Rice spike detection and counting play a crucial role in rice yield research.Automatic detection technology based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)imagery has the advantages of flexibility,efficiency,low cost,safety,and...Rice spike detection and counting play a crucial role in rice yield research.Automatic detection technology based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)imagery has the advantages of flexibility,efficiency,low cost,safety,and reliability.However,due to the complex field environment and the small target morphology of some rice spikes,the accuracy of detection and counting is relatively low,and the differences in phenotypic characteristics of rice spikes at different growth stages have a significant impact on detection results.To solve the above problems,this paper improves the You Only Look Once v8(YOLOv8)model,proposes a new method for detecting and counting rice spikes,and designs a comparison experiment using rice spike detection in different periods.Themethod improves the model’s ability to detect rice ears with special morphologies by introducing a Dynamic Snake Convolution(DSConv)module into the Bottleneck of the C2f structure of YOLOv8,which enhances themodule’s ability to extract elongated structural features;In addition,the Weighted Interpolation of Sequential Evidence for Intersection over Union(Wise-IoU)loss function is improved to reduce the harmful gradient of lowquality target frames and enhance themodel’s ability to locate small spikelet targets,thus improving the overall detection performance of the model.The experimental results show that the enhanced rice spike detection model has an average accuracy of 91.4%and a precision of 93.3%,respectively,which are 2.3 percentage points and 2.5 percentage points higher than those of the baseline model.Furthermore,it effectively reduces the occurrence of missed and false detections of rice spikes.In addition,six rice spike detection models were developed by training the proposed models with images of rice spikes at themilk and waxmaturity stages.The experimental findings demonstrated that the models trained on milk maturity data attained the highest detection accuracy for the same data,with an average accuracy of 96.2%,an R squared(R^(2))value of 0.71,and a Rootmean squared error(RMSE)of 20.980.This study provides technical support for early and non-destructive yield estimation in rice in the future.展开更多
Spike length(SL)is an important factor affecting yield in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.).Here,a recombinant inbred line(RIL)population derived from a cross between Shannong 4155(SN4155)and Shimai 12(SM12)was used to map ...Spike length(SL)is an important factor affecting yield in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.).Here,a recombinant inbred line(RIL)population derived from a cross between Shannong 4155(SN4155)and Shimai 12(SM12)was used to map quantitative trait loci(QTL)controlling SL.A QTL,q SL2B,on chromosome 2B was identified in all experiments and explained 9.92%–12.71%of the phenotypic variation.Through transcriptome and gene expression analysis,we identified a gene encoding Elongation Factor 1-alpha(Tae EF1A)as the candidate gene for q SL2B.Genome editing of Tae EF1A demonstrated that Tae EF1A positively regulates SL,spikelet number per spike(SNS),and grain number per spike(GN).Transcriptome analysis showed that Tae EF1A may affect the protein translation process and photosynthesis to regulate spike development.We used haplotype analysis of wheat germplasm to identify seven types of genetic variations in Tae EF1A,with TypeⅠ,TypeⅡ,and TypeⅢbeing the major haplotypes.Screening of 428 cultivars and breeding lines identified 225 and 203 accessions as TypeⅠand TypeⅡhaplotypes,respectively,with TypeⅢnot detected.Comparison of SL,SNS,and GN between the TypeⅠand TypeⅡhaplotypes revealed that the TypeⅠallele can increase SL,SNS,and GN simultaneously,and is thus preferred for use in wheat molecular breeding efforts to increase SL,SNS,and GN.展开更多
Grain yield variation has been associated to variation in grain number per unit area(GN).It has been shown in the last about 40 years that GN is linearly associated to the spike dry weight(SDW)at anthesis in wheat,fac...Grain yield variation has been associated to variation in grain number per unit area(GN).It has been shown in the last about 40 years that GN is linearly associated to the spike dry weight(SDW)at anthesis in wheat,fact that has been useful to understand mechanistically potential grain yield.Fruiting efficiency(FE,grains per gram of spike dry weight),the slope between GN and SDW relationship,has been proposed as a possible trait to improve wheat yield potential.The linear relationship between GN and SDW implies a constant increase in GN per unit increase in spike growth and,then a constant FE.However,there are empirical and theoretical elements suggesting that this relationship would not be linear.In this study,we hypothesised and showed that the linearity of the relationship between GN and SDW would be non-linear for extreme values of SDW,implying that the FE would be noticeably reduced at these extreme cases of dry matter allocation to the juvenile spikes.These results have implications for both,genetic and management improvements in grain yield.展开更多
