Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is the most common form of dementia.In addition to the lack of effective treatments,there are limitations in diagnostic capabilities.The complexity of AD itself,together with a variety of other...Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is the most common form of dementia.In addition to the lack of effective treatments,there are limitations in diagnostic capabilities.The complexity of AD itself,together with a variety of other diseases often observed in a patient’s history in addition to their AD diagnosis,make deciphering the molecular mechanisms that underlie AD,even more important.Large datasets of single-cell RNA sequencing,single-nucleus RNA-sequencing(snRNA-seq),and spatial transcriptomics(ST)have become essential in guiding and supporting new investigations into the cellular and regional susceptibility of AD.However,with unique technology,software,and larger databases emerging;a lack of integration of these data can contribute to ineffective use of valuable knowledge.Importantly,there was no specialized database that concentrates on ST in AD that offers comprehensive differential analyses under various conditions,such as sex-specific,region-specific,and comparisons between AD and control groups until the new Single-cell and Spatial RNA-seq databasE for Alzheimer’s Disease(ssREAD)database(Wang et al.,2024)was introduced to meet the scientific community’s growing demand for comprehensive,integrated,and accessible data analysis.展开更多
Rapid urbanization in China has led to spatial antagonism between urban development and farmland protection and ecological security maintenance.Multi-objective spatial collaborative optimization is a powerful method f...Rapid urbanization in China has led to spatial antagonism between urban development and farmland protection and ecological security maintenance.Multi-objective spatial collaborative optimization is a powerful method for achieving sustainable regional development.Previous studies on multi-objective spatial optimization do not involve spatial corrections to simulation results based on the natural endowment of space resources.This study proposes an Ecological Security-Food Security-Urban Sustainable Development(ES-FS-USD)spatial optimization framework.This framework combines the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II(NSGA-II)and patch-generating land use simulation(PLUS)model with an ecological protection importance evaluation,comprehensive agricultural productivity evaluation,and urban sustainable development potential assessment and optimizes the territorial space in the Yangtze River Delta(YRD)region in 2035.The proposed sustainable development(SD)scenario can effectively reduce the destruction of landscape patterns of various land-use types while considering both ecological and economic benefits.The simulation results were further revised by evaluating the land-use suitability of the YRD region.According to the revised spatial pattern for the YRD in 2035,the farmland area accounts for 43.59%of the total YRD,which is 5.35%less than that in 2010.Forest,grassland,and water area account for 40.46%of the total YRD—an increase of 1.42%compared with the case in 2010.Construction land accounts for 14.72%of the total YRD—an increase of 2.77%compared with the case in 2010.The ES-FS-USD spatial optimization framework ensures that spatial optimization outcomes are aligned with the natural endowments of land resources,thereby promoting the sustainable use of land resources,improving the ability of spatial management,and providing valuable insights for decision makers.展开更多
Precipitation events,which follow a life cycle of initiation,development,and decay,represent the fundamental form of precipitation.Comprehensive and accurate detection of these events is crucial for effective water re...Precipitation events,which follow a life cycle of initiation,development,and decay,represent the fundamental form of precipitation.Comprehensive and accurate detection of these events is crucial for effective water resource management and flood control.However,current investigations on their spatio-temporal patterns remain limited,largely because of the lack of systematic detection indices that are specifically designed for precipitation events,which constrains event-scale research.In this study,we defined a set of precipitation event detection indices(PEDI)that consists of five conventional and fourteen extreme indices to characterize precipitation events from the perspectives of intensity,duration,and frequency.Applications of the PEDI revealed the spatial patterns of hourly precipitation events in China and its first-and second-order river basins from 2008 to 2017.Both conventional and extreme precipitation events displayed spatial distribution patterns that gradually decreased in intensity,duration,and frequency from southeast to northwest China.Compared with those in northwest China,the average values of most PEDIs in southeast China were usually 2-10 times greater for first-order river basins and 3-15 times greater for second-order basins.The PEDI could serve as a reference method for investigating precipitation events at global,regional,and basin scales.展开更多
Cities are important carriers of green innovation.The foundation for accelerating China's ecological civilization construction and fostering regionally coordinated and sustainable development is quantitative analy...Cities are important carriers of green innovation.The foundation for accelerating China's ecological civilization construction and fostering regionally coordinated and sustainable development is quantitative analysis of the spatial evolution pattern and influencing factors of urban green innovation,as well as revealing the development differences between regions.This study's research object includes 284 Chinese cities that are at the prefecture level or above,excluding Xizang,Hong Kong,Macao,and Taiwan of China due to incomplete data.The spatial evolution characteristics of urban green innovation in China between 2005 and 2021 are comprehensively described using the gravity center model and boxplot analysis.The factors that affect urban green innovation are examined using the spatial Durbin model(SDM).The findings indicate that:1)over the period of the study,the gravity center of urban green innovation in China has always been distributed in the Henan-Anhui border region,showing a migration characteristic of‘initially shifting northeast,subsequently southeast',and the migration speed has gradually increased.2)Although there are also noticeable disparities in east-west,the north-south gap is the main cause of the shift in China's urban green innovation gravity center.The primary areas of urban green innovation in China are the cities with green innovation levels higher than the median.3)The main influencing factor of urban green innovation is the industrial structure level.The effect of the financial development level,the government intervention level,and the openness to the outside world degree on urban green innovation is weakened in turn.The environmental regulation degree is not truly influencing urban green innovation.The impact of various factors on green innovation across cities of different sizes,exhibiting heterogeneity.This study is conducive to broadening the academic community's comprehension of the spatial evolution characteristics of urban green innovation and offering a theoretical framework for developing policies for the all-encompassing green transformation of social and economic growth.展开更多
