Confocal laser scanning microscopy(CLSM) has emerged as one of the most advanced fluorescence cell imaging techniques in the field of biomedicine. However, fluorescence cell imaging is limited by spatial blur and addi...Confocal laser scanning microscopy(CLSM) has emerged as one of the most advanced fluorescence cell imaging techniques in the field of biomedicine. However, fluorescence cell imaging is limited by spatial blur and additive white noise induced by the excitation light. In this paper, a spatially adaptive high-order total variation(SA-HOTV) model for weak fluorescence image restoration is proposed to conduct image restoration. The method consists of two steps: optimizing the deconvolution model of the fluorescence image by the generalized Lagrange equation and alternating direction method of multipliers(ADMM); using spatially adaptive parameters to balance the image fidelity and the staircase effect. Finally, an comparison of SA-HOTV model and Richardson-Lucy model with total variation(RL-TV model) indicates that the proposed method can preserve the image details ultimately,reduce the staircase effect substantially and further upgrade the quality of the restored weak fluorescence image.展开更多
Wavelet estimation is an important part of high-resolution seismic data processing.However,itis difficult to preserve the lateral continuity of geological structures and eff ectively recover weak geologicalbodies usin...Wavelet estimation is an important part of high-resolution seismic data processing.However,itis difficult to preserve the lateral continuity of geological structures and eff ectively recover weak geologicalbodies using conventional deterministic wavelet inversion methods,which are based on the joint inversionof wells with seismic data.In this study,starting from a single well,on the basis of the theory of single-welland multi-trace convolution,we propose a steady-state seismic wavelet extraction method for synchronizedinversion using spatial multi-well and multi-well-side seismic data.The proposed method uses a spatiallyvariable weighting function and wavelet invariant constraint conditions with particle swarm optimization toextract the optimal spatial seismic wavelet from multi-well and multi-well-side seismic data to improve thespatial adaptability of the extracted wavelet and inversion stability.The simulated data demonstrate that thewavelet extracted using the proposed method is very stable and accurate.Even at a low signal-to-noise ratio,the proposed method can extract satisfactory seismic wavelets that refl ect lateral changes in structures andweak eff ective geological bodies.The processing results for the field data show that the deconvolution resultsimprove the vertical resolution and distinguish between weak oil and water thin layers and that the horizontaldistribution characteristics are consistent with the log response characteristics.展开更多
Scientifically assessing the suitability,safety and resilience of urban development is the premise for high-quality regional development in China.Here we developed a high-precision coupling model for comprehensive ass...Scientifically assessing the suitability,safety and resilience of urban development is the premise for high-quality regional development in China.Here we developed a high-precision coupling model for comprehensive assessing the spatially explicit adaptation,and livability and safety of urban development,based on urban expansion and nine types of natural disaster risks data in 1990–2020.Through remote sensing and big data mining methods,we revealed spatial differentiation characteristics of urban development's spatial adaptation and livability safety levels over the past three decades,diagnosing the expansion status of cities at varying potential safety risk levels.The results indicate that urban development was primarily concentrated in medium to high suitability level areas(83.23%,5.23×10^(4)km^(2))from 1990 to 2020,with 14.46%of urban expansion occurring in the lowest suitability areas,predominantly in the eastern coastal and western regions.From the safety aspect,urban development predominantly occurred in areas with medium to highest safety levels(49%),yet 13%of urban expansion areas exhibit relatively high safety risks.In the eastern coastal regions,the primary threat is water-related risks,with urban expansion in these risk areas accounting for 62%of total expansion.The western region is mainly threatened by geological earthquake risks,with urban expansion area in these risk zones exceeding by more than four times of that in the eastern,central,and northeastern regions.The central region is primarily at risk from high-temperature disaster,while the northeastern region faces risks from low-temperature and snow-related disasters.Overall,urban development in China over the past three decades has displayed a pattern of the highsuitability and high-expansion in the eastern regions,medium-suitability and medium-speed expansion in the central region,lowsuitability and low-expansion in the western region,and the high-suitability and slow-expansion in the northeastern region.This study provides scientific guidance for the“Beautiful China”initiative,facilitating the precise adaptation of high-quality regional development and resilient urban safety,and promoting the coordinated development of differentiated regional socioeconomic and ecological systems.展开更多
A spatially adaptive (SA) two-dimensional (2-D) numerical wave flume is presented based on the quadtree mesh system,in which a new multiple particle level set (MPLS) method is proposed to solve the problem of interfac...A spatially adaptive (SA) two-dimensional (2-D) numerical wave flume is presented based on the quadtree mesh system,in which a new multiple particle level set (MPLS) method is proposed to solve the problem of interface tracking