Sprouted seeds are attracting growing interest because of their improved digestibility,high nutritional value,variety,low cost and ease of production.However,their microbiological fragility and elevated levels of cert...Sprouted seeds are attracting growing interest because of their improved digestibility,high nutritional value,variety,low cost and ease of production.However,their microbiological fragility and elevated levels of certain anti-nutritional factors can sometimes pose problems for their use in both food and feed.Recent research has shown that combining fermentation with germination can effectively solve these problems.Fermentation not only improves nutritional value by lowering levels of anti-nutritional factors,but also improves microbiological safety,making it a promising approach to extending shelf life.Additionally,fermented sprouted seeds have beneficial properties may be of use in the formulation of functional foods,par-ticularly for managing metabolic diseases such as diabetes.Despite these positive points,there is still room for improvement in the fermentation of sprouted seeds.This literature review explores current knowledge of seed germination,the advantages of fermenting sprouted seeds,and discusses the disadvantages and potential axes for improvement.展开更多
Peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.)exhibits an unusually asynchronous reproductive cycle,in which flowering,peg penetration,pod development,and seed filling occur over an extended period.This results in the simultaneous prese...Peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.)exhibits an unusually asynchronous reproductive cycle,in which flowering,peg penetration,pod development,and seed filling occur over an extended period.This results in the simultaneous presence of immature and preharvest sprouted(PHS)pods on the same plant a dual challenge that undermines yield,compromises seed quality,and complicates postharvest management.Immature pods reduce harvest efficiency,while PHS diminishes flavor,uniformity,and storage stability.Both genetic and environmental determinants ranging from temporal variation in peg initiation and hormonal gradients to microenvironmental heterogeneity and differential seed dormancy shape this variability.However,despite advances in pod biology,systematic field-based quantification of intra-plant temporal variation,genotype×environment interactions,and localized microclimatic influences remains limited.This review aims to synthesize current understanding of within-plant variability in pod maturation and PHS in peanut,to elucidate critical knowledge gaps at physiological and field scales,and to evaluate emerging strategies for mitigation.Particular emphasis is given for underexplored interface between physiological mechanisms and field-scale dynamics.Emerging innovations including hyperspectral imaging,soil and canopy moisture sensing,and molecular markers offer promising avenues for precise monitoring of pod maturity and early detection of PHS risk.Integrating these tools with targeted breeding strategies for synchronous flowering,enhanced dormancy,and late-season stress resilience,alongside adaptive agronomic practices such as optimized sowing,irrigation scheduling,nutrient management,and harvest timing,could substantially reduce yield and quality losses.Future progress will depend on bridging molecular insights with predictive models that capture mixed maturity and sprouting risk under variable environments.展开更多
Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)describes the germination of physiologically mature grains in spikes prior to harvest in cereal crops.PHS could seriously decrease grain yield and quality,which makes it a major constraint to...Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)describes the germination of physiologically mature grains in spikes prior to harvest in cereal crops.PHS could seriously decrease grain yield and quality,which makes it a major constraint to cereal production worldwide.A number of PHS-associated genes in cereals have been reported;however,the molecular mechanisms underlying PHS remain largely elusive.Here,we report a CRISPRCas9 mutant with severe PHS in a paddy field.The mutated gene OsMFT2 encodes a phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein(PEBP).Intriguingly,the OsMFT1,in the same PEBP family,had the opposite effect in controlling rice PHS as does OsMFT2.Germination tests of seeds of chimeric protein-expressing plants revealed that the fourth exon conferred the antagonistic activity of OsMFT1 and OsMFT2 in rice PHS.Additionally,two lines of these plants showed elevated grain numbers per panicle,implying that chimeric protein has potential to significantly increase yield.Moreover,transcriptome analysis and genetic studies indicated that OsMFT1 and OsMFT2 performed opposing functions in rice PHS owing to three co-regulated genes that being contrastingly affected by OsMFT1 and OsMFT2.Overall,it seemed that the proper combination of PEBP family members could obtain optimal PHS resistance and high yield.展开更多
Successful polyethylene glycol fusion(PEG-fusion)of severed axons following peripheral nerve injuries for PEG-fused axons has been reported to:(1)rapidly restore electrophysiological continuity;(2)prevent distal Walle...Successful polyethylene glycol fusion(PEG-fusion)of severed axons following peripheral nerve injuries for PEG-fused axons has been reported to:(1)rapidly restore electrophysiological continuity;(2)prevent distal Wallerian Degeneration and maintain their myelin sheaths;(3)promote primarily motor,voluntary behavioral recoveries as assessed by the Sciatic Functional Index;and,(4)rapidly produce correct and incorrect connections in many possible combinations that produce rapid and extensive recovery of functional peripheral nervous system/central nervous system connections and reflex(e.g.,toe twitch)or voluntary behaviors.The preceding companion paper describes sensory terminal field reo rganization following PEG-fusion repair of sciatic nerve transections or ablations;howeve r,sensory behavioral recovery has not been explicitly explored following PEG-fusion repair.In the current study,we confirmed the success of PEG-fusion surgeries according to criteria(1-3)above and more extensively investigated whether PEG-fusion enhanced mechanical nociceptive recovery following sciatic transection in male and female outbred Sprague-Dawley and inbred Lewis rats.Mechanical nociceptive responses were assessed by measuring withdrawal thresholds using von Frey filaments on the dorsal and midplantar regions of the hindpaws.Dorsal von Frey filament tests were a more reliable method than plantar von Frey filament tests to assess mechanical nociceptive sensitivity following sciatic nerve transections.Baseline withdrawal thresholds of the sciatic-mediated lateral dorsal region differed significantly across strain but not sex.Withdrawal thresholds did not change significantly from baseline in chronic