The word“spatial”fundamentally relates to human existence,evolution,and activity in terrestrial and even celestial spaces.After reviewing the spatial features of many areas,the paper describes basics of high level m...The word“spatial”fundamentally relates to human existence,evolution,and activity in terrestrial and even celestial spaces.After reviewing the spatial features of many areas,the paper describes basics of high level model and technology called Spatial Grasp for dealing with large distributed systems,which can provide spatial vision,awareness,management,control,and even consciousness.The technology description includes its key Spatial Grasp Language(SGL),self-evolution of recursive SGL scenarios,and implementation of SGL interpreter converting distributed networked systems into powerful spatial engines.Examples of typical spatial scenarios in SGL include finding shortest path tree and shortest path between network nodes,collecting proper information throughout the whole world,elimination of multiple targets by intelligent teams of chasers,and withstanding cyber attacks in distributed networked systems.Also this paper compares Spatial Grasp model with traditional algorithms,confirming universality of the former for any spatial systems,while the latter just tools for concrete applications.展开更多
As an advanced device for observing atmospheric winds,the spaceborne Doppler Asymmetric Spatial Heterodyne(DASH)interferometer also encounters challenges associated with phase distortion,par-ticularly in limb sounding...As an advanced device for observing atmospheric winds,the spaceborne Doppler Asymmetric Spatial Heterodyne(DASH)interferometer also encounters challenges associated with phase distortion,par-ticularly in limb sounding scenarios.This paper discusses interferogram modeling and phase distortion cor-rection techniques for spaceborne DASH interferometers.The modeling of phase distortion interferograms with and without Doppler shift for limb observation was conducted,and the effectiveness of the analytical expression was verified through numerical simulation.The simulation results indicate that errors propagate layer by layer while using the onion-peeling inversion algorithm to handle phase-distorted interferograms.In contrast,the phase distortion correction algorithm can achieve effective correction.This phase correction method can be successfully applied to correct phase distortions in the interferograms of the spaceborne DASH interferometer,providing a feasible solution to enhance its measurement accuracy.展开更多
Carbon emissions resulting from energy consumption have become a pressing issue for governments worldwide.Accurate estimation of carbon emissions using satellite remote sensing data has become a crucial research probl...Carbon emissions resulting from energy consumption have become a pressing issue for governments worldwide.Accurate estimation of carbon emissions using satellite remote sensing data has become a crucial research problem.Previous studies relied on statistical regression models that failed to capture the complex nonlinear relationships between carbon emissions and characteristic variables.In this study,we propose a machine learning algorithm for carbon emissions,a Bayesian optimized XGboost regression model,using multi-year energy carbon emission data and nighttime lights(NTL)remote sensing data from Shaanxi Province,China.Our results demonstrate that the XGboost algorithm outperforms linear regression and four other machine learning models,with an R^(2)of 0.906 and RMSE of 5.687.We observe an annual increase in carbon emissions,with high-emission counties primarily concentrated in northern and central Shaanxi Province,displaying a shift from discrete,sporadic points to contiguous,extended spatial distribution.Spatial autocorrelation clustering reveals predominantly high-high and low-low clustering patterns,with economically developed counties showing high-emission clustering and economically relatively backward counties displaying low-emission clustering.Our findings show that the use of NTL data and the XGboost algorithm can estimate and predict carbon emissionsmore accurately and provide a complementary reference for satellite remote sensing image data to serve carbon emission monitoring and assessment.This research provides an important theoretical basis for formulating practical carbon emission reduction policies and contributes to the development of techniques for accurate carbon emission estimation using remote sensing data.展开更多
Microwave thermochemotherapy(MTC)has been applied to treat lip squamous cell carcinoma(LSCC),but a deeper understanding of its therapeutic mechanisms and molecular biology is needed.To address this,we used single-cell...Microwave thermochemotherapy(MTC)has been applied to treat lip squamous cell carcinoma(LSCC),but a deeper understanding of its therapeutic mechanisms and molecular biology is needed.To address this,we used single-cell transcriptomics(scRNA-seq)and spatial transcriptomics(ST)to highlight the pivotal role of tumor-associated neutrophils(TANs)among tumor-infiltrating immune cells and their therapeutic response to MTC.MNDA+TANs with anti-tumor activity(N1-phenotype)are found to be abundantly infiltrated by MTC with benefit of increased blood perfusion,and these TANs are characterized by enhanced cytotoxicity,ameliorated hypoxia,and upregulated IL1B,activating T&NK cells and fibroblasts via IL1B-IL1R.In this highly anti-tumor immunogenic and hypoxia-reversed microenvironment under MTC,fibroblasts accumulated in the tumor front(TF)can recruit N1-TANs via CXCL2-CXCR2 and clear N2-TANs(pro-tumor phenotype)via CXCL12-CXCR4,which results in the aggregation of N1-TANs and extracellular matrix(ECM)deposition.In addition,we construct an N1-TANs marker,MX2,which positively correlates with better prognosis in LSCC patients,and employ deep learning techniques to predict expression of MX2 from hematoxylin-eosin(H&E)-stained images so as to conveniently guide decision making in clinical practice.Collectively,our findings demonstrate that the N1-TANs/fibroblasts defense wall formed in response to MTC effectively combat LSCC.展开更多
The rapid evolution of Fifth-Generation(5G)networks and the strategic development of Sixth-Generation(6G)technologies have significantly advanced the implementation of air-ground integrated networks with seamless cove...The rapid evolution of Fifth-Generation(5G)networks and the strategic development of Sixth-Generation(6G)technologies have significantly advanced the implementation of air-ground integrated networks with seamless coverage.Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs),serving as high-mobility aerial platforms,are extensively utilized to enhance coverage in long-distance emergency communication scenarios.The resource-constrained communication environments in emergencies by classifying UAVs into swarm UAVs and relay UAVs as aerial communication nodes is inversitgated.A horizontal deployment strategy for swarm UAVs is formulated through K-means clustering algorithm optimization,while a vertical deployment scheme is established using convex optimization methods.The minimum-path trajectory planning for relay UAVs is optimized via the Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)algorithm,enhancing communication reliability between UAV swarms and terrestrial base stations.A three-dimensional heterogeneous network architecture is realized by modeling spatial multi-hop relay links.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed joint UAV relay optimization framework outperforms conventional algorithms in both coverage performance and relay capability during video stream transmission,achieving significant improvements in coverage enhancement and relay efficiency.This work provides technical foundations for constructing high-reliability air-ground cooperative systems in emergency communications.展开更多
