AIM To compare the efficacy of fixed-time split dose and split dose of an oral sodium picosulfate for bowel preparation.METHODS This is study was prospective, randomized controlled study performed at a single Institut...AIM To compare the efficacy of fixed-time split dose and split dose of an oral sodium picosulfate for bowel preparation.METHODS This is study was prospective, randomized controlled study performed at a single Institution(2013-058). A total of 204 subjects were assigned to receive one of two sodium picosulfate regimens(i.e., fixed-time split or split) prior to colonoscopy. Main outcome measurements were bowel preparation quality and subject tolerability.RESULTS There was no statistical difference between the fixedtime split dose regimen group and the split dose regimen group(Ottawa score mean 2.57 ± 1.91 vs 2.80 ± 2.51, P = 0.457). Cecal intubation time and physician's satisfaction of inspection were not significantly different between the two groups(P = 0.428, P = 0.489). On subgroup analysis, for afternoon procedures, the fixed-time split dose regimen was equally effective as compared with the split dose regimen(Ottawa score mean 2.56 ± 1.78 vs 2.59 ± 2.27, P = 0.932). There was no difference in tolerability or compliance between the two groups. Nausea was 21.2% in the fixed-time split dose group and 14.3% in the split dose group(P = 0.136). Vomiting was 7.1% and 2.9%(P = 0.164), abdominal discomfort 7.1% and 4.8%(P = 0.484), dizziness 1% and 4.8%(P = 0.113), cold sweating 1% and 0%(P = 0.302) and palpitation 0% and 1%(P = 0.330), respectively. Sleep disturbance was two(2%) patients in the fixed-time split dose group and zero(0%) patient in the split dose preparation(P = 0.143) group.CONCLUSION A fixed-time split dose regimen with sodium picosulfate is not inferior to a split dose regimen for bowel preparation and equally effective for afternoon colonoscopy.展开更多
The problem of sewage disposal has received great attention worldwide.The raw sewage contains a variety of high inorganic and organic matters that affect natural water environment.To mitigate such problem,sewage may b...The problem of sewage disposal has received great attention worldwide.The raw sewage contains a variety of high inorganic and organic matters that affect natural water environment.To mitigate such problem,sewage may be recycled through aquaculture practice.Sewage recycling in aquaculture enhances water productivity through nutrients input.Proper loading of sewage ensures viable aquaculture;otherwise,fish mortality occurs due to poor water quality.To optimize sewage application,two different experiments were conducted,each with four treatments.In both experiments,three fish species namely rohu(Labeo rohita Hamilton,1822),mrigal(Cirrhinus mrigala Hamilton,1822),and bata(Labeo bata Hamilton,1822)were tested in triplicate in FRP(Fibre-Reinforced Plastic)tanks.Different sewage concentrations(0,25%,50%and 75%)used in first experiment were prepared by mixing freshwater,showing Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD)2.0±0.4 mg/L,10.8±1.4 mg/L,19.6±1.5 mg/L and 41.6±2.58 mg/L,respectively.After 30 days rearing,results showed≥75%fish survival in sewage concentrations up to 50%with BOD level 19.6±1.5 mg/L.Less than 50%fish survived in 75%sewage concentration,with BOD level as 41.6±2.58 mg/L.The second experiment was conducted for 90 days considering 50%sewage concentration as basal dose with BOD level as 19.6 mg/L as an acceptable limit for fish survival.Split doses of sewage were applied in T_(1),T_(2) and T_(3) treatments fortnightly,weekly and semi-weekly intervals,while single dose was used in C(control)treatment.Application of split doses resulted better hydro-biological changes,including nutrients recovery,in T_(1),T_(2) and T_(3) than that of single dose in control.Fish growth plotted with net primary productivity(NPP),phytoplankton and zooplankton densities exhibited positive correlations in T_(2)(12 doses)and T_(3)(24 doses),considered as optimal doses to ensure better water productivity for desirable fish production than sewage with single dose or limited doses(6 doses).展开更多
文摘AIM To compare the efficacy of fixed-time split dose and split dose of an oral sodium picosulfate for bowel preparation.METHODS This is study was prospective, randomized controlled study performed at a single Institution(2013-058). A total of 204 subjects were assigned to receive one of two sodium picosulfate regimens(i.e., fixed-time split or split) prior to colonoscopy. Main outcome measurements were bowel preparation quality and subject tolerability.RESULTS There was no statistical difference between the fixedtime split dose regimen group and the split dose regimen group(Ottawa score mean 2.57 ± 1.91 vs 2.80 ± 2.51, P = 0.457). Cecal intubation time and physician's satisfaction of inspection were not significantly different between the two groups(P = 0.428, P = 0.489). On subgroup analysis, for afternoon procedures, the fixed-time split dose regimen was equally effective as compared with the split dose regimen(Ottawa score mean 2.56 ± 1.78 vs 2.59 ± 2.27, P = 0.932). There was no difference in tolerability or compliance between the two groups. Nausea was 21.2% in the fixed-time split dose group and 14.3% in the split dose group(P = 0.136). Vomiting was 7.1% and 2.9%(P = 0.164), abdominal discomfort 7.1% and 4.8%(P = 0.484), dizziness 1% and 4.8%(P = 0.113), cold sweating 1% and 0%(P = 0.302) and palpitation 0% and 1%(P = 0.330), respectively. Sleep disturbance was two(2%) patients in the fixed-time split dose group and zero(0%) patient in the split dose preparation(P = 0.143) group.CONCLUSION A fixed-time split dose regimen with sodium picosulfate is not inferior to a split dose regimen for bowel preparation and equally effective for afternoon colonoscopy.
文摘The problem of sewage disposal has received great attention worldwide.The raw sewage contains a variety of high inorganic and organic matters that affect natural water environment.To mitigate such problem,sewage may be recycled through aquaculture practice.Sewage recycling in aquaculture enhances water productivity through nutrients input.Proper loading of sewage ensures viable aquaculture;otherwise,fish mortality occurs due to poor water quality.To optimize sewage application,two different experiments were conducted,each with four treatments.In both experiments,three fish species namely rohu(Labeo rohita Hamilton,1822),mrigal(Cirrhinus mrigala Hamilton,1822),and bata(Labeo bata Hamilton,1822)were tested in triplicate in FRP(Fibre-Reinforced Plastic)tanks.Different sewage concentrations(0,25%,50%and 75%)used in first experiment were prepared by mixing freshwater,showing Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD)2.0±0.4 mg/L,10.8±1.4 mg/L,19.6±1.5 mg/L and 41.6±2.58 mg/L,respectively.After 30 days rearing,results showed≥75%fish survival in sewage concentrations up to 50%with BOD level 19.6±1.5 mg/L.Less than 50%fish survived in 75%sewage concentration,with BOD level as 41.6±2.58 mg/L.The second experiment was conducted for 90 days considering 50%sewage concentration as basal dose with BOD level as 19.6 mg/L as an acceptable limit for fish survival.Split doses of sewage were applied in T_(1),T_(2) and T_(3) treatments fortnightly,weekly and semi-weekly intervals,while single dose was used in C(control)treatment.Application of split doses resulted better hydro-biological changes,including nutrients recovery,in T_(1),T_(2) and T_(3) than that of single dose in control.Fish growth plotted with net primary productivity(NPP),phytoplankton and zooplankton densities exhibited positive correlations in T_(2)(12 doses)and T_(3)(24 doses),considered as optimal doses to ensure better water productivity for desirable fish production than sewage with single dose or limited doses(6 doses).