Unoperated and Sham-operated rats.Following sciatic transection,all rats exhibited severe hyposensitivity to stimuli at the lateral dorsal region of the hindpaw ipsilateral to the injury.However,PEG-fused rats exhibited significantly earlier return to baseline withdrawal thresholds than Negative Control rats.Furthermore,PEG-fused rats with significantly improved Sciatic Functional Index scores at or after 4 weeks postoperatively exhibited yet-earlier von Frey filament recove ry compared with those without Sciatic Functional Index recovery,suggesting a correlation between successful PEG-fusion and both motor-dominant and sensory-dominant behavioral recoveries.This correlation was independent of the sex or strain of the rat.Furthermore,our data showed that the acceleration of von Frey filament sensory recovery to baseline was solely due to the PEG-fused sciatic nerve and not saphenous nerve collateral outgrowths.No chronic hypersensitivity developed in any rat up to 12 weeks.All these data suggest that PEG-fusion repair of transection peripheral nerve injuries co uld have important clinical benefits.展开更多
Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is an important staple food crop in the world and supplies about 20%of human caloric and protein consumption(Giraldo et al.,2019;Xiao et al.,2022).Wheat production accounts for~30%of global ...Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is an important staple food crop in the world and supplies about 20%of human caloric and protein consumption(Giraldo et al.,2019;Xiao et al.,2022).Wheat production accounts for~30%of global cereal crops(Li et al.,2019).With the global population increasing and the frequency of natural disasters rising,enhancing wheat yield is crucial to meet food demand.Spike traits such as increased grain number per spike are key determinants of wheat yield.Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)is a significant natural disaster that severely impacts grain yield and end-use quality of wheat(Tai et al.,2021,2024).展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to quickly qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the residues of 10 plant growth regulators(PGRs)in bean sprouts.[Methods]Using bean sprouts as the test material,a high-performa...[Objectives]This study was conducted to quickly qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the residues of 10 plant growth regulators(PGRs)in bean sprouts.[Methods]Using bean sprouts as the test material,a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS/MS)method was established to determine the residual levels of 10 PGRs in bean sprouts.[Results]Under optimized conditions,the retention time of the 10 PGRs ranged from 6.45 to 11.43 min.When the mass concentration ranged from 0.005 to 0.05μg/ml,all PGRs exhibited good linearity,with correlation coefficients(r)≥0.9991.The limits of detection(LODs,S/N=3)were in the range of 0.30-0.92μg/kg,and the limits of quantification(LOQs)were in the range of 0.50-2.10μg/kg.The average recovery values at three concentration levels ranged from 80%to 105.8%,with relative standard deviations(RSD s,n=6)of 2.8%-7.5%.[Conclusions]This method is simple and accurate,and provides technical reference for food safety monitoring.展开更多
To find out the effect of planting methods on the yield and yield attributes of short duration Aman rice varieties, a field trial was conducted at the farm of Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur, during July t...To find out the effect of planting methods on the yield and yield attributes of short duration Aman rice varieties, a field trial was conducted at the farm of Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur, during July to November 2012. The treatments comprised of three BRRI released high yielding varieties viz., BRRI dhan39, BRRI dhan49 and BRRI dhan57 and three planting methods viz., direct seeding of dry seed, direct seeding of sprouted seed and transplanting. It was a factorial experiment conducted in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Planting methods had a significant effect on the growth duration of rice. The rice crop established with direct seeding of the dry and sprouted seed matured 7 days earlier than transplanting. The variety BRRI dhan39 gave the highest yield (4.964 t·ha-1) when grown with direct seeding of sprouted seed compared to other varieties. The highest net return (23362.00 BDT ha-1) and cost benefit ratio (1:1.49) were observed in direct seeding of the sprouted seed method. So, direct seeding of sprouted seed might be the best planting method because about 19.94% production cost is reduced due to the omission of seedling raising and transplanting operations as well as the reduction in the length of the crop cultivation period.展开更多
Using seed sowing cultivation method, the four-season soilless cultivation of the sprouting seedlings of Toona sinensis was carried out with different germination accelerating treatments, cultivation substrates, culti...Using seed sowing cultivation method, the four-season soilless cultivation of the sprouting seedlings of Toona sinensis was carried out with different germination accelerating treatments, cultivation substrates, cultivation environment and management technologies by using the corresponding treatment methods in different seasons, so as to produce the sprouting vegetable products of T. sinensis which was not restricted by seasons. The test results showed that using the mixed substrate of pedite and vermiculite in winter and spring can keep moisture but not too high, and the produced sprout vegetable had good quality and high yield.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to provide theoretical basis for the prevention and control of the invasion of Alternanthera philoxeroides（Mart.）Griseb.[Method] Effects of fragmentation intensity of fresh roots and their bu...[Objective] The aim was to provide theoretical basis for the prevention and control of the invasion of Alternanthera philoxeroides（Mart.）Griseb.[Method] Effects of fragmentation intensity of fresh roots and their burial depth on sprouting and early growth of A.philoxeroides were studied by control test.[Result] More sprouts of A.philoxeroides emerged when the fragmentation intensity of fresh roots was higher,while if the fragmentation intensity of fresh roots was lower,the early growth of A.philoxeroides was more rapid.The soil buried depth had significant effect on fresh root sprouts＇ emergence,but once fresh root sprouts could reach the soil surface and were given enough growth time,even if the fresh roots were buried in different depths,soil buried depth had no significant effect on its young plant growth.[Conclusion] If different fragmentation intensities of fresh roots present,there is a kind of trade-off strategy between root sprouts＇ emergence and plant＇ early growth,by which A.philoxeroides can invade new habitat successfully.To control the invasion of A.philoxeroides,it is critical to prevent its fresh root sprouts from emerging to soil surface,that is,to bury the fresh roots at a further soil depth.展开更多