The swelling behavior and stability in solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)have been proved to determine the battery cycle life.A high swollen,unstable SEI shows a high permeability to electrolyte,which results in the ra...The swelling behavior and stability in solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)have been proved to determine the battery cycle life.A high swollen,unstable SEI shows a high permeability to electrolyte,which results in the rapid battery performance degradation.Here,we customize two SEIs with different spatial structures(bilayer and mosaic)by simply regulating the proportion of additive fluoroethylene carbonate.Surprisingly,due to the uniform distribution of dense inorganic nano-crystals in the inner,the bilayer SEI exhibits low-swelling and excellent mechanical properties,so the undesirable side reactions of the electrolyte are effectively suppressed.In addition,we put forward the growth rate of swelling ratio(GSR)as a key indicator to reveal the swelling change in SEI.The GSR of bilayer SEI merely increases from1.73 to 3.16 after the 300th cycle,which enables the corresponding graphite‖Li battery to achieve longer cycle stability.The capacity retention is improved by 47.5% after 300 cycles at 0.5 C.The correlation among SEI spatial structure,swelling behavior,and battery performance provides a new direction for electrolyte optimization and interphase structure design of high energy density batteries.展开更多
Elucidating the complex dynamic cellular organization in the hypothalamus is critical for understanding its role in coordinating fundamental body functions. Over the past decade, single-cell and spatial omics technolo...Elucidating the complex dynamic cellular organization in the hypothalamus is critical for understanding its role in coordinating fundamental body functions. Over the past decade, single-cell and spatial omics technologies have significantly evolved, overcoming initial technical challenges in capturing and analyzing individual cells. These high-throughput omics technologies now offer a remarkable opportunity to comprehend the complex spatiotemporal patterns of transcriptional diversity and cell-type characteristics across the entire hypothalamus. Current single-cell and single-nucleus RNA sequencing methods comprehensively quantify gene expression by exploring distinct phenotypes across various subregions of the hypothalamus. However, single-cell/single-nucleus RNA sequencing requires isolating the cell/nuclei from the tissue, potentially resulting in the loss of spatial information concerning neuronal networks. Spatial transcriptomics methods, by bypassing the cell dissociation, can elucidate the intricate spatial organization of neural networks through their imaging and sequencing technologies. In this review, we highlight the applicative value of single-cell and spatial transcriptomics in exploring the complex molecular-genetic diversity of hypothalamic cell types, driven by recent high-throughput achievements.展开更多
Synthetic phenolic antioxidants(SPAs)are widely used in diverse industries due to their exceptional antioxidant characteristics.However,human exposure to SPAs may cause health problems.In this study,226 dust samples w...Synthetic phenolic antioxidants(SPAs)are widely used in diverse industries due to their exceptional antioxidant characteristics.However,human exposure to SPAs may cause health problems.In this study,226 dust samples were collected from 10 provinces in China,and six SPAs(three parent SPAs and their three transformation products)were analyzed.The concentrations of6SPAs(the sum of six target compounds)ranged from 15.4 to 3210 ng/g(geometric mean(GM):169 ng/g).The highest concentration of6SPAswas found in Sichuan Province(GM:349 ng/g),which was approximately 4 times higher than that in Hubei Province(81.6 ng/g)(p<0.05).The concentrations of butylated hydroxytoluene(BHT),2,2'-methylene bis(4-methyl-6–tert-butylphenol)(AO2246),2,6-di–tert–butyl–1,4-benzoquinone(BHT-Q),2,6-di–tert–butyl–4-(hydroxymethyl)phenol(BHT-OH),and ∑_(p)-SPAs were substantially higher in dust from urban areas than rural areas(p<0.05).AO2246 concentration in dust from homes(GM:0.400 ng/g)was about 4 times higher than that in workplaces(0.116 ng/g)(p<0.01).Significantly higherp-SPAs concentrations were found in dust from homes(GM:17.5 ng/g)than workplaces(11.4 ng/g)(p<0.01).The estimated daily intakes(EDIs)of ∑_(6)SPAs exposed through dust ingestion were 0.582,0.342,0.197,0.076,and 0.080 ng/kg bw/day in different age groups,and exposed through dermal contact was 0.358,0.252,0.174,0.167,and 0.177 ng/kg bw/day.EDIs showed that the exposure risks of SPAs decreased with age.This is the first work to determine SPAs in dust from10 provinces in China and investigate the spatial distribution of SPAs in those regions.展开更多
Coking industry is a potential source of heavy metals(HMs)pollution.However,its impacts to the groundwater of surrounding residential areas have not been well understood.This study investigated the pollution character...Coking industry is a potential source of heavy metals(HMs)pollution.However,its impacts to the groundwater of surrounding residential areas have not been well understood.This study investigated the pollution characteristics and health risks of HMs in groundwater nearby a typical coking plant.Nine HMs including Fe,Zn,Mo,As,Cu,Ni,Cr,Pb and Cd were analyzed.The average concentration of total HMswas higher in the nearby area(244.27μg/L)than that of remote area away the coking plant(89.15μg/L).The spatial distribution of pollution indices including heavy metal pollution index(HPI),Nemerow index(NI)and contamination degree(CD),all demonstrated higher values at the nearby residential areas,suggesting coking activity could significantly impact the HMs distribution characteristics.Four sources of HMs were identified by Positive Matrix Factorization(PMF)model,which indicated coal washing and coking emission were the dominant sources,accounted for 40.4%,and 31.0%,respectively.Oral ingestionwas found to be the dominant exposure pathway with higher exposure dose to children than adults.Hazard quotient(HQ)values were below 1.0,suggesting negligible non-carcinogenic health risks,while potential carcinogenic risks were from Pb and Ni with cancer risk(CR)values>10−6.Monte Carlo simulation matched well with the calculated results with HMs concentrations to be the most sensitive parameters.This study provides insights into understanding how the industrial coking activities can impact the HMs pollution characteristics in groundwater,thus facilitating the implement of HMs regulation in coking industries.展开更多
Increased exposure to campus green spaces can make a positive contribution to the healthy development of students.However,understanding of the current supply of campus green space(CGS)and its drivers at different educ...Increased exposure to campus green spaces can make a positive contribution to the healthy development of students.However,understanding of the current supply of campus green space(CGS)and its drivers at different education stages is still limited.A new framework was established to evaluate the spatial heterogeneity and its influencing factors across all education stages(kindergarten,primary school,middle school,college)in 1100 schools at the urban scale of Xi’an,China.The research results show that:1)CGS is lower in the Baqiao district and higher in the Yanta and Xincheng districts of Xi’an City.‘Green wealthy schools are mainly concentrated in the Weiyang,Chang’an and Yanta districts.2)CGS of these schools in descending order is college(31.40%)>kindergarten(18.32%)>middle school(13.56%)>primary school(10.70%).3)Colleges have the most recreation sites(n(number)=2),the best education levels(11.93 yr),and the lowest housing prices(1.18×10^(4) yuan(RMB)/m^(2));middle schools have the highest public expenditures(3.97×10^(9) yuan/yr);primary schools have the highest CGS accessibility(travel time gap(TTG)=31.33).4)Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression model and Spearman’s test prove that recreation sites have a significant positive impact on college green spaces(0.28–0.35),and education level has a significant positive impact on kindergarten green spaces(0.16–0.24).This research framework provides important insights for the assessment of school greening initiatives aimed at fostering healthier learning environments for future generations.展开更多
