With the acceleration of urbanization and construction of villages and towns,excessive development,repeated construction and extensive expansion have appeared gradually,causing great spatial pressure for villages and ...With the acceleration of urbanization and construction of villages and towns,excessive development,repeated construction and extensive expansion have appeared gradually,causing great spatial pressure for villages and towns.Spatial control technology as an effective control means for resources' allocation and development mode plays an increasingly significant role in the planning and construction of village-and-town system.By taking Beiyang Town of Hebiqi County for example,in the perspective of influential factors of subarea division,spatial planning subarea and spatial control strategy,the paper has introduced and discussed spatial control technology,providing a train of thought for spatial control planning.展开更多
Spatial control of lithium deposition is the most important issue in lithium-metal batteries because of the considerable control of lithium dendrite suppression via the uniform distribution of Li^(+)flux.Although seed...Spatial control of lithium deposition is the most important issue in lithium-metal batteries because of the considerable control of lithium dendrite suppression via the uniform distribution of Li^(+)flux.Although seed materials are crucial for the behavior of lithium deposition,in-depth studies on their physical and chemical control have not been conducted.Here,we describe a new design of seed structure comprising a wrinkled Cu/graphene substrate surrounded by copper(Ⅰ)oxide(Cu_(2)O)on a graphene grain boundary over a large area,which is fabricated by the oxidation of the Cu surface via graphene boundary defects by using chemical vapor deposition(CVD).Scanning and transmission electron microscopy results reveal that Cu_(2)O on the graphene boundary can render a preferential reaction with lithium during the first deposition and assist in the uniform deposition of lithium by preventing the agglomeration of lithium clusters during the second deposition.This two-step process is attributed to the degree of selectivity due to the difference in lithium affinity,which allows long-term electrochemical stability and a high rate capability via boundary effects.This study highlights the significance of the boundary effect,which can open new avenues for the formation of a large family of seed structures in lithium-metal batteries.展开更多
The word“spatial”fundamentally relates to human existence,evolution,and activity in terrestrial and even celestial spaces.After reviewing the spatial features of many areas,the paper describes basics of high level m...The word“spatial”fundamentally relates to human existence,evolution,and activity in terrestrial and even celestial spaces.After reviewing the spatial features of many areas,the paper describes basics of high level model and technology called Spatial Grasp for dealing with large distributed systems,which can provide spatial vision,awareness,management,control,and even consciousness.The technology description includes its key Spatial Grasp Language(SGL),self-evolution of recursive SGL scenarios,and implementation of SGL interpreter converting distributed networked systems into powerful spatial engines.Examples of typical spatial scenarios in SGL include finding shortest path tree and shortest path between network nodes,collecting proper information throughout the whole world,elimination of multiple targets by intelligent teams of chasers,and withstanding cyber attacks in distributed networked systems.Also this paper compares Spatial Grasp model with traditional algorithms,confirming universality of the former for any spatial systems,while the latter just tools for concrete applications.展开更多
We demonstrate a new polarization smoothing(PS)approach utilizing residual stress birefringence in fused silica to create a spatially random polarization control plate(SRPCP),thereby improving target illumination unif...We demonstrate a new polarization smoothing(PS)approach utilizing residual stress birefringence in fused silica to create a spatially random polarization control plate(SRPCP),thereby improving target illumination uniformity in inertial confinement fusion(ICF)laser systems.The fundamental operating mechanism and key fabrication techniques for the SRPCP are systematically developed and experimentally validated.The SRPCP converts a linearly polarized 3ω incident laser beam into an output beam with a spatially randomized polarization distribution.When combined with a continuous phase plate,the SRPCP effectively suppresses high-intensity speckles at all spatial frequencies in the focal spot.The proposed PS technique is specifically designed for high-fluence large-aperture laser systems,enabling novel polarization control regimes in laser-driven ICF.展开更多
Soil bulk density is a basic but important physic soil property related to soil porosity,soil moisture and hydraulic conductivity,which is crucial to soil quality assessment and land use management.In this study,we ev...Soil bulk density is a basic but important physic soil property related to soil porosity,soil moisture and hydraulic conductivity,which is crucial to soil quality assessment and land use management.In this study,we evaluated the spatial variability of soil bulk density in the 0–20,20–40,40–60 and 60–100 cm layers as well as its affecting factors in Southwest China’s agricultural intensive area.Results indicated the mean value of surface soil bulk density(0–20 cm)was 1.26 g cm^(–3),significantly lower than that of subsoil(20–100 cm).No statistical difference existed among the subsoil with a mean soil bulk density of 1.54 g cm^(–3).Spatially,soil