Objective: To investigate the change in total phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity,and resveratrol content of five different germinated peanut cultivars.Methods: The germinated sprouts of five peanut cultivars(Kal...Objective: To investigate the change in total phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity,and resveratrol content of five different germinated peanut cultivars.Methods: The germinated sprouts of five peanut cultivars(Kalasin1, Kalasin2, Konkaen,Konkaen4, and Tainan9) were extracted with 80% ethanol and collected as crude extract.The antioxidant capacities were determined with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power method.The total phenolic compound was measured using the Folin–Ciocalteau assay.The qualification and quantification of resveratrol was performed by high performance liquid chromatography method.Results: Among the five cultivars, a three-day germination of Kalasin1 showed the highest phenolic content [(40.67 ± 2.62) mg gallic acid/g dry weight], expressed the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl antioxidant value [(80.51 ± 1.47) mmol/L Trolox/g dry weight], and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power antioxidant value [(171.33 ± 8.59)mmol/L ascorbic acid/g dry weight].However, the high performance liquid chromatography result of Kalasin2 significantly increased to the highest resveratrol content of(6.44 ± 1.26) mg/g dry weight on the second day of germination.Conclusions: The variation of phytochemical content in the peanut sprout is due to the effect of the peanut cultivar and the germination period.展开更多
Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)is a disadvantageous trait in cereal production worldwide,causing large economic losses each year.Its regulation mechanism is still unclear.We generated the Oryza sativa Viviparous1(OsVP1)mut...Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)is a disadvantageous trait in cereal production worldwide,causing large economic losses each year.Its regulation mechanism is still unclear.We generated the Oryza sativa Viviparous1(OsVP1)mutant using gene editing technique,which shows increased PHS compared with that of the wild type Nipponbare.OsVP1 is localized mainly in the nucleus and expressed in various tissues and organs.Expression of Seed dormancy 4(Sdr4),a key gene controlling PHS,was sharply reduced in OsVP1 mutants.OsVP1 bound to the specific motif CACCTG in the promoter of Sdr4 and activated its expression in rice protoplasts.Overexpression of Sdr4 reduced the high seed germination rate of OsVP1 mutant cr-osvp1-1,showing that Sdr4 acts as a downstream target of OsVP1.Both OsVP1 and Sdr4 loss-of-function mutants were insensitive to exogenous ABA and employed the ABA signaling pathway in regulating seed dormancy.These findings shed light on the control of seed dormancy aimed at preventing PHS in rice.展开更多
Both sensorimotor and autonomic dysfunctions often occur after spinal cord injury（SCI）. Particularly, a high thoracic or cervical SCI interrupts supraspinal vasomotor pathways and results in disordered hemodynamics ...Both sensorimotor and autonomic dysfunctions often occur after spinal cord injury（SCI）. Particularly, a high thoracic or cervical SCI interrupts supraspinal vasomotor pathways and results in disordered hemodynamics due to deregulated sympathetic outflow. As a result of the reduced sympathetic activity, patients with SCI may experience hypotension, cardiac dysrhythmias, and hypothermia post-injury. In the chronic phase, changes within the CNS and blood vessels lead to orthostatic hypotension and life-threatening autonomic dysreflexia（AD）. AD is characterized by an episodic, massive sympathetic discharge that causes severe hypertension associated with bradycardia. The syndrome is often triggered by unpleasant visceral or sensory stimuli below the injury level. Currently the only treatments are palliative - once a stimulus elicits AD, pharmacological vasodilators are administered to help reduce the spike in arterial blood pressure. However, a more effective means would be to mitigate AD development by attenuating contributing mechanisms, such as the reorganization of intraspinal circuits below the level of injury. A better understanding of the neuropathophysiology underlying cardiovascular dysfunction after SCI is essential to better develop novel therapeutic approaches to restore hemodynamic performance.展开更多
Axonal regeneration and ifber regrowth is limited in the adult central nervous system, but re-search over the last decades has revealed a high intrinsic capacity of brain and spinal cord circuits to adapt and reorgani...Axonal regeneration and ifber regrowth is limited in the adult central nervous system, but re-search over the last decades has revealed a high intrinsic capacity of brain and spinal cord circuits to adapt and reorganize after smaller injuries or denervation. Short-distance ifber growth and synaptic rewiring was found in cortex, brain stem and spinal cord and could be associated with restoration of sensorimotor functions that were impaired by the injury. Such processes of struc-tural plasticity were initially observed in the corticospinal system following spinal cord injury or stroke, but recent studies showed an equally high potential for structural and functional reorganization in reticulospinal, rubrospinal or propriospinal projections. Here we review the lesion-induced plastic changes in the propriospinal pathways, and we argue that they represent a key mechanism triggering sensorimotor recovery upon incomplete spinal cord injury. The for-mation or strengthening of spinal detour pathways bypassing supraspinal commands around the lesion site to the denervated spinal cord were identiifed as prominent neural substrate inducing substantial motor recovery in different species from mice to primates. Indications for the exis-tence of propriospinal bypasses were also found in humans after cortical stroke. It is mandatory for current research to dissect the biological mechanisms underlying spinal circuit remodeling and to investigate how these processes can be stimulated in an optimal way by therapeutic inter-ventions （e.g., ifber-growth enhancing interventions, rehabilitation）. This knowledge will clear the way for the development of novel strategies targeting the remarkable plastic potential of pro-priospinal circuits to maximize functional recovery after spinal cord injury.展开更多