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PEDV)infection causes acute watery diarrhea in neonatal piglets,leading to substantial economic losses within the pig farming industry.This study demonstrates that clofazimine(CFZ)signi...Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PEDV)infection causes acute watery diarrhea in neonatal piglets,leading to substantial economic losses within the pig farming industry.This study demonstrates that clofazimine(CFZ)significantly inhibits PEDV replication in a dose-dependent manner in vitro,with negligible cytotoxicity.Findings from our time-of-addition assays indicate that CFZ effectively disrupts multiple stages of the viral infection cycle.Using a CoV-RdRp-Gluc reporter system,we evaluated the potency of CFZ against PEDV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase(RdRp),and determined a low IC50 value of 0.1364μM.Molecular docking studies further confirmed that CFZ has high binding affinity at the active sites of the spike protein and RdRp protein in PEDV.Transcriptome analysis of Vero E6 cells,with and without CFZ treatment,revealed a significant change in transcriptional activity at 8 h postinfection(hpi).Moreover,the simultaneous application of CFZ and nucleoside analogs showed enhanced the anti-PEDV effect of CFZ in vitro.Our study underscores the potential of CFZ as a viable therapeutic agent against PEDV.展开更多
Background Quantifying the potential benefits of advanced footwear technology(AFT)track shoes(i.e.,“spikes”)in middle-distance events is challenging,because repeated maximal effort trials(as in sprinting)or aerobic ...Background Quantifying the potential benefits of advanced footwear technology(AFT)track shoes(i.e.,“spikes”)in middle-distance events is challenging,because repeated maximal effort trials(as in sprinting)or aerobic running economy trials(as in long-distance running)are not feasible.Methods We introduce a novel approach to assess the benefits of AFT spikes,consisting of a series of 200-m runs at self-perceived middle-distance race pace with 10 min recovery,and conduct 4 experiments to evaluate its validity,sensitivity,reproducibility,and utility.Results In Experiment 1,participants ran 1.2%slower in spikes with 200 g added mass vs.control spikes,which is exactly equal to the known effects of shoe mass on running performance.In Experiment 2,participants ran significantly faster in AFT prototype spikes vs.traditional spikes.In Experiment 3,we compared 2 other AFT prototype spikes against traditional spikes on 3 separate days.Group-level results were consistent across days,but our data indicates that at least 2 separate sessions are needed to evaluate individual responses.In Experiment 4,participants ran significantly faster in 2 AFT spike models vs.traditional spikes(2.1%and 1.6%).Speed was similar between a third AFT spike model and the traditional spikes.These speed results were mirrored by changes in step length as participants took significantly longer steps in the 2 faster AFT spike models(2.3%and 1.9%),while step length was similar between the other spikes.Conclusion Our novel,interval-based approach is a valid and reliable method for quantifying differences between spikes at middle-distance running intensity.展开更多
目的:对缴获的新型"sp ike 99"香料进行主要有机成分检验。方法:采用GC/MS定性方法对缴获"sp ike 99"香料进行定性分析。结果:"sp ike 99"香料中检出JWH-018,JWH-073等合成大麻素成分。结论:含有这些合...目的:对缴获的新型"sp ike 99"香料进行主要有机成分检验。方法:采用GC/MS定性方法对缴获"sp ike 99"香料进行定性分析。结果:"sp ike 99"香料中检出JWH-018,JWH-073等合成大麻素成分。结论:含有这些合成大麻素的"sp ike 99"香料样本,应该被认定为是一种新的"策划药"产品。展开更多
近年来,皮秒脉冲电场诱导的生物电效应逐渐引起了国内外研究学者的关注。现有细胞实验已经初步证实,皮秒脉冲电场对神经元细胞及其动作电位有一定影响。然而,目前国内外尚未见皮秒脉冲对神经元spike发放影响的相关研究报道,皮秒脉冲对...近年来,皮秒脉冲电场诱导的生物电效应逐渐引起了国内外研究学者的关注。现有细胞实验已经初步证实,皮秒脉冲电场对神经元细胞及其动作电位有一定影响。然而,目前国内外尚未见皮秒脉冲对神经元spike发放影响的相关研究报道,皮秒脉冲对动物神经元spike发放的调控效果仍为一个未知数。为此,基于可调式皮秒脉冲发生器（最大峰值电压–1 000 V,半高宽550 ps,上升时间150 ps,重复频率0~10 k Hz可调）,以大鼠运动皮层神经元为实验对象,有效开展了皮秒脉冲对大鼠运动皮层电生理活动影响的研究,初步探讨了皮秒脉冲幅值、重复频率及作用时间等对大鼠运动皮层神经元spike发放的影响。实验发现：大鼠运动皮层神经元spike发放的改变与皮秒脉冲幅值、重复频率及作用时间密切相关。当皮秒脉冲电压幅值绝对值大于1 k V时,神经元spike发放开始出现变化。随着皮秒脉冲重复频率的增大,神经元spike发放有先增强后抑制的趋势。随着皮秒脉冲作用时间的增加,神经元spike发放出现增强或抑制效果的频率响应窗口均提前。展开更多