bulk density played a similar spatial pattern in soil profile,whereas obvious differences were found in details.The nugget effects for soil bulk density in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm layers were 27.22 and27.02%while 12.06 and 3.46%in the 40–60 and 60–100 cm layers,respectively,gradually decreasing in the soil profile,indicating that the spatial variability of soil bulk density above 40 cm was affected by structural and random factors while dominated by structural factors under 40 cm.Soil organic matter was the controlling factor on the spatial variability of soil bulk density in each layer.Land use and elevation were another two dominated factor controlling the spatial variability of soil bulk density in the 0–20 and 40–60 cm layers,respectively.Soil genus was one of the dominated factors controlling the spatial variability of soil bulk below 40 cm.展开更多
In the field of civil engineering, magnetorheological fluid （MRF） damper-based semi-active control systems have received considerable attention for use in protecting structures from natural hazards such as strong ea...In the field of civil engineering, magnetorheological fluid （MRF） damper-based semi-active control systems have received considerable attention for use in protecting structures from natural hazards such as strong earthquakes and high winds. In this paper, the MRF damper-based semi-active control system is applied to a long-span spatially extended structure and its feasibility is discussed. Meanwhile, a _trust-region method based instantaneous optimal semi-active control algorithm （TIOC） is proposed to improve the performance of the semi-active control system in a multiple damper situation. The proposed TIOC describes the control process as a bounded constraint optimization problem, in which an optimal semi- active control force vector is solved by the trust-region method in every control step to minimize the structural responses. A numerical example of a railway station roof structure installed with MRF-04K dampers is presented. First, a modified Bouc- Wen model is utilized to describe the behavior of the selected MRF-04K damper. Then, two semi-active control systems, including the well-known clipped-optimal controller and the proposed TIOC controller, are considered. Based on the characteristics of the long-span spatially extended structure, the performance of the control system is evaluated under uniform earthquake excitation and travelling-wave excitation with different apparent velocities. The simulation results indicate that the MR fluid damper-based semi-active control systems have the potential to mitigate the responses of full-scale long-span spatially extended structures under earthquake hazards. The superiority of the proposed TIOC controller is demonstrated by comparing its control effectiveness with the clipped-optimal controller for several different cases.展开更多
The spatial variability of input ground motion at supporting foundations plays a key role in the structural response of cable-stayed bridges （CSBs）; therefore, spatial variation effects should be included in the ana...The spatial variability of input ground motion at supporting foundations plays a key role in the structural response of cable-stayed bridges （CSBs）; therefore, spatial variation effects should be included in the analysis and design of effective vibration control systems. The control of CSBs represents a challenging and unique problem, with many complexities in modeling, control design and implementation, since the control system should be designed not only to mitigate the dynamic component of the structural response but also to counteract the effects of the pseudo-static component of the response. The spatial variability effects on the feasibility and efficiency of seismic control systems for the vibration control of CSBs are investigated in this paper. The assumption of uniform earthquake motion along the entire bridge may result in quantitative and qualitative differences in seismic response as compared with those produced by uniform motion at all supports. A systematic comparison of passive and active system performance in reducing the structural responses is performed, focusing on the effect of the spatially varying earthquake ground motion on the seismic response of a benchmark CSB model with different control strategies, and demonstrates the importance of accounting for the spatial variability of excitations.展开更多
The soil moisture movement is an important carrier of material cycle and energy flow among the various geo-spheres in the cold regions.Thus, this research takes the north slope of Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai-Tibet ...The soil moisture movement is an important carrier of material cycle and energy flow among the various geo-spheres in the cold regions.Thus, this research takes the north slope of Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as a case study.The present study firstly investigates the change of permafrost moisture in different slope positions and depths. Based on this investigation, this article attempts to investigate the spatial variability of permafrost moisture and identifies the key influence factors in different terrain conditions. The method of classification and regression tree(CART) is adopted to identify the main controlling factors influencing the soil moisture movement. The relationships between soil moisture and environmental factors are revealed by the use of the method of canonical correspondence analysis(CCA). The results show that: 1) Due to the terrain slope and the freezing-thawing process, the horizontal flow weakens in the freezing period. The vertical migration of the soil moisture movement strengthens. It will lead to that the soil-moisture content in the up-slope is higher than that in the down-slope. The conclusion is contrary during the melting period. 2) Elevation, soil texture, soil temperature and vegetation coverage are the main environmental factors which affect the slopepermafrost soil-moisture. 3) Slope, elevation and vegetation coverage are the main factors that affect the slope-permafrost soil-moisture at the shallow depth of 0-20 cm. It is complex at the middle and lower depth.展开更多