AIM: To evaluate effects of dietary supplementation of sulforaphane(SF)-rich broccoli sprout(BS) extract on hepatic abnormalities in Japanese male participants.METHODS: In a randomized,placebo-controlled,double blind ...AIM: To evaluate effects of dietary supplementation of sulforaphane(SF)-rich broccoli sprout(BS) extract on hepatic abnormalities in Japanese male participants.METHODS: In a randomized,placebo-controlled,double blind trial,male participants with fatty liver received either BS capsules containing glucoraphanin [GR; a precursor of SF(n = 24)] or placebo(n = 28) for 2 mo. Liver function markers,serum levels of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases(AST and ALT,respectively) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase(γ-GTP) and an oxidative stress marker,urinary levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine(8-OHd G),were measured and compared in participants before and after the trial period. In an animal model,chronic liver failure was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by successive intraperitoneal injection with N-nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA) for 4 wk. Concomitantly,rats received AIN-76 diets supplemented with or without BS extract. Thereafter,rats were sacrificed,and their sera and livers were collected to measure serum liver function markers and hepatic levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) levels and hepatic glutathione S-transferase(GST) activity,a prototypical phase 2 antioxidant enzyme.RESULTS: Dietary supplementation with BS extract containing SF precursor GR for 2 mo significantly decreased serum levels of liver function markers,ALT [median(interquartile range),before: 54.0(34.5-79.0) vs after supplementation: 48.5(33.3-65.3) IU/L,P < 0.05] and γ-GTP [before: 51.5(40.8-91.3) vs after: 50.0(37.8-85.3) IU/L,P < 0.05],as well as the alkali phosphatase activity. Placebo showed no significant effects on the markers. The urinary level of 8-OHd G,an established oxidative stress marker,was significantly reduced in participants who had received BS capsules but not the placebo [before: 6.66(5.51-9.03) vs after: 5.49(4.89-6.66) ng/mg-creatinine,P < 0.05]. The reduction of urinary 8-OHd G was significantly correlated with decreased levels of both ALT and γ-GTP [?8-OHd G and ?ALT: Spearman r(r) 0.514 and P = 0.012,?8-OHd G and ?γ-GTP: r = 0.496 and P = 0.016]. Intake of BS extract prevented NDMA-induced chronic liver failure in rats,which was attributable to the suppression of the increase in TBARS through induction of hepatic phase 2 antioxidant enzymes including hepatic GST(86.6 ± 95.2 vs 107.8 ± 7.7 IU/g,P < 0.01).CONCLUSION: Dietary supplementation with BS extract containing the SF precursor GR is likely to be highly effective in improving liver function through reduction of oxidative stress.展开更多
To determine the growth strategies during early regeneration stages of two major coniferous species （Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata） in a secondary mixed coniferous forest in the Huangshan region of An...To determine the growth strategies during early regeneration stages of two major coniferous species （Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata） in a secondary mixed coniferous forest in the Huangshan region of Anhui Province, eastern China, we examined height growth, diameter-height relationship and the relationship between main stem and lateral branch elongation in saplings, with a particular focus on the effects of light intensity and regeneration mode （seedlings versus sprouts）. When light intensity was sufficiently high, the extension growth of main stems was greater and more positively related to initial size for P. massoniana than for C. lanceolata. The slenderness of the stem form increased in the following order： C. lanceolata seedlings 〈 P. massoniana seedlings 〈 C. lanceolata sprouts. P. massoniana became less slender with increasing light intensity. P. massoniana had shorter branches than C. lanceolata given the same main stem elongation. Growth allocation depended more strongly on light intensity for P. massoniana than for C. lanceolata, with more growth allocated to the main stem under dark conditions. These results suggest that P. massoniana is a typical shade avoider; this species gives priority to extension growth of the main stem, especially when it is shaded. In contrast, C. lanceolata is a shade tolerator; this species allocates more biomass to radial growth of its main stems and to extension growth of branches. Based on these results, the ecological characteristics of P. massoniana and C. lanceolata and the roles of seedlings and sprouts are discussed in relation to stand dynamics of the mixed forests of P. massoniana and C. lanceolata in eastern China.展开更多
Glucosinolates, anthocyanins, total phenols, and vitamin C, as well as antioxidant capacity, were investigated in Chinese kale sprouts treated with both glucose and gibberellic acid（GA_3）. The combination of 3%（0.0...Glucosinolates, anthocyanins, total phenols, and vitamin C, as well as antioxidant capacity, were investigated in Chinese kale sprouts treated with both glucose and gibberellic acid（GA_3）. The combination of 3%（0.03 g/ml） glucose and 5 μmol/L GA_3 treatment was effective in increasing glucosinolate content while glucose or GA_3 treatment alone did not influence significantly almost all individual glucosinolates or total glucosinolates. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Chinese kale sprouts were enhanced by combined treatment with glucose and GA_3, which could be useful in improving the main health-promoting compounds and antioxidant activity in Chinese kale sprouts.展开更多
Injuries to the central nervous system(CNS)such as stroke,brain,and spinal cord trauma often result in permanent disabilities because adult CNS neurons only exhibit limited axon regeneration.The brain has a surprising...Injuries to the central nervous system(CNS)such as stroke,brain,and spinal cord trauma often result in permanent disabilities because adult CNS neurons only exhibit limited axon regeneration.The brain has a surprising intrinsic capability of recovering itself after injury.However,the hostile extrinsic microenvironment significantly hinders axon regeneration.Recent advances have indicated that the inactivation of intrinsic regenerative pathways plays a pivotal role in the failure of most adult CNS neuronal regeneration.Particularly,substantial evidence has convincingly demonstrated that the mechanistic target of rapamycin(mTOR)signaling is one of the most crucial intrinsic regenerative pathways that drive axonal regeneration and sprouting in various CNS injuries.In this review,we will discuss the recent findings and highlight the critical roles of mTOR pathway in axon regeneration in different types of CNS injury.Importantly,we will demonstrate that the reactivation of this regenerative pathway can be achieved by blocking the key mTOR signaling components such as phosphatase and tensin homolog(PTEN).Given that multiple mTOR signaling components are endogenous inhibitory factors of this pathway,we will discuss the promising potential of RNA-based therapeutics which are particularly suitable for this purpose,and the fact that they have attracted substantial attention recently after the success of coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination.To specifically tackle the blood-brain barrier issue,we will review the current technology to deliver these RNA therapeutics into the brain with a focus on nanoparticle technology.We will propose the clinical application of these RNA-mediated therapies in combination with the brain-targeted drug delivery approach against mTOR signaling components as an effective and feasible therapeutic strategy aiming to enhance axonal regeneration for functional recovery after CNS injury.展开更多