Mineralogical data are presented for the peridotite xenoliths from Miocene(~19 Ma)Qingyuan basalts in the eastern North China Craton(NCC),with the aim of constraining on property of the sub-continental lithospheric ma...Mineralogical data are presented for the peridotite xenoliths from Miocene(~19 Ma)Qingyuan basalts in the eastern North China Craton(NCC),with the aim of constraining on property of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle(SCLM)beneath the northern Tan-Lu fault zone(TLFZ)during the Cenozoic.The Qingyuan peridotites are dominated by spinel lherzolites with moderate-Mg^(#)olivines(89.4 to 91.2),suggesting that the regional SCLM is mainly transitional and fertile.Light rare earth element(LREE)-depleted,slightly depleted and enriched clinopyroxenes(Cpx)are identified in different peridotites.Chemical compositions of the LREE-enriched Cpx and the presence of phlogopite suggest that the Qingyuan SCLM has experienced silicate-related metasomatism.The synthesis of available mineral chemical data of the mantle xenoliths across the NCC confirms the SCLM beneath the NCC is highly heterogeneous in time and space.The Mesozoic–Cenozoic SCLM beneath the TLFZ and neighboring regions are more fertile and thinner than that beneath the region away from the fault zone.The fertile and refractory peridotite xenoliths experienced varying degrees of silicate and carbonatite metasomatism,respectively.The spatial-temporal lithospheric mantle heterogeneity in composition,age and thickness suggest that the trans-lithosphere fault zone played an important role in heterogeneous replacement of refractory cratonic lithospheric mantle.展开更多
Colon cancer is one of the malignant tumors with high morbidity and mortality worldwide[1],and its early diagnosis is crucial for improving patient survival.However,due to the lack of obvious early symptoms of colon c...Colon cancer is one of the malignant tumors with high morbidity and mortality worldwide[1],and its early diagnosis is crucial for improving patient survival.However,due to the lack of obvious early symptoms of colon cancer,many patients are in the middle to late stage when diagnosed and miss the best time for treatment.Therefore,developing an efficient and accurate diagnostic method for colon cancer is of great clinical significance and scientific value.Currently,the current colon cancer biomarkers carcinoembryonic antigen and carbohydrate antigen 19-9[2]have low sensitivity and specificity,the emerging markers circulating tumor DNA(ctDNA)and miRNA face high cost and standardization challenges,and the existing methods lack spatial resolution,prompting the incorporation of spatial metabolomics technologies to enhance diagnostic capabilities.展开更多
The study aims to investigate county-level variations of the COVID-19 disease and vaccination rate. The COVID-19 data was acquired from usafact.org, and the vaccination records were acquired from the Ohio vaccination ...The study aims to investigate county-level variations of the COVID-19 disease and vaccination rate. The COVID-19 data was acquired from usafact.org, and the vaccination records were acquired from the Ohio vaccination tracker dashboard. GIS-based exploratory analysis was conducted to select four variables (poverty, black race, population density, and vaccination) to explain COVID-19 occurrence during the study period. Consequently, spatial statistical techniques such as Moran’s I, Hot Spot Analysis, Spatial Lag Model (SLM), and Spatial Error Model (SEM) were used to explain the COVID-19 occurrence and vaccination rate across the 88 counties in Ohio. The result of the Local Moran’s I analysis reveals that the epicenters of COVID-19 and vaccination followed the same patterns. Indeed, counties like Summit, Franklin, Fairfield, Hamilton, and Medina were categorized as epicenters for both COVID-19 occurrence and vaccination rate. The SEM seems to be the best model for both COVID-19 and vaccination rates, with R2 values of 0.68 and 0.70, respectively. The GWR analysis proves to be better than Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), and the distribution of R2 in the GWR is uneven throughout the study area for both COVID-19 cases and vaccinations. Some counties have a high R2 of up to 0.70 for both COVID-19 cases and vaccinations. The outcomes of the regression analyses show that the SEM models can explain 68% - 70% of COVID-19 cases and vaccination across the entire counties within the study period. COVID-19 cases and vaccination rates exhibited significant positive associations with black race and poverty throughout the study area.展开更多
This study contests the prevalent perception of graffiti writing,especially tagging and bombing,as meaningless vandalism.It contends that graffiti is a form of expression with intrinsic political implications.Leveragi...This study contests the prevalent perception of graffiti writing,especially tagging and bombing,as meaningless vandalism.It contends that graffiti is a form of expression with intrinsic political implications.Leveraging the notion of spatial justice and Jacques Ranciere's philosophy,I demonstrate how graffiti reclaims urban visibility against the commercial monopoly of visibility in public spaces and challenges the inequitable allocation of opportunities for self-expression in modern cities.Despite writers'common denial of political motives,their actions may be interpreted as manifestations of resistance within wider sociospatial conflicts.This study situates grffti within discussions of political art,spatial commodification,and everyday resistance,proposing a normative framework for viewing the art of the urban signature as an activity that redefines"the community that speaks."展开更多
Glial cells play crucial roles in regulating physiological and pathological functions,including sensation,the response to infection and acute injury,and chronic neurodegenerative disorders.Glial cells include astrocyt...Glial cells play crucial roles in regulating physiological and pathological functions,including sensation,the response to infection and acute injury,and chronic neurodegenerative disorders.Glial cells include astrocytes,microglia,and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system,and satellite glial cells and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system.Despite the greater understanding of glial cell types and functional heterogeneity achieved through single-cell and single-nucleus RNA sequencing in animal models,few studies have investigated the transcriptomic profiles of glial cells in the human spinal cord.Here,we used high-throughput single-nucleus RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics to map the cellular and molecular heterogeneity of astrocytes,microglia,and oligodendrocytes in the human spinal cord.To explore the conservation and divergence across species,we compared these findings with those from mice.In the human spinal cord,astrocytes,microglia,and oligodendrocytes were each divided into six distinct transcriptomic subclusters.In the mouse spinal cord,astrocytes,microglia,and oligodendrocytes were divided into five,four,and five distinct transcriptomic subclusters,respectively.The comparative results revealed substantial heterogeneity in all glial cell types between humans and mice.Additionally,we detected sex differences in gene expression in human spinal cord glial cells.Specifically,in all astrocyte subtypes,the levels of NEAT1 and CHI3L1 were higher in males than in females,whereas the levels of CST3 were lower in males than in females.In all microglial subtypes,all differentially expressed genes were located on the sex chromosomes.In addition to sex-specific gene differences,the levels of MT-ND4,MT2A,MT-ATP6,MT-CO3,MT-ND2,MT-ND3,and MT-CO_(2) in all spinal cord oligodendrocyte subtypes were higher in females than in males.Collectively,the present dataset extensively characterizes glial cell heterogeneity and offers a valuable resource for exploring the cellular basis of spinal cordrelated illnesses,including chronic pain,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,and multiple sclerosis.展开更多
