheme has short public parameters, high efficiency and a tight reduction.
基金The work was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant Nos.61872060 and 61772292the National Key R&D Program of China under grant No.2017YFB0802000+3 种基金Key Laboratory of Financial Mathematics of Fujian Province University(Putian University)under grant Nos.JR201806 and JR201901by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province under grant Nos.2019J01752 and 2020J01905by the Program for Innovative Research Team in Science and Technology in Fujian Province University under grant No.2018-049by the Educational Research Projects of Young and Middle-aged Teachers in Fujian Education Department(JAT200514).
文摘Digital signature,as an important cryptographic primitive,has been widely used in many application scenarios,such as e-commerce,authentication,cloud computing,and so on.Certificateless Public Key Cryptography(PKC)can get rid of the certificate management problem in the traditional Public Key Infrastructure(PKI)and eliminate the key-escrow problem in the identity-based PKC.Lately,a new Certificateless Signature(CLS)scheme has been proposed by Kyung-Ah Shim(IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL,2018,13(2)),which claimed to achieve provable security in the standard model.Unfortunately,we present a concrete attack to demonstrate that the scheme cannot defend against the Type I adversary.In this type of attack,the adversary can replace the public key of the signer,and then he plays the role of the signer to forge a legal certificateless signature on any message.Furthermore,we give an improved CLS scheme to resist such an attack.In terms of the efficiency and the signature length,the improved CLS is preferable to the original scheme and some recently proposed CLS schemes in the case of precomputation.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province (No.2010JQ8017)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No.2011M501427)the Special Found for Basic Scientific Research of Central Colleges of Chang’an University(No.CHD2012JC047)
文摘A directed signature is a type of signature with restricted verification ability.Directed signatures allow only a designated verifier to check the validity of the signature issued to him,and at the time of trouble or if necessary,any third party can verify the signature with the help of the signer or the designated verifier.Directed signature schemes are widely used in situations where the receiver's privacy should be protected.Proxy signatures allow an entity to delegate its signing capability to another entity in such a way that the latter can sign message on behalf of the former when the former is not available.Proxy signature schemes have found numerous practical applications such as distributed systems and mobile agent applications.In this paper,we firstly define the notion of the directed proxy signature by combining the proxy signature and directed signature.Then,we formalize its security model and present a concrete scheme in the standard model.Finally,we use the techniques from provable security to show that the proposed scheme is unforgeable under the gap Diffie-Hellman assumption,and invisible under the decisional Diffie-Hellman assumption.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.60970119)the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No.2007CB311201)
文摘To give concurrent consideration both the efficiency and the security(intensity of intractable problem) in the standard model,a chosen ciphertext secure identity-based broadcast encryption is proposed.Against the chosen ciphertext security model,by using identity(ID) sequence and adding additional information in ciphertext,the self-adaptive chosen identity security(the full security) and the chosen ciphertext security are gained simultaneously.The reduction of scheme's security is the decisional bilinear Diffie-Hellman(BDH) intractable assumption,and the proof of security shows that the proposed scheme is indistinguishable against adaptive chosen ciphertext attacks in the standard model under the decisional BDH intractable assumption.So the security level is improved,and it is suitable for higher security environment.
基金Project (No. 60074008) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘To facilitate stability analysis of discrete-time bidirectional associative memory (BAM) neural networks, they were converted into novel neural network models, termed standard neural network models (SNNMs), which interconnect linear dynamic systems and bounded static nonlinear operators. By combining a number of different Lyapunov functionals with S-procedure, some useful criteria of global asymptotic stability and global exponential stability of the equilibrium points of SNNMs were derived. These stability conditions were formulated as linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). So global stability of the discrete-time BAM neural networks could be analyzed by using the stability results of the SNNMs. Compared to the existing stability analysis methods, the proposed approach is easy to implement, less conservative, and is applicable to other recurrent neural networks.
文摘The underlying rules for a natural system describing cellular automata are simple, but produce highly complex behavior. A mathematical basis for the spectra of discrete coherent and non-coherent electromagnetic (EM) frequencies was derived, in which the algorithm exhibits an information distribution according to ratios of 2:3 in 1:2 at a semi-harmonic manner. This generalized music (GM) model shows that energy both in elementary particles and animate systems is semi-harmonic, quantized and discrete. A support for an ontological basis of the Standard Model was found, and indicates that the GM-model underlies the quantum field theory of subatomic particles. The present theory combines quantum mechanics and classical periodic systems, obeys to locality and solves the “hidden variable theory of Bohm”. The discovered pattern of electromagnetic field eigenvalues, within a broad range of discrete frequencies, points at a de Broglie/Bohm type of causal interpretation of quantum mechanics, implying an integral resonant pilot-wave/particle modality. The model has been substantiated by a meta-analysis of measured discrete energies of: 37 different Elementary Particles, 45 different EPR-measurements, zero-point energies of elements and about 450 electromagnetic wave frequencies of cells with a mean accuracy of 0.58%. It has been shown that the GM-scale is frequency-locked with zero-point oscillations, and thereby evidently implies involvement of entanglement.
文摘The Standard Model of particle physics does not account for charged fermion mass values and neutrino mass, or explain why only three particles are in each charge state 0, -e/3, 2e/3, and -e. These issues are addressed by treating Standard Model particles with mass m as spheres with diameter equal to their Compton wavelength l =ħ/mc, where ħis Planck’s constant and c the speed of light, and any charge in diametrically opposed pairs ±ne/6 with n = 1, 2, or 3 at the axis of rotation on the sphere surface. Particles are ground state solutions of quantized Friedmann equations from general relativity, with differing internal gravitational constants. Energy distribution within particles identifies Standard Model particles with spheres containing central black holes with mass m, and particle spin resulting from black hole angular momentum. In each charge state, energy distribution within particles satisfies a cubic equation in l, allowing only three particles in the charge state and requiring neutrino mass. Cosmic vacuum energy density is a lower limit on energy density of systems in the universe, and setting electron neutrino average energy density equal to cosmic vacuum energy density predicts neutrino masses consistent with experiment. Relations between charged fermion wavelength solutions to cubic equations in different charge states determine charged fermion masses relative to electron mass as a consequence of charge neutrality of the universe. An appendix shows assigning charge ±e/6 to bits of information on the event horizon available for holographic description of physics in the observable universe accounts for dominance of matter over anti-matter. The analysis explains why only three Standard Models are in each charge state and predicts neutrino masses based on cosmic vacuum energy density as a lower bound on neutrino energy density.
基金The project supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘We investigated the neutral Higgs boson pair production at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in the SM with four families. We found that the gluon-gluon fusion mode is the most dominant one in producing neutral Higgs boson pair at the LHC, and it can be used to probe the trilinear Higgs coupling. If the heavy quarks of the fourth generation really exist within the SM, they can manifest their effect on the cross section of the Higgs pair production process at the LHC. Our numerical results show that there will be neutral Higgs boson pair production events per year if the next generation heavy quarks really exist, while there will be only events produced per year if there are only three families in the SM.
基金Supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Qrants No 10675057, and Foundation of Liaoning Educational Committee （2007T086）.
文摘We consider single production of the heavy top quark T predicted by the three-site Higgsless model in future high energy collider experiments, such as the high energy linear e＋ e- collider （ILC）, the linear-ring type ep collider （THERA）, and the CERN Large Hadron Collider （LHC）. Our numerical results show that the possible signals of the heavy top quark T might be detected via the subproeess qb → q＇T at the LHC.