The inflammato ry response plays an important role in neuroprotection and regeneration after ischemic insult.The use of non-ste roidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been a matter of debate as to whether they have benefi...The inflammato ry response plays an important role in neuroprotection and regeneration after ischemic insult.The use of non-ste roidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been a matter of debate as to whether they have beneficial or detrimental effects.In this context,the effects of the anti-inflammatory agent meloxicam have been scarcely documented after stro ke,but its ability to inhibit both cyclooxygenase isoforms(1 and 2) could be a promising strategy to modulate postischemic inflammation.This study analyzed the effect of meloxicam in a transient focal cerebral ischemia model in rats,measuring its neuroprotective effect after 48 hours and 7 days of reperfusion and the effects of the treatment on the glial scar and regenerative events such as the generation of new progenitors in the subventricular zone and axonal sprouting at the edge of the damaged area.We show that meloxicam’s neuroprotective effects remained after 7 days of reperfusion even if its administration was restricted to the two first days after ischemia.Moreover,meloxicam treatment modulated glial scar reactivity,which matched with an increase in axonal sprouting.However,this treatment decreased the formation of neuronal progenitor cells.This study discusses the dual role of anti-inflammatory treatments after stro ke and encourages the careful analysis of both the neuroprotective and the regenerative effects in preclinical studies.展开更多
文摘Sprouted seeds are attracting growing interest because of their improved digestibility,high nutritional value,variety,low cost and ease of production.However,their microbiological fragility and elevated levels of certain anti-nutritional factors can sometimes pose problems for their use in both food and feed.Recent research has shown that combining fermentation with germination can effectively solve these problems.Fermentation not only improves nutritional value by lowering levels of anti-nutritional factors,but also improves microbiological safety,making it a promising approach to extending shelf life.Additionally,fermented sprouted seeds have beneficial properties may be of use in the formulation of functional foods,par-ticularly for managing metabolic diseases such as diabetes.Despite these positive points,there is still room for improvement in the fermentation of sprouted seeds.This literature review explores current knowledge of seed germination,the advantages of fermenting sprouted seeds,and discusses the disadvantages and potential axes for improvement.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32171997)the Earmarked Fund for China Agricultural Research System(CARS-13)+2 种基金the Nanfan special project of CAAS(Grant No.YBXM2552)the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(Grant No.Y2025YC112)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Grant No.CAAS-ASTIP-2021-OCRI)。
文摘Peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.)exhibits an unusually asynchronous reproductive cycle,in which flowering,peg penetration,pod development,and seed filling occur over an extended period.This results in the simultaneous presence of immature and preharvest sprouted(PHS)pods on the same plant a dual challenge that undermines yield,compromises seed quality,and complicates postharvest management.Immature pods reduce harvest efficiency,while PHS diminishes flavor,uniformity,and storage stability.Both genetic and environmental determinants ranging from temporal variation in peg initiation and hormonal gradients to microenvironmental heterogeneity and differential seed dormancy shape this variability.However,despite advances in pod biology,systematic field-based quantification of intra-plant temporal variation,genotype×environment interactions,and localized microclimatic influences remains limited.This review aims to synthesize current understanding of within-plant variability in pod maturation and PHS in peanut,to elucidate critical knowledge gaps at physiological and field scales,and to evaluate emerging strategies for mitigation.Particular emphasis is given for underexplored interface between physiological mechanisms and field-scale dynamics.Emerging innovations including hyperspectral imaging,soil and canopy moisture sensing,and molecular markers offer promising avenues for precise monitoring of pod maturity and early detection of PHS risk.Integrating these tools with targeted breeding strategies for synchronous flowering,enhanced dormancy,and late-season stress resilience,alongside adaptive agronomic practices such as optimized sowing,irrigation scheduling,nutrient management,and harvest timing,could substantially reduce yield and quality losses.Future progress will depend on bridging molecular insights with predictive models that capture mixed maturity and sprouting risk under variable environments.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172059)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(SWUXDJH202315).
文摘Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)describes the germination of physiologically mature grains in spikes prior to harvest in cereal crops.PHS could seriously decrease grain yield and quality,which makes it a major constraint to cereal production worldwide.A number of PHS-associated genes in cereals have been reported;however,the molecular mechanisms underlying PHS remain largely elusive.Here,we report a CRISPRCas9 mutant with severe PHS in a paddy field.The mutated gene OsMFT2 encodes a phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein(PEBP).Intriguingly,the OsMFT1,in the same PEBP family,had the opposite effect in controlling rice PHS as does OsMFT2.Germination tests of seeds of chimeric protein-expressing plants revealed that the fourth exon conferred the antagonistic activity of OsMFT1 and OsMFT2 in rice PHS.Additionally,two lines of these plants showed elevated grain numbers per panicle,implying that chimeric protein has potential to significantly increase yield.Moreover,transcriptome analysis and genetic studies indicated that OsMFT1 and OsMFT2 performed opposing functions in rice PHS owing to three co-regulated genes that being contrastingly affected by OsMFT1 and OsMFT2.Overall,it seemed that the proper combination of PEBP family members could obtain optimal PHS resistance and high yield.