The ecosystem of the Tibetan Plateau is highly susceptible to climate change. Currently, there is little discussion on the temporal changes in the link between climatic factors and vegetation dynamics in this region u...The ecosystem of the Tibetan Plateau is highly susceptible to climate change. Currently, there is little discussion on the temporal changes in the link between climatic factors and vegetation dynamics in this region under the changing climate.By employing Normalized Difference Vegetation Index data, the Climatic Research Unit temperature and precipitation data,and the in-situ meteorological observations, we report the temporal and spatial variations in the relationships between the vegetation dynamics and climatic factors on the Plateau over the past three decades. The results show that from the early 1980s to the mid-1990s, vegetation dynamics in the central and southeastern part of the Plateau appears to show a closer relationship with precipitation prior to the growing season than that of temperature. From the mid-1990s, the temperature rise seems to be the key climatic factor correlating vegetation growth in this region. The effects of increasing temperature on vegetation are spatially variable across the Plateau: it has negative impacts on vegetation activity in the southwestern and northeastern part of the Plateau, and positive impacts in the central and southeastern Plateau. In the context of global warming, the changing climate condition(increasing precipitation and significant rising temperature) might be the potential contributor to the shift in the climatic controls on vegetation dynamics in the central and southeastern Plateau.展开更多
Since 1990s,the spatial data warehouse technology has rapidly been developing, but due to the complexity of multi-dimensional analysis, extensive application of the spatial data warehouse technology is affected. In th...Since 1990s,the spatial data warehouse technology has rapidly been developing, but due to the complexity of multi-dimensional analysis, extensive application of the spatial data warehouse technology is affected. In the light of the characteristics of the flood control and disaster mitigation in the Yangtze river basin, it is proposed to design a scheme about the subjects and data distribution of the spatial data warehouse of the flood control and disaster mitigation in Yangtze river basin, i.e., to adopt a distributed scheme. The creation and development of the spatial data warehouse of the flood control and disaster mitigation in Yangtze river basin is presented .The necessity and urgency of establishing the spatial data warehouse is expounded from the viewpoint of the present situation being short of available information for the flood control and disaster mitigation in Yangtze river basin.展开更多
基金Supported by the Fund of "11 th Five-year Plan" National Key Technology Support Program(2008BAJ08B17)~~
文摘With the acceleration of urbanization and construction of villages and towns,excessive development,repeated construction and extensive expansion have appeared gradually,causing great spatial pressure for villages and towns.Spatial control technology as an effective control means for resources' allocation and development mode plays an increasingly significant role in the planning and construction of village-and-town system.By taking Beiyang Town of Hebiqi County for example,in the perspective of influential factors of subarea division,spatial planning subarea and spatial control strategy,the paper has introduced and discussed spatial control technology,providing a train of thought for spatial control planning.
基金funded by the Saudi Aramco-KAIST CO_(2)Management Centersupported by a grant from the National Research Foundation of Korea+1 种基金funded by the Ministry of Science,ICT,and Future Planning(Grant no.2021K1A4A8A01079356)supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)fund(NRF-2020M3H4A3081874).
文摘Spatial control of lithium deposition is the most important issue in lithium-metal batteries because of the considerable control of lithium dendrite suppression via the uniform distribution of Li^(+)flux.Although seed materials are crucial for the behavior of lithium deposition,in-depth studies on their physical and chemical control have not been conducted.Here,we describe a new design of seed structure comprising a wrinkled Cu/graphene substrate surrounded by copper(Ⅰ)oxide(Cu_(2)O)on a graphene grain boundary over a large area,which is fabricated by the oxidation of the Cu surface via graphene boundary defects by using chemical vapor deposition(CVD).Scanning and transmission electron microscopy results reveal that Cu_(2)O on the graphene boundary can render a preferential reaction with lithium during the first deposition and assist in the uniform deposition of lithium by preventing the agglomeration of lithium clusters during the second deposition.This two-step process is attributed to the degree of selectivity due to the difference in lithium affinity,which allows long-term electrochemical stability and a high rate capability via boundary effects.This study highlights the significance of the boundary effect,which can open new avenues for the formation of a large family of seed structures in lithium-metal batteries.