文摘Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is the most common form of dementia.In addition to the lack of effective treatments,there are limitations in diagnostic capabilities.The complexity of AD itself,together with a variety of other diseases often observed in a patient’s history in addition to their AD diagnosis,make deciphering the molecular mechanisms that underlie AD,even more important.Large datasets of single-cell RNA sequencing,single-nucleus RNA-sequencing(snRNA-seq),and spatial transcriptomics(ST)have become essential in guiding and supporting new investigations into the cellular and regional susceptibility of AD.However,with unique technology,software,and larger databases emerging;a lack of integration of these data can contribute to ineffective use of valuable knowledge.Importantly,there was no specialized database that concentrates on ST in AD that offers comprehensive differential analyses under various conditions,such as sex-specific,region-specific,and comparisons between AD and control groups until the new Single-cell and Spatial RNA-seq databasE for Alzheimer’s Disease(ssREAD)database(Wang et al.,2024)was introduced to meet the scientific community’s growing demand for comprehensive,integrated,and accessible data analysis.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42301470,No.52270185,No.42171389Capacity Building Program of Local Colleges and Universities in Shanghai,No.21010503300。
文摘Rapid urbanization in China has led to spatial antagonism between urban development and farmland protection and ecological security maintenance.Multi-objective spatial collaborative optimization is a powerful method for achieving sustainable regional development.Previous studies on multi-objective spatial optimization do not involve spatial corrections to simulation results based on the natural endowment of space resources.This study proposes an Ecological Security-Food Security-Urban Sustainable Development(ES-FS-USD)spatial optimization framework.This framework combines the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II(NSGA-II)and patch-generating land use simulation(PLUS)model with an ecological protection importance evaluation,comprehensive agricultural productivity evaluation,and urban sustainable development potential assessment and optimizes the territorial space in the Yangtze River Delta(YRD)region in 2035.The proposed sustainable development(SD)scenario can effectively reduce the destruction of landscape patterns of various land-use types while considering both ecological and economic benefits.The simulation results were further revised by evaluating the land-use suitability of the YRD region.According to the revised spatial pattern for the YRD in 2035,the farmland area accounts for 43.59%of the total YRD,which is 5.35%less than that in 2010.Forest,grassland,and water area account for 40.46%of the total YRD—an increase of 1.42%compared with the case in 2010.Construction land accounts for 14.72%of the total YRD—an increase of 2.77%compared with the case in 2010.The ES-FS-USD spatial optimization framework ensures that spatial optimization outcomes are aligned with the natural endowments of land resources,thereby promoting the sustainable use of land resources,improving the ability of spatial management,and providing valuable insights for decision makers.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China,No.2023YFC3206605,No.2021YFC3201102National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41971035。
文摘Precipitation events,which follow a life cycle of initiation,development,and decay,represent the fundamental form of precipitation.Comprehensive and accurate detection of these events is crucial for effective water resource management and flood control.However,current investigations on their spatio-temporal patterns remain limited,largely because of the lack of systematic detection indices that are specifically designed for precipitation events,which constrains event-scale research.In this study,we defined a set of precipitation event detection indices(PEDI)that consists of five conventional and fourteen extreme indices to characterize precipitation events from the perspectives of intensity,duration,and frequency.Applications of the PEDI revealed the spatial patterns of hourly precipitation events in China and its first-and second-order river basins from 2008 to 2017.Both conventional and extreme precipitation events displayed spatial distribution patterns that gradually decreased in intensity,duration,and frequency from southeast to northwest China.Compared with those in northwest China,the average values of most PEDIs in southeast China were usually 2-10 times greater for first-order river basins and 3-15 times greater for second-order basins.The PEDI could serve as a reference method for investigating precipitation events at global,regional,and basin scales.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42371192)Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(No.2023JJ30100)Social Science Foundation of Hunan Province(No.23ZDAJ023,23YBA133)。
文摘Cities are important carriers of green innovation.The foundation for accelerating China's ecological civilization construction and fostering regionally coordinated and sustainable development is quantitative analysis of the spatial evolution pattern and influencing factors of urban green innovation,as well as revealing the development differences between regions.This study's research object includes 284 Chinese cities that are at the prefecture level or above,excluding Xizang,Hong Kong,Macao,and Taiwan of China due to incomplete data.The spatial evolution characteristics of urban green innovation in China between 2005 and 2021 are comprehensively described using the gravity center model and boxplot analysis.The factors that affect urban green innovation are examined using the spatial Durbin model(SDM).The findings indicate that:1)over the period of the study,the gravity center of urban green innovation in China has always been distributed in the Henan-Anhui border region,showing a migration characteristic of‘initially shifting northeast,subsequently southeast',and the migration speed has gradually increased.2)Although there are also noticeable disparities in east-west,the north-south gap is the main cause of the shift in China's urban green innovation gravity center.The primary areas of urban green innovation in China are the cities with green innovation levels higher than the median.3)The main influencing factor of urban green innovation is the industrial structure level.The effect of the financial development level,the government intervention level,and the openness to the outside world degree on urban green innovation is weakened in turn.The environmental regulation degree is not truly influencing urban green innovation.The impact of various factors on green innovation across cities of different sizes,exhibiting heterogeneity.This study is conducive to broadening the academic community's comprehension of the spatial evolution characteristics of urban green innovation and offering a theoretical framework for developing policies for the all-encompassing green transformation of social and economic growth.