Alien chromosomes of twelve giant spike wheat germplasm lines were identified by C-banding, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR), and random amplified polymorphic DNA (R...Alien chromosomes of twelve giant spike wheat germplasm lines were identified by C-banding, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR), and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). All lines showed a chromosome number of 2n = 42, five of them carried both a pair of wheat-rye (Triticum aestivum-Secale cereal) 1BL/1RS translocation chromosomes and a pair of Agropyron intermedium (Ai) chromosomes, three carried a pair of Ai chromosomes only, three others carried a pair of 1BL/1RS chromosomes only, and one carried neither 1BL/1BS nor Ai chromosome. Further identification revealed that the identical Ai chromosome in these germplasm lines substituted the chromosome 2D of common wheat (T aestivum L.), designated as 2Ai. The genetic implication and further utilization of 2Ai in wheat improvement were also discussed.展开更多
基金funded by Jilin Province Innovation and Entrepreneurship Talent Project,grant number 2023QN15funded by Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin Province,grant number 20220202035NC.
文摘Rice spike detection and counting play a crucial role in rice yield research.Automatic detection technology based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)imagery has the advantages of flexibility,efficiency,low cost,safety,and reliability.However,due to the complex field environment and the small target morphology of some rice spikes,the accuracy of detection and counting is relatively low,and the differences in phenotypic characteristics of rice spikes at different growth stages have a significant impact on detection results.To solve the above problems,this paper improves the You Only Look Once v8(YOLOv8)model,proposes a new method for detecting and counting rice spikes,and designs a comparison experiment using rice spike detection in different periods.Themethod improves the model’s ability to detect rice ears with special morphologies by introducing a Dynamic Snake Convolution(DSConv)module into the Bottleneck of the C2f structure of YOLOv8,which enhances themodule’s ability to extract elongated structural features;In addition,the Weighted Interpolation of Sequential Evidence for Intersection over Union(Wise-IoU)loss function is improved to reduce the harmful gradient of lowquality target frames and enhance themodel’s ability to locate small spikelet targets,thus improving the overall detection performance of the model.The experimental results show that the enhanced rice spike detection model has an average accuracy of 91.4%and a precision of 93.3%,respectively,which are 2.3 percentage points and 2.5 percentage points higher than those of the baseline model.Furthermore,it effectively reduces the occurrence of missed and false detections of rice spikes.In addition,six rice spike detection models were developed by training the proposed models with images of rice spikes at themilk and waxmaturity stages.The experimental findings demonstrated that the models trained on milk maturity data attained the highest detection accuracy for the same data,with an average accuracy of 96.2%,an R squared(R^(2))value of 0.71,and a Rootmean squared error(RMSE)of 20.980.This study provides technical support for early and non-destructive yield estimation in rice in the future.
基金supported by the Key R&D Program of Shandong province(2022LZGC001,2024CXPT072)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32201863)the Tai’shan Scholars Program。
文摘Spike length(SL)is an important factor affecting yield in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.).Here,a recombinant inbred line(RIL)population derived from a cross between Shannong 4155(SN4155)and Shimai 12(SM12)was used to map quantitative trait loci(QTL)controlling SL.A QTL,q SL2B,on chromosome 2B was identified in all experiments and explained 9.92%–12.71%of the phenotypic variation.Through transcriptome and gene expression analysis,we identified a gene encoding Elongation Factor 1-alpha(Tae EF1A)as the candidate gene for q SL2B.Genome editing of Tae EF1A demonstrated that Tae EF1A positively regulates SL,spikelet number per spike(SNS),and grain number per spike(GN).Transcriptome analysis showed that Tae EF1A may affect the protein translation process and photosynthesis to regulate spike development.We used haplotype analysis of wheat germplasm to identify seven types of genetic variations in Tae EF1A,with TypeⅠ,TypeⅡ,and TypeⅢbeing the major haplotypes.Screening of 428 cultivars and breeding lines identified 225 and 203 accessions as TypeⅠand TypeⅡhaplotypes,respectively,with TypeⅢnot detected.Comparison of SL,SNS,and GN between the TypeⅠand TypeⅡhaplotypes revealed that the TypeⅠallele can increase SL,SNS,and GN simultaneously,and is thus preferred for use in wheat molecular breeding efforts to increase SL,SNS,and GN.