基金supported by DOD AFIRMⅢW81XWH-20-2-0029 subcontract,UT POC19-1774-13Neuraptive Therapeutics Inc.26-7724-56+1 种基金NIH R01-NS128086 grantsLone Star Paralysis gift(to GDB)。
文摘Successful polyethylene glycol fusion(PEG-fusion)of severed axons following peripheral nerve injuries for PEG-fused axons has been reported to:(1)rapidly restore electrophysiological continuity;(2)prevent distal Wallerian Degeneration and maintain their myelin sheaths;(3)promote primarily motor,voluntary behavioral recoveries as assessed by the Sciatic Functional Index;and,(4)rapidly produce correct and incorrect connections in many possible combinations that produce rapid and extensive recovery of functional peripheral nervous system/central nervous system connections and reflex(e.g.,toe twitch)or voluntary behaviors.The preceding companion paper describes sensory terminal field reo rganization following PEG-fusion repair of sciatic nerve transections or ablations;howeve r,sensory behavioral recovery has not been explicitly explored following PEG-fusion repair.In the current study,we confirmed the success of PEG-fusion surgeries according to criteria(1-3)above and more extensively investigated whether PEG-fusion enhanced mechanical nociceptive recovery following sciatic transection in male and female outbred Sprague-Dawley and inbred Lewis rats.Mechanical nociceptive responses were assessed by measuring withdrawal thresholds using von Frey filaments on the dorsal and midplantar regions of the hindpaws.Dorsal von Frey filament tests were a more reliable method than plantar von Frey filament tests to assess mechanical nociceptive sensitivity following sciatic nerve transections.Baseline withdrawal thresholds of the sciatic-mediated lateral dorsal region differed significantly across strain but not sex.Withdrawal thresholds did not change significantly from baseline in chronic Unoperated and Sham-operated rats.Following sciatic transection,all rats exhibited severe hyposensitivity to stimuli at the lateral dorsal region of the hindpaw ipsilateral to the injury.However,PEG-fused rats exhibited significantly earlier return to baseline withdrawal thresholds than Negative Control rats.Furthermore,PEG-fused rats with significantly improved Sciatic Functional Index scores at or after 4 weeks postoperatively exhibited yet-earlier von Frey filament recove ry compared with those without Sciatic Functional Index recovery,suggesting a correlation between successful PEG-fusion and both motor-dominant and sensory-dominant behavioral recoveries.This correlation was independent of the sex or strain of the rat.Furthermore,our data showed that the acceleration of von Frey filament sensory recovery to baseline was solely due to the PEG-fused sciatic nerve and not saphenous nerve collateral outgrowths.No chronic hypersensitivity developed in any rat up to 12 weeks.All these data suggest that PEG-fusion repair of transection peripheral nerve injuries co uld have important clinical benefits.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1200403 and 2023YFF1000600)the Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences。
文摘Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is an important staple food crop in the world and supplies about 20%of human caloric and protein consumption(Giraldo et al.,2019;Xiao et al.,2022).Wheat production accounts for~30%of global cereal crops(Li et al.,2019).With the global population increasing and the frequency of natural disasters rising,enhancing wheat yield is crucial to meet food demand.Spike traits such as increased grain number per spike are key determinants of wheat yield.Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)is a significant natural disaster that severely impacts grain yield and end-use quality of wheat(Tai et al.,2021,2024).
基金Supported by Outstanding Talent Development Program of Hebei ProvinceTangshan Talent Funding Project(A202202005).
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to quickly qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the residues of 10 plant growth regulators(PGRs)in bean sprouts.[Methods]Using bean sprouts as the test material,a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS/MS)method was established to determine the residual levels of 10 PGRs in bean sprouts.[Results]Under optimized conditions,the retention time of the 10 PGRs ranged from 6.45 to 11.43 min.When the mass concentration ranged from 0.005 to 0.05μg/ml,all PGRs exhibited good linearity,with correlation coefficients(r)≥0.9991.The limits of detection(LODs,S/N=3)were in the range of 0.30-0.92μg/kg,and the limits of quantification(LOQs)were in the range of 0.50-2.10μg/kg.The average recovery values at three concentration levels ranged from 80%to 105.8%,with relative standard deviations(RSD s,n=6)of 2.8%-7.5%.[Conclusions]This method is simple and accurate,and provides technical reference for food safety monitoring.
文摘To find out the effect of planting methods on the yield and yield attributes of short duration Aman rice varieties, a field trial was conducted at the farm of Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur, during July to November 2012. The treatments comprised of three BRRI released high yielding varieties viz., BRRI dhan39, BRRI dhan49 and BRRI dhan57 and three planting methods viz., direct seeding of dry seed, direct seeding of sprouted seed and transplanting. It was a factorial experiment conducted in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Planting methods had a significant effect on the growth duration of rice. The rice crop established with direct seeding of the dry and sprouted seed matured 7 days earlier than transplanting. The variety BRRI dhan39 gave the highest yield (4.964 t·ha-1) when grown with direct seeding of sprouted seed compared to other varieties. The highest net return (23362.00 BDT ha-1) and cost benefit ratio (1:1.49) were observed in direct seeding of the sprouted seed method. So, direct seeding of sprouted seed might be the best planting method because about 19.94% production cost is reduced due to the omission of seedling raising and transplanting operations as well as the reduction in the length of the crop cultivation period.
文摘Using seed sowing cultivation method, the four-season soilless cultivation of the sprouting seedlings of Toona sinensis was carried out with different germination accelerating treatments, cultivation substrates, cultivation environment and management technologies by using the corresponding treatment methods in different seasons, so as to produce the sprouting vegetable products of T. sinensis which was not restricted by seasons. The test results showed that using the mixed substrate of pedite and vermiculite in winter and spring can keep moisture but not too high, and the produced sprout vegetable had good quality and high yield.
基金Supported by Program from Hubei Education Department(Z200512002)Outstanding Youth Science and Technology Innovation Team Plan Project of Yangtze University~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to provide theoretical basis for the prevention and control of the invasion of Alternanthera philoxeroides（Mart.）Griseb.[Method] Effects of fragmentation intensity of fresh roots and their burial depth on sprouting and early growth of A.philoxeroides were studied by control test.[Result] More sprouts of A.philoxeroides emerged when the fragmentation intensity of fresh roots was higher,while if the fragmentation intensity of fresh roots was lower,the early growth of A.philoxeroides was more rapid.The soil buried depth had significant effect on fresh root sprouts＇ emergence,but once fresh root sprouts could reach the soil surface and were given enough growth time,even if the fresh roots were buried in different depths,soil buried depth had no significant effect on its young plant growth.[Conclusion] If different fragmentation intensities of fresh roots present,there is a kind of trade-off strategy between root sprouts＇ emergence and plant＇ early growth,by which A.philoxeroides can invade new habitat successfully.To control the invasion of A.philoxeroides,it is critical to prevent its fresh root sprouts from emerging to soil surface,that is,to bury the fresh roots at a further soil depth.