文摘The word“spatial”fundamentally relates to human existence,evolution,and activity in terrestrial and even celestial spaces.After reviewing the spatial features of many areas,the paper describes basics of high level model and technology called Spatial Grasp for dealing with large distributed systems,which can provide spatial vision,awareness,management,control,and even consciousness.The technology description includes its key Spatial Grasp Language(SGL),self-evolution of recursive SGL scenarios,and implementation of SGL interpreter converting distributed networked systems into powerful spatial engines.Examples of typical spatial scenarios in SGL include finding shortest path tree and shortest path between network nodes,collecting proper information throughout the whole world,elimination of multiple targets by intelligent teams of chasers,and withstanding cyber attacks in distributed networked systems.Also this paper compares Spatial Grasp model with traditional algorithms,confirming universality of the former for any spatial systems,while the latter just tools for concrete applications.
文摘As an advanced device for observing atmospheric winds,the spaceborne Doppler Asymmetric Spatial Heterodyne(DASH)interferometer also encounters challenges associated with phase distortion,par-ticularly in limb sounding scenarios.This paper discusses interferogram modeling and phase distortion cor-rection techniques for spaceborne DASH interferometers.The modeling of phase distortion interferograms with and without Doppler shift for limb observation was conducted,and the effectiveness of the analytical expression was verified through numerical simulation.The simulation results indicate that errors propagate layer by layer while using the onion-peeling inversion algorithm to handle phase-distorted interferograms.In contrast,the phase distortion correction algorithm can achieve effective correction.This phase correction method can be successfully applied to correct phase distortions in the interferograms of the spaceborne DASH interferometer,providing a feasible solution to enhance its measurement accuracy.
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Program in Shaanxi Province,China(No.2022ZDLSF07-05)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,CHD(No.300102352901)。
文摘Carbon emissions resulting from energy consumption have become a pressing issue for governments worldwide.Accurate estimation of carbon emissions using satellite remote sensing data has become a crucial research problem.Previous studies relied on statistical regression models that failed to capture the complex nonlinear relationships between carbon emissions and characteristic variables.In this study,we propose a machine learning algorithm for carbon emissions,a Bayesian optimized XGboost regression model,using multi-year energy carbon emission data and nighttime lights(NTL)remote sensing data from Shaanxi Province,China.Our results demonstrate that the XGboost algorithm outperforms linear regression and four other machine learning models,with an R^(2)of 0.906 and RMSE of 5.687.We observe an annual increase in carbon emissions,with high-emission counties primarily concentrated in northern and central Shaanxi Province,displaying a shift from discrete,sporadic points to contiguous,extended spatial distribution.Spatial autocorrelation clustering reveals predominantly high-high and low-low clustering patterns,with economically developed counties showing high-emission clustering and economically relatively backward counties displaying low-emission clustering.Our findings show that the use of NTL data and the XGboost algorithm can estimate and predict carbon emissionsmore accurately and provide a complementary reference for satellite remote sensing image data to serve carbon emission monitoring and assessment.This research provides an important theoretical basis for formulating practical carbon emission reduction policies and contributes to the development of techniques for accurate carbon emission estimation using remote sensing data.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China grants(Nos.82173326 and 82473058)Key Research and Development Project of Sichuan Province(Nos.2024YFFK0374 and 2024YFFK0198)Interdisciplinary Innovation Project of West China College of Stomatology,Sichuan University(RD-03-202004).
文摘Microwave thermochemotherapy(MTC)has been applied to treat lip squamous cell carcinoma(LSCC),but a deeper understanding of its therapeutic mechanisms and molecular biology is needed.To address this,we used single-cell transcriptomics(scRNA-seq)and spatial transcriptomics(ST)to highlight the pivotal role of tumor-associated neutrophils(TANs)among tumor-infiltrating immune cells and their therapeutic response to MTC.MNDA+TANs with anti-tumor activity(N1-phenotype)are found to be abundantly infiltrated by MTC with benefit of increased blood perfusion,and these TANs are characterized by enhanced cytotoxicity,ameliorated hypoxia,and upregulated IL1B,activating T&NK cells and fibroblasts via IL1B-IL1R.In this highly anti-tumor immunogenic and hypoxia-reversed microenvironment under MTC,fibroblasts accumulated in the tumor front(TF)can recruit N1-TANs via CXCL2-CXCR2 and clear N2-TANs(pro-tumor phenotype)via CXCL12-CXCR4,which results in the aggregation of N1-TANs and extracellular matrix(ECM)deposition.In addition,we construct an N1-TANs marker,MX2,which positively correlates with better prognosis in LSCC patients,and employ deep learning techniques to predict expression of MX2 from hematoxylin-eosin(H&E)-stained images so as to conveniently guide decision making in clinical practice.Collectively,our findings demonstrate that the N1-TANs/fibroblasts defense wall formed in response to MTC effectively combat LSCC.
文摘The rapid evolution of Fifth-Generation(5G)networks and the strategic development of Sixth-Generation(6G)technologies have significantly advanced the implementation of air-ground integrated networks with seamless coverage.Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs),serving as high-mobility aerial platforms,are extensively utilized to enhance coverage in long-distance emergency communication scenarios.The resource-constrained communication environments in emergencies by classifying UAVs into swarm UAVs and relay UAVs as aerial communication nodes is inversitgated.A horizontal deployment strategy for swarm UAVs is formulated through K-means clustering algorithm optimization,while a vertical deployment scheme is established using convex optimization methods.The minimum-path trajectory planning for relay UAVs is optimized via the Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)algorithm,enhancing communication reliability between UAV swarms and terrestrial base stations.A three-dimensional heterogeneous network architecture is realized by modeling spatial multi-hop relay links.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed joint UAV relay optimization framework outperforms conventional algorithms in both coverage performance and relay capability during video stream transmission,achieving significant improvements in coverage enhancement and relay efficiency.This work provides technical foundations for constructing high-reliability air-ground cooperative systems in emergency communications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22369011)the Gansu Key Research and Development Program(23YFGA0053 and 24YFGA025)the Hongliu Outstanding Youth Talent Support Program of Lanzhou University of Technology and Postgraduate research exploration project of Lanzhou University of Technology(256017)。
文摘The swelling behavior and stability in solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)have been proved to determine the battery cycle life.A high swollen,unstable SEI shows a high permeability to electrolyte,which results in the rapid battery performance degradation.Here,we customize two SEIs with different spatial structures(bilayer and mosaic)by simply regulating the proportion of additive fluoroethylene carbonate.Surprisingly,due to the uniform distribution of dense inorganic nano-crystals in the inner,the bilayer SEI exhibits low-swelling and excellent mechanical properties,so the undesirable side reactions of the electrolyte are effectively suppressed.In addition,we put forward the growth rate of swelling ratio(GSR)as a key indicator to reveal the swelling change in SEI.The GSR of bilayer SEI merely increases from1.73 to 3.16 after the 300th cycle,which enables the corresponding graphite‖Li battery to achieve longer cycle stability.The capacity retention is improved by 47.5% after 300 cycles at 0.5 C.The correlation among SEI spatial structure,swelling behavior,and battery performance provides a new direction for electrolyte optimization and interphase structure design of high energy density batteries.