基金mainly funded by the State Research Agency of Spain through the Competitive Project PID2021-127415OB-I00 on "Spike fertility in wheat" with some contribution from an AGROTECNIO Seed-funding on "Analysing the physiology of spike density to provide support to selection in breeding programs"RAS did part of the work in this project during a research stay at the Crop Physiology Lab of the University of Lleida co-funded by AUIP (Postgraduate Iberoamerican University Association) grants+1 种基金core funds Crop Physiology Lab of the Ud L. CSC held a Maria Zambrano’s fellowship from the University of Lleida funded by the Spanish Ministry of Universities and the European Social Fund and is a member of CONICET (the Scientific Research Council of Argentina)INTA (the National Institute of Agriculture Technology of Argentina)
文摘Grain yield variation has been associated to variation in grain number per unit area(GN).It has been shown in the last about 40 years that GN is linearly associated to the spike dry weight(SDW)at anthesis in wheat,fact that has been useful to understand mechanistically potential grain yield.Fruiting efficiency(FE,grains per gram of spike dry weight),the slope between GN and SDW relationship,has been proposed as a possible trait to improve wheat yield potential.The linear relationship between GN and SDW implies a constant increase in GN per unit increase in spike growth and,then a constant FE.However,there are empirical and theoretical elements suggesting that this relationship would not be linear.In this study,we hypothesised and showed that the linearity of the relationship between GN and SDW would be non-linear for extreme values of SDW,implying that the FE would be noticeably reduced at these extreme cases of dry matter allocation to the juvenile spikes.These results have implications for both,genetic and management improvements in grain yield.
基金supported by a grant from the National Key Research and Development Plans of China(No.2021YFD1800401)to Zhe Wangthe National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32070128)to Zhe Wang+5 种基金the Shanghai Biomedical Science and Technology Support Special Project(No.21S11900200)to Zhe Wangthe National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31472211)to ZhiBiao Yangthe Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(No.21ZR1433900)to Zhibiao Yangthe National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFD1800805)to Yanjun Zhouthe Pinduoduo-China Agricultural University Research Fund(PC2024A01003)to Xiangfeng Wangthe Biomedicine and Technology Supporting Project of the Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Plan(Grant No.22S11902200,China)to Tao Sun.
文摘Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PEDV)infection causes acute watery diarrhea in neonatal piglets,leading to substantial economic losses within the pig farming industry.This study demonstrates that clofazimine(CFZ)significantly inhibits PEDV replication in a dose-dependent manner in vitro,with negligible cytotoxicity.Findings from our time-of-addition assays indicate that CFZ effectively disrupts multiple stages of the viral infection cycle.Using a CoV-RdRp-Gluc reporter system,we evaluated the potency of CFZ against PEDV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase(RdRp),and determined a low IC50 value of 0.1364μM.Molecular docking studies further confirmed that CFZ has high binding affinity at the active sites of the spike protein and RdRp protein in PEDV.Transcriptome analysis of Vero E6 cells,with and without CFZ treatment,revealed a significant change in transcriptional activity at 8 h postinfection(hpi).Moreover,the simultaneous application of CFZ and nucleoside analogs showed enhanced the anti-PEDV effect of CFZ in vitro.Our study underscores the potential of CFZ as a viable therapeutic agent against PEDV.
基金partly supported by a research contract from PUMA SE with the University of Massachusetts,Amherst.