基金Supported by the National Research Council of Thailand 2015[grant number:R2558B114]
文摘Objective: To investigate the change in total phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity,and resveratrol content of five different germinated peanut cultivars.Methods: The germinated sprouts of five peanut cultivars(Kalasin1, Kalasin2, Konkaen,Konkaen4, and Tainan9) were extracted with 80% ethanol and collected as crude extract.The antioxidant capacities were determined with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power method.The total phenolic compound was measured using the Folin–Ciocalteau assay.The qualification and quantification of resveratrol was performed by high performance liquid chromatography method.Results: Among the five cultivars, a three-day germination of Kalasin1 showed the highest phenolic content [(40.67 ± 2.62) mg gallic acid/g dry weight], expressed the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl antioxidant value [(80.51 ± 1.47) mmol/L Trolox/g dry weight], and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power antioxidant value [(171.33 ± 8.59)mmol/L ascorbic acid/g dry weight].However, the high performance liquid chromatography result of Kalasin2 significantly increased to the highest resveratrol content of(6.44 ± 1.26) mg/g dry weight on the second day of germination.Conclusions: The variation of phytochemical content in the peanut sprout is due to the effect of the peanut cultivar and the germination period.
基金supported by grants from the National Major Science and Technology Program on New GMO Organism Variety Breeding(2016ZX08001-001)Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS)。
文摘Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)is a disadvantageous trait in cereal production worldwide,causing large economic losses each year.Its regulation mechanism is still unclear.We generated the Oryza sativa Viviparous1(OsVP1)mutant using gene editing technique,which shows increased PHS compared with that of the wild type Nipponbare.OsVP1 is localized mainly in the nucleus and expressed in various tissues and organs.Expression of Seed dormancy 4(Sdr4),a key gene controlling PHS,was sharply reduced in OsVP1 mutants.OsVP1 bound to the specific motif CACCTG in the promoter of Sdr4 and activated its expression in rice protoplasts.Overexpression of Sdr4 reduced the high seed germination rate of OsVP1 mutant cr-osvp1-1,showing that Sdr4 acts as a downstream target of OsVP1.Both OsVP1 and Sdr4 loss-of-function mutants were insensitive to exogenous ABA and employed the ABA signaling pathway in regulating seed dormancy.These findings shed light on the control of seed dormancy aimed at preventing PHS in rice.
基金supported by research grants to VJT from the National Institutes of Health(R01 NS085426)the Department of Defense(W81XWH-14-1-060)
文摘Both sensorimotor and autonomic dysfunctions often occur after spinal cord injury（SCI）. Particularly, a high thoracic or cervical SCI interrupts supraspinal vasomotor pathways and results in disordered hemodynamics due to deregulated sympathetic outflow. As a result of the reduced sympathetic activity, patients with SCI may experience hypotension, cardiac dysrhythmias, and hypothermia post-injury. In the chronic phase, changes within the CNS and blood vessels lead to orthostatic hypotension and life-threatening autonomic dysreflexia（AD）. AD is characterized by an episodic, massive sympathetic discharge that causes severe hypertension associated with bradycardia. The syndrome is often triggered by unpleasant visceral or sensory stimuli below the injury level. Currently the only treatments are palliative - once a stimulus elicits AD, pharmacological vasodilators are administered to help reduce the spike in arterial blood pressure. However, a more effective means would be to mitigate AD development by attenuating contributing mechanisms, such as the reorganization of intraspinal circuits below the level of injury. A better understanding of the neuropathophysiology underlying cardiovascular dysfunction after SCI is essential to better develop novel therapeutic approaches to restore hemodynamic performance.
文摘Axonal regeneration and ifber regrowth is limited in the adult central nervous system, but re-search over the last decades has revealed a high intrinsic capacity of brain and spinal cord circuits to adapt and reorganize after smaller injuries or denervation. Short-distance ifber growth and synaptic rewiring was found in cortex, brain stem and spinal cord and could be associated with restoration of sensorimotor functions that were impaired by the injury. Such processes of struc-tural plasticity were initially observed in the corticospinal system following spinal cord injury or stroke, but recent studies showed an equally high potential for structural and functional reorganization in reticulospinal, rubrospinal or propriospinal projections. Here we review the lesion-induced plastic changes in the propriospinal pathways, and we argue that they represent a key mechanism triggering sensorimotor recovery upon incomplete spinal cord injury. The for-mation or strengthening of spinal detour pathways bypassing supraspinal commands around the lesion site to the denervated spinal cord were identiifed as prominent neural substrate inducing substantial motor recovery in different species from mice to primates. Indications for the exis-tence of propriospinal bypasses were also found in humans after cortical stroke. It is mandatory for current research to dissect the biological mechanisms underlying spinal circuit remodeling and to investigate how these processes can be stimulated in an optimal way by therapeutic inter-ventions （e.g., ifber-growth enhancing interventions, rehabilitation）. This knowledge will clear the way for the development of novel strategies targeting the remarkable plastic potential of pro-priospinal circuits to maximize functional recovery after spinal cord injury.
文摘AIM: To evaluate effects of dietary supplementation of sulforaphane(SF)-rich broccoli sprout(BS) extract on hepatic abnormalities in Japanese male participants.METHODS: In a randomized,placebo-controlled,double blind trial,male participants with fatty liver received either BS capsules containing glucoraphanin [GR; a precursor of SF(n = 24)] or placebo(n = 28) for 2 mo. Liver function markers,serum levels of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases(AST and ALT,respectively) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase(γ-GTP) and an oxidative stress marker,urinary levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine(8-OHd G),were measured and compared in participants before and after the trial period. In an animal model,chronic liver failure was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by successive intraperitoneal injection with N-nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA) for 4 wk. Concomitantly,rats received AIN-76 diets supplemented with or without BS extract. Thereafter,rats were sacrificed,and their sera and livers were collected to measure serum liver function markers and hepatic levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) levels and hepatic glutathione S-transferase(GST) activity,a prototypical phase 2 antioxidant enzyme.RESULTS: Dietary supplementation with BS extract containing SF precursor GR for 2 mo significantly decreased serum levels of liver function markers,ALT [median(interquartile range),before: 54.0(34.5-79.0) vs after supplementation: 48.5(33.3-65.3) IU/L,P < 0.05] and γ-GTP [before: 51.5(40.8-91.3) vs after: 50.0(37.8-85.3) IU/L,P < 0.05],as well as the alkali phosphatase activity. Placebo showed no significant effects on the markers. The urinary level of 8-OHd G,an established oxidative stress marker,was significantly reduced in participants who had received BS capsules but not the placebo [before: 6.66(5.51-9.03) vs after: 5.49(4.89-6.66) ng/mg-creatinine,P < 0.05]. The reduction of urinary 8-OHd G was significantly correlated with decreased levels of both ALT and γ-GTP [?8-OHd G and ?ALT: Spearman r(r) 0.514 and P = 0.012,?8-OHd G and ?γ-GTP: r = 0.496 and P = 0.016]. Intake of BS extract prevented NDMA-induced chronic liver failure in rats,which was attributable to the suppression of the increase in TBARS through induction of hepatic phase 2 antioxidant enzymes including hepatic GST(86.6 ± 95.2 vs 107.8 ± 7.7 IU/g,P < 0.01).CONCLUSION: Dietary supplementation with BS extract containing the SF precursor GR is likely to be highly effective in improving liver function through reduction of oxidative stress.