基金supported by the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI)the Ministry of Health&Welfare,Republic of Korea (HR22C1734)+2 种基金the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea (2020R1A6A1A03043539,2020M3A9D8037604,2022R1C1C1004756)(to SBL)the NRF of Korea (2022R1C1C1005741 and RS-2023-00217595)the new faculty research fund of Ajou University School of Medicine (to EJL)。
文摘Elucidating the complex dynamic cellular organization in the hypothalamus is critical for understanding its role in coordinating fundamental body functions. Over the past decade, single-cell and spatial omics technologies have significantly evolved, overcoming initial technical challenges in capturing and analyzing individual cells. These high-throughput omics technologies now offer a remarkable opportunity to comprehend the complex spatiotemporal patterns of transcriptional diversity and cell-type characteristics across the entire hypothalamus. Current single-cell and single-nucleus RNA sequencing methods comprehensively quantify gene expression by exploring distinct phenotypes across various subregions of the hypothalamus. However, single-cell/single-nucleus RNA sequencing requires isolating the cell/nuclei from the tissue, potentially resulting in the loss of spatial information concerning neuronal networks. Spatial transcriptomics methods, by bypassing the cell dissociation, can elucidate the intricate spatial organization of neural networks through their imaging and sequencing technologies. In this review, we highlight the applicative value of single-cell and spatial transcriptomics in exploring the complex molecular-genetic diversity of hypothalamic cell types, driven by recent high-throughput achievements.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFC3706602)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22225605 and 22193051)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB0750200).
文摘Synthetic phenolic antioxidants(SPAs)are widely used in diverse industries due to their exceptional antioxidant characteristics.However,human exposure to SPAs may cause health problems.In this study,226 dust samples were collected from 10 provinces in China,and six SPAs(three parent SPAs and their three transformation products)were analyzed.The concentrations of6SPAs(the sum of six target compounds)ranged from 15.4 to 3210 ng/g(geometric mean(GM):169 ng/g).The highest concentration of6SPAswas found in Sichuan Province(GM:349 ng/g),which was approximately 4 times higher than that in Hubei Province(81.6 ng/g)(p<0.05).The concentrations of butylated hydroxytoluene(BHT),2,2'-methylene bis(4-methyl-6–tert-butylphenol)(AO2246),2,6-di–tert–butyl–1,4-benzoquinone(BHT-Q),2,6-di–tert–butyl–4-(hydroxymethyl)phenol(BHT-OH),and ∑_(p)-SPAs were substantially higher in dust from urban areas than rural areas(p<0.05).AO2246 concentration in dust from homes(GM:0.400 ng/g)was about 4 times higher than that in workplaces(0.116 ng/g)(p<0.01).Significantly higherp-SPAs concentrations were found in dust from homes(GM:17.5 ng/g)than workplaces(11.4 ng/g)(p<0.01).The estimated daily intakes(EDIs)of ∑_(6)SPAs exposed through dust ingestion were 0.582,0.342,0.197,0.076,and 0.080 ng/kg bw/day in different age groups,and exposed through dermal contact was 0.358,0.252,0.174,0.167,and 0.177 ng/kg bw/day.EDIs showed that the exposure risks of SPAs decreased with age.This is the first work to determine SPAs in dust from10 provinces in China and investigate the spatial distribution of SPAs in those regions.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2019YFC1804501)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42122056 and U1901210)+2 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2021B1515020063)the Key Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(No.2021B1111380003)the Local Innovative and Research Teams Project of Guangdong Pearl River Talents Program(No.2017BT01Z032).
文摘Coking industry is a potential source of heavy metals(HMs)pollution.However,its impacts to the groundwater of surrounding residential areas have not been well understood.This study investigated the pollution characteristics and health risks of HMs in groundwater nearby a typical coking plant.Nine HMs including Fe,Zn,Mo,As,Cu,Ni,Cr,Pb and Cd were analyzed.The average concentration of total HMswas higher in the nearby area(244.27μg/L)than that of remote area away the coking plant(89.15μg/L).The spatial distribution of pollution indices including heavy metal pollution index(HPI),Nemerow index(NI)and contamination degree(CD),all demonstrated higher values at the nearby residential areas,suggesting coking activity could significantly impact the HMs distribution characteristics.Four sources of HMs were identified by Positive Matrix Factorization(PMF)model,which indicated coal washing and coking emission were the dominant sources,accounted for 40.4%,and 31.0%,respectively.Oral ingestionwas found to be the dominant exposure pathway with higher exposure dose to children than adults.Hazard quotient(HQ)values were below 1.0,suggesting negligible non-carcinogenic health risks,while potential carcinogenic risks were from Pb and Ni with cancer risk(CR)values>10−6.Monte Carlo simulation matched well with the calculated results with HMs concentrations to be the most sensitive parameters.This study provides insights into understanding how the industrial coking activities can impact the HMs pollution characteristics in groundwater,thus facilitating the implement of HMs regulation in coking industries.
基金Under the auspices of Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(No.2024JC-YBMS-196)。
文摘Increased exposure to campus green spaces can make a positive contribution to the healthy development of students.However,understanding of the current supply of campus green space(CGS)and its drivers at different education stages is still limited.A new framework was established to evaluate the spatial heterogeneity and its influencing factors across all education stages(kindergarten,primary school,middle school,college)in 1100 schools at the urban scale of Xi’an,China.The research results show that:1)CGS is lower in the Baqiao district and higher in the Yanta and Xincheng districts of Xi’an City.‘Green wealthy schools are mainly concentrated in the Weiyang,Chang’an and Yanta districts.2)CGS of these schools in descending order is college(31.40%)>kindergarten(18.32%)>middle school(13.56%)>primary school(10.70%).3)Colleges have the most recreation sites(n(number)=2),the best education levels(11.93 yr),and the lowest housing prices(1.18×10^(4) yuan(RMB)/m^(2));middle schools have the highest public expenditures(3.97×10^(9) yuan/yr);primary schools have the highest CGS accessibility(travel time gap(TTG)=31.33).4)Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression model and Spearman’s test prove that recreation sites have a significant positive impact on college green spaces(0.28–0.35),and education level has a significant positive impact on kindergarten green spaces(0.16–0.24).This research framework provides important insights for the assessment of school greening initiatives aimed at fostering healthier learning environments for future generations.