文摘Background Quantifying the potential benefits of advanced footwear technology(AFT)track shoes(i.e.,“spikes”)in middle-distance events is challenging,because repeated maximal effort trials(as in sprinting)or aerobic running economy trials(as in long-distance running)are not feasible.Methods We introduce a novel approach to assess the benefits of AFT spikes,consisting of a series of 200-m runs at self-perceived middle-distance race pace with 10 min recovery,and conduct 4 experiments to evaluate its validity,sensitivity,reproducibility,and utility.Results In Experiment 1,participants ran 1.2%slower in spikes with 200 g added mass vs.control spikes,which is exactly equal to the known effects of shoe mass on running performance.In Experiment 2,participants ran significantly faster in AFT prototype spikes vs.traditional spikes.In Experiment 3,we compared 2 other AFT prototype spikes against traditional spikes on 3 separate days.Group-level results were consistent across days,but our data indicates that at least 2 separate sessions are needed to evaluate individual responses.In Experiment 4,participants ran significantly faster in 2 AFT spike models vs.traditional spikes(2.1%and 1.6%).Speed was similar between a third AFT spike model and the traditional spikes.These speed results were mirrored by changes in step length as participants took significantly longer steps in the 2 faster AFT spike models(2.3%and 1.9%),while step length was similar between the other spikes.Conclusion Our novel,interval-based approach is a valid and reliable method for quantifying differences between spikes at middle-distance running intensity.
文摘条件价值法调查中会有相当比例的受访者不愿意支付费用,对这部分群体如果处理不当会影响到价值评估的可靠性和有效性。以南京市居民对长江流域生态补偿的支付意愿为例,采用双边界两分式问卷调查获取1 403份有效样本。分析了忽略零响应问题的传统模型所造成的支付意愿(Willingness to Pay,WTP)估算偏差,并采用Spike模型对WTP估算进行了校正。结果显示:若直接删除零响应样本,中位数WTP在359～396元/(户.a)之间;而将零响应的实际支付用接近零的正数进行替代,得到的中位数WTP在154～208元/(户.a)之间。根据Spike模型,将真实零响应样本纳入分析后,得到的WTP估算结果在259～288元/(户.a)之间。表明直接删除零响应会明显高估WTP,而用零或接近零的正数替代零响应又会低估WTP。未来5 a内长江南京段的生态补偿总价值至少为24.4×108元。将决策过程划分为"加入决策"和"支付决策"两个阶段后,论文还发现,"加入决策"和"支付决策"是两种不同的机制,二者在影响因素上存在差异。此外,不同收入家庭的WTP存在明显异质性。
文摘目的:对缴获的新型"sp ike 99"香料进行主要有机成分检验。方法:采用GC/MS定性方法对缴获"sp ike 99"香料进行定性分析。结果:"sp ike 99"香料中检出JWH-018,JWH-073等合成大麻素成分。结论:含有这些合成大麻素的"sp ike 99"香料样本,应该被认定为是一种新的"策划药"产品。
文摘近年来,皮秒脉冲电场诱导的生物电效应逐渐引起了国内外研究学者的关注。现有细胞实验已经初步证实,皮秒脉冲电场对神经元细胞及其动作电位有一定影响。然而,目前国内外尚未见皮秒脉冲对神经元spike发放影响的相关研究报道,皮秒脉冲对动物神经元spike发放的调控效果仍为一个未知数。为此,基于可调式皮秒脉冲发生器（最大峰值电压–1 000 V,半高宽550 ps,上升时间150 ps,重复频率0~10 k Hz可调）,以大鼠运动皮层神经元为实验对象,有效开展了皮秒脉冲对大鼠运动皮层电生理活动影响的研究,初步探讨了皮秒脉冲幅值、重复频率及作用时间等对大鼠运动皮层神经元spike发放的影响。实验发现：大鼠运动皮层神经元spike发放的改变与皮秒脉冲幅值、重复频率及作用时间密切相关。当皮秒脉冲电压幅值绝对值大于1 k V时,神经元spike发放开始出现变化。随着皮秒脉冲重复频率的增大,神经元spike发放有先增强后抑制的趋势。随着皮秒脉冲作用时间的增加,神经元spike发放出现增强或抑制效果的频率响应窗口均提前。
文摘Alien chromosomes of twelve giant spike wheat germplasm lines were identified by C-banding, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR), and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). All lines showed a chromosome number of 2n = 42, five of them carried both a pair of wheat-rye (Triticum aestivum-Secale cereal) 1BL/1RS translocation chromosomes and a pair of Agropyron intermedium (Ai) chromosomes, three carried a pair of Ai chromosomes only, three others carried a pair of 1BL/1RS chromosomes only, and one carried neither 1BL/1BS nor Ai chromosome. Further identification revealed that the identical Ai chromosome in these germplasm lines substituted the chromosome 2D of common wheat (T aestivum L.), designated as 2Ai. The genetic implication and further utilization of 2Ai in wheat improvement were also discussed.