文摘The word“spatial”fundamentally relates to human existence,evolution,and activity in terrestrial and even celestial spaces.After reviewing the spatial features of many areas,the paper describes basics of high level model and technology called Spatial Grasp for dealing with large distributed systems,which can provide spatial vision,awareness,management,control,and even consciousness.The technology description includes its key Spatial Grasp Language(SGL),self-evolution of recursive SGL scenarios,and implementation of SGL interpreter converting distributed networked systems into powerful spatial engines.Examples of typical spatial scenarios in SGL include finding shortest path tree and shortest path between network nodes,collecting proper information throughout the whole world,elimination of multiple targets by intelligent teams of chasers,and withstanding cyber attacks in distributed networked systems.Also this paper compares Spatial Grasp model with traditional algorithms,confirming universality of the former for any spatial systems,while the latter just tools for concrete applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62275235).
文摘We demonstrate a new polarization smoothing(PS)approach utilizing residual stress birefringence in fused silica to create a spatially random polarization control plate(SRPCP),thereby improving target illumination uniformity in inertial confinement fusion(ICF)laser systems.The fundamental operating mechanism and key fabrication techniques for the SRPCP are systematically developed and experimentally validated.The SRPCP converts a linearly polarized 3ω incident laser beam into an output beam with a spatially randomized polarization distribution.When combined with a continuous phase plate,the SRPCP effectively suppresses high-intensity speckles at all spatial frequencies in the focal spot.The proposed PS technique is specifically designed for high-fluence large-aperture laser systems,enabling novel polarization control regimes in laser-driven ICF.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (4120124)the Science Fund of the Education Department of Sichuan Province, China (16ZB0048)
文摘Soil bulk density is a basic but important physic soil property related to soil porosity,soil moisture and hydraulic conductivity,which is crucial to soil quality assessment and land use management.In this study,we evaluated the spatial variability of soil bulk density in the 0–20,20–40,40–60 and 60–100 cm layers as well as its affecting factors in Southwest China’s agricultural intensive area.Results indicated the mean value of surface soil bulk density(0–20 cm)was 1.26 g cm^(–3),significantly lower than that of subsoil(20–100 cm).No statistical difference existed among the subsoil with a mean soil bulk density of 1.54 g cm^(–3).Spatially,soil bulk density played a similar spatial pattern in soil profile,whereas obvious differences were found in details.The nugget effects for soil bulk density in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm layers were 27.22 and27.02%while 12.06 and 3.46%in the 40–60 and 60–100 cm layers,respectively,gradually decreasing in the soil profile,indicating that the spatial variability of soil bulk density above 40 cm was affected by structural and random factors while dominated by structural factors under 40 cm.Soil organic matter was the controlling factor on the spatial variability of soil bulk density in each layer.Land use and elevation were another two dominated factor controlling the spatial variability of soil bulk density in the 0–20 and 40–60 cm layers,respectively.Soil genus was one of the dominated factors controlling the spatial variability of soil bulk below 40 cm.
基金Supported by:National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China Under Grant No. 50425824the National Natural Science Foundation of China Under Grant No.50578109,90715034 and 90715032
文摘In the field of civil engineering, magnetorheological fluid （MRF） damper-based semi-active control systems have received considerable attention for use in protecting structures from natural hazards such as strong earthquakes and high winds. In this paper, the MRF damper-based semi-active control system is applied to a long-span spatially extended structure and its feasibility is discussed. Meanwhile, a _trust-region method based instantaneous optimal semi-active control algorithm （TIOC） is proposed to improve the performance of the semi-active control system in a multiple damper situation. The proposed TIOC describes the control process as a bounded constraint optimization problem, in which an optimal semi- active control force vector is solved by the trust-region method in every control step to minimize the structural responses. A numerical example of a railway station roof structure installed with MRF-04K dampers is presented. First, a modified Bouc- Wen model is utilized to describe the behavior of the selected MRF-04K damper. Then, two semi-active control systems, including the well-known clipped-optimal controller and the proposed TIOC controller, are considered. Based on the characteristics of the long-span spatially extended structure, the performance of the control system is evaluated under uniform earthquake excitation and travelling-wave excitation with different apparent velocities. The simulation results indicate that the MR fluid damper-based semi-active control systems have the potential to mitigate the responses of full-scale long-span spatially extended structures under earthquake hazards. The superiority of the proposed TIOC controller is demonstrated by comparing its control effectiveness with the clipped-optimal controller for several different cases.