基金supported by funds from the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China(No.2019YFA0708603)NSFC(Nos.41973050,42288201,41930215)the Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou)(No.GML2019ZD0202)。
文摘Mineralogical data are presented for the peridotite xenoliths from Miocene(~19 Ma)Qingyuan basalts in the eastern North China Craton(NCC),with the aim of constraining on property of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle(SCLM)beneath the northern Tan-Lu fault zone(TLFZ)during the Cenozoic.The Qingyuan peridotites are dominated by spinel lherzolites with moderate-Mg^(#)olivines(89.4 to 91.2),suggesting that the regional SCLM is mainly transitional and fertile.Light rare earth element(LREE)-depleted,slightly depleted and enriched clinopyroxenes(Cpx)are identified in different peridotites.Chemical compositions of the LREE-enriched Cpx and the presence of phlogopite suggest that the Qingyuan SCLM has experienced silicate-related metasomatism.The synthesis of available mineral chemical data of the mantle xenoliths across the NCC confirms the SCLM beneath the NCC is highly heterogeneous in time and space.The Mesozoic–Cenozoic SCLM beneath the TLFZ and neighboring regions are more fertile and thinner than that beneath the region away from the fault zone.The fertile and refractory peridotite xenoliths experienced varying degrees of silicate and carbonatite metasomatism,respectively.The spatial-temporal lithospheric mantle heterogeneity in composition,age and thickness suggest that the trans-lithosphere fault zone played an important role in heterogeneous replacement of refractory cratonic lithospheric mantle.
文摘Colon cancer is one of the malignant tumors with high morbidity and mortality worldwide[1],and its early diagnosis is crucial for improving patient survival.However,due to the lack of obvious early symptoms of colon cancer,many patients are in the middle to late stage when diagnosed and miss the best time for treatment.Therefore,developing an efficient and accurate diagnostic method for colon cancer is of great clinical significance and scientific value.Currently,the current colon cancer biomarkers carcinoembryonic antigen and carbohydrate antigen 19-9[2]have low sensitivity and specificity,the emerging markers circulating tumor DNA(ctDNA)and miRNA face high cost and standardization challenges,and the existing methods lack spatial resolution,prompting the incorporation of spatial metabolomics technologies to enhance diagnostic capabilities.
文摘The study aims to investigate county-level variations of the COVID-19 disease and vaccination rate. The COVID-19 data was acquired from usafact.org, and the vaccination records were acquired from the Ohio vaccination tracker dashboard. GIS-based exploratory analysis was conducted to select four variables (poverty, black race, population density, and vaccination) to explain COVID-19 occurrence during the study period. Consequently, spatial statistical techniques such as Moran’s I, Hot Spot Analysis, Spatial Lag Model (SLM), and Spatial Error Model (SEM) were used to explain the COVID-19 occurrence and vaccination rate across the 88 counties in Ohio. The result of the Local Moran’s I analysis reveals that the epicenters of COVID-19 and vaccination followed the same patterns. Indeed, counties like Summit, Franklin, Fairfield, Hamilton, and Medina were categorized as epicenters for both COVID-19 occurrence and vaccination rate. The SEM seems to be the best model for both COVID-19 and vaccination rates, with R2 values of 0.68 and 0.70, respectively. The GWR analysis proves to be better than Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), and the distribution of R2 in the GWR is uneven throughout the study area for both COVID-19 cases and vaccinations. Some counties have a high R2 of up to 0.70 for both COVID-19 cases and vaccinations. The outcomes of the regression analyses show that the SEM models can explain 68% - 70% of COVID-19 cases and vaccination across the entire counties within the study period. COVID-19 cases and vaccination rates exhibited significant positive associations with black race and poverty throughout the study area.
文摘This study contests the prevalent perception of graffiti writing,especially tagging and bombing,as meaningless vandalism.It contends that graffiti is a form of expression with intrinsic political implications.Leveraging the notion of spatial justice and Jacques Ranciere's philosophy,I demonstrate how graffiti reclaims urban visibility against the commercial monopoly of visibility in public spaces and challenges the inequitable allocation of opportunities for self-expression in modern cities.Despite writers'common denial of political motives,their actions may be interpreted as manifestations of resistance within wider sociospatial conflicts.This study situates grffti within discussions of political art,spatial commodification,and everyday resistance,proposing a normative framework for viewing the art of the urban signature as an activity that redefines"the community that speaks."
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82301403(to DZ)。
文摘Glial cells play crucial roles in regulating physiological and pathological functions,including sensation,the response to infection and acute injury,and chronic neurodegenerative disorders.Glial cells include astrocytes,microglia,and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system,and satellite glial cells and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system.Despite the greater understanding of glial cell types and functional heterogeneity achieved through single-cell and single-nucleus RNA sequencing in animal models,few studies have investigated the transcriptomic profiles of glial cells in the human spinal cord.Here,we used high-throughput single-nucleus RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics to map the cellular and molecular heterogeneity of astrocytes,microglia,and oligodendrocytes in the human spinal cord.To explore the conservation and divergence across species,we compared these findings with those from mice.In the human spinal cord,astrocytes,microglia,and oligodendrocytes were each divided into six distinct transcriptomic subclusters.In the mouse spinal cord,astrocytes,microglia,and oligodendrocytes were divided into five,four,and five distinct transcriptomic subclusters,respectively.The comparative results revealed substantial heterogeneity in all glial cell types between humans and mice.Additionally,we detected sex differences in gene expression in human spinal cord glial cells.Specifically,in all astrocyte subtypes,the levels of NEAT1 and CHI3L1 were higher in males than in females,whereas the levels of CST3 were lower in males than in females.In all microglial subtypes,all differentially expressed genes were located on the sex chromosomes.In addition to sex-specific gene differences,the levels of MT-ND4,MT2A,MT-ATP6,MT-CO3,MT-ND2,MT-ND3,and MT-CO_(2) in all spinal cord oligodendrocyte subtypes were higher in females than in males.Collectively,the present dataset extensively characterizes glial cell heterogeneity and offers a valuable resource for exploring the cellular basis of spinal cordrelated illnesses,including chronic pain,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,and multiple sclerosis.