基金supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan (No. 20380084)Funding for first author was provided by the Kambayashi Scholarship Foundation, Japan
文摘To determine the growth strategies during early regeneration stages of two major coniferous species （Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata） in a secondary mixed coniferous forest in the Huangshan region of Anhui Province, eastern China, we examined height growth, diameter-height relationship and the relationship between main stem and lateral branch elongation in saplings, with a particular focus on the effects of light intensity and regeneration mode （seedlings versus sprouts）. When light intensity was sufficiently high, the extension growth of main stems was greater and more positively related to initial size for P. massoniana than for C. lanceolata. The slenderness of the stem form increased in the following order： C. lanceolata seedlings 〈 P. massoniana seedlings 〈 C. lanceolata sprouts. P. massoniana became less slender with increasing light intensity. P. massoniana had shorter branches than C. lanceolata given the same main stem elongation. Growth allocation depended more strongly on light intensity for P. massoniana than for C. lanceolata, with more growth allocated to the main stem under dark conditions. These results suggest that P. massoniana is a typical shade avoider; this species gives priority to extension growth of the main stem, especially when it is shaded. In contrast, C. lanceolata is a shade tolerator; this species allocates more biomass to radial growth of its main stems and to extension growth of branches. Based on these results, the ecological characteristics of P. massoniana and C. lanceolata and the roles of seedlings and sprouts are discussed in relation to stand dynamics of the mixed forests of P. massoniana and C. lanceolata in eastern China.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31270343 and 31500247)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2015M581922)
文摘Glucosinolates, anthocyanins, total phenols, and vitamin C, as well as antioxidant capacity, were investigated in Chinese kale sprouts treated with both glucose and gibberellic acid（GA_3）. The combination of 3%（0.03 g/ml） glucose and 5 μmol/L GA_3 treatment was effective in increasing glucosinolate content while glucose or GA_3 treatment alone did not influence significantly almost all individual glucosinolates or total glucosinolates. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Chinese kale sprouts were enhanced by combined treatment with glucose and GA_3, which could be useful in improving the main health-promoting compounds and antioxidant activity in Chinese kale sprouts.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81974210)the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province,China(No.2020A0505100045)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.2019A1515010671),all to CKT.
文摘Injuries to the central nervous system(CNS)such as stroke,brain,and spinal cord trauma often result in permanent disabilities because adult CNS neurons only exhibit limited axon regeneration.The brain has a surprising intrinsic capability of recovering itself after injury.However,the hostile extrinsic microenvironment significantly hinders axon regeneration.Recent advances have indicated that the inactivation of intrinsic regenerative pathways plays a pivotal role in the failure of most adult CNS neuronal regeneration.Particularly,substantial evidence has convincingly demonstrated that the mechanistic target of rapamycin(mTOR)signaling is one of the most crucial intrinsic regenerative pathways that drive axonal regeneration and sprouting in various CNS injuries.In this review,we will discuss the recent findings and highlight the critical roles of mTOR pathway in axon regeneration in different types of CNS injury.Importantly,we will demonstrate that the reactivation of this regenerative pathway can be achieved by blocking the key mTOR signaling components such as phosphatase and tensin homolog(PTEN).Given that multiple mTOR signaling components are endogenous inhibitory factors of this pathway,we will discuss the promising potential of RNA-based therapeutics which are particularly suitable for this purpose,and the fact that they have attracted substantial attention recently after the success of coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination.To specifically tackle the blood-brain barrier issue,we will review the current technology to deliver these RNA therapeutics into the brain with a focus on nanoparticle technology.We will propose the clinical application of these RNA-mediated therapies in combination with the brain-targeted drug delivery approach against mTOR signaling components as an effective and feasible therapeutic strategy aiming to enhance axonal regeneration for functional recovery after CNS injury.
基金supported by MINECO and FEDER funds:ref CPP2021-008855 and RTC-2015-4094-1,Junta de Castilla y León ref.LE025P1 7Neural Therapies SLref.NTDev-01 (all to AFL and JMGO)。
文摘The inflammato ry response plays an important role in neuroprotection and regeneration after ischemic insult.The use of non-ste roidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been a matter of debate as to whether they have beneficial or detrimental effects.In this context,the effects of the anti-inflammatory agent meloxicam have been scarcely documented after stro ke,but its ability to inhibit both cyclooxygenase isoforms(1 and 2) could be a promising strategy to modulate postischemic inflammation.This study analyzed the effect of meloxicam in a transient focal cerebral ischemia model in rats,measuring its neuroprotective effect after 48 hours and 7 days of reperfusion and the effects of the treatment on the glial scar and regenerative events such as the generation of new progenitors in the subventricular zone and axonal sprouting at the edge of the damaged area.We show that meloxicam’s neuroprotective effects remained after 7 days of reperfusion even if its administration was restricted to the two first days after ischemia.Moreover,meloxicam treatment modulated glial scar reactivity,which matched with an increase in axonal sprouting.However,this treatment decreased the formation of neuronal progenitor cells.This study discusses the dual role of anti-inflammatory treatments after stro ke and encourages the careful analysis of both the neuroprotective and the regenerative effects in preclinical studies.