基金Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship-AvH (IV–AGY/1117497 STP)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science-JSPS Fellowship (P06138)
文摘The spatial variability of input ground motion at supporting foundations plays a key role in the structural response of cable-stayed bridges （CSBs）; therefore, spatial variation effects should be included in the analysis and design of effective vibration control systems. The control of CSBs represents a challenging and unique problem, with many complexities in modeling, control design and implementation, since the control system should be designed not only to mitigate the dynamic component of the structural response but also to counteract the effects of the pseudo-static component of the response. The spatial variability effects on the feasibility and efficiency of seismic control systems for the vibration control of CSBs are investigated in this paper. The assumption of uniform earthquake motion along the entire bridge may result in quantitative and qualitative differences in seismic response as compared with those produced by uniform motion at all supports. A systematic comparison of passive and active system performance in reducing the structural responses is performed, focusing on the effect of the spatially varying earthquake ground motion on the seismic response of a benchmark CSB model with different control strategies, and demonstrates the importance of accounting for the spatial variability of excitations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41501079 and 91647103)Funded by State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering(Grant No.SKLFSE-ZQ-43)+1 种基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Key Research Program(Grant No.KZZD-EW-13)the Foundation for Excellent Youth Scholars of NIEER,CAS
文摘The soil moisture movement is an important carrier of material cycle and energy flow among the various geo-spheres in the cold regions.Thus, this research takes the north slope of Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as a case study.The present study firstly investigates the change of permafrost moisture in different slope positions and depths. Based on this investigation, this article attempts to investigate the spatial variability of permafrost moisture and identifies the key influence factors in different terrain conditions. The method of classification and regression tree(CART) is adopted to identify the main controlling factors influencing the soil moisture movement. The relationships between soil moisture and environmental factors are revealed by the use of the method of canonical correspondence analysis(CCA). The results show that: 1) Due to the terrain slope and the freezing-thawing process, the horizontal flow weakens in the freezing period. The vertical migration of the soil moisture movement strengthens. It will lead to that the soil-moisture content in the up-slope is higher than that in the down-slope. The conclusion is contrary during the melting period. 2) Elevation, soil texture, soil temperature and vegetation coverage are the main environmental factors which affect the slopepermafrost soil-moisture. 3) Slope, elevation and vegetation coverage are the main factors that affect the slope-permafrost soil-moisture at the shallow depth of 0-20 cm. It is complex at the middle and lower depth.
基金supported by the Key Frontier Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. QYZDJ-SSW-DQC043)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41501011 and 41771012)
文摘The ecosystem of the Tibetan Plateau is highly susceptible to climate change. Currently, there is little discussion on the temporal changes in the link between climatic factors and vegetation dynamics in this region under the changing climate.By employing Normalized Difference Vegetation Index data, the Climatic Research Unit temperature and precipitation data,and the in-situ meteorological observations, we report the temporal and spatial variations in the relationships between the vegetation dynamics and climatic factors on the Plateau over the past three decades. The results show that from the early 1980s to the mid-1990s, vegetation dynamics in the central and southeastern part of the Plateau appears to show a closer relationship with precipitation prior to the growing season than that of temperature. From the mid-1990s, the temperature rise seems to be the key climatic factor correlating vegetation growth in this region. The effects of increasing temperature on vegetation are spatially variable across the Plateau: it has negative impacts on vegetation activity in the southwestern and northeastern part of the Plateau, and positive impacts in the central and southeastern Plateau. In the context of global warming, the changing climate condition(increasing precipitation and significant rising temperature) might be the potential contributor to the shift in the climatic controls on vegetation dynamics in the central and southeastern Plateau.
文摘Since 1990s,the spatial data warehouse technology has rapidly been developing, but due to the complexity of multi-dimensional analysis, extensive application of the spatial data warehouse technology is affected. In the light of the characteristics of the flood control and disaster mitigation in the Yangtze river basin, it is proposed to design a scheme about the subjects and data distribution of the spatial data warehouse of the flood control and disaster mitigation in Yangtze river basin, i.e., to adopt a distributed scheme. The creation and development of the spatial data warehouse of the flood control and disaster mitigation in Yangtze river basin is presented .The necessity and urgency of establishing the spatial data warehouse is expounded from the viewpoint of the present situation being short of available information for the flood control and disaster mitigation in Yangtze river basin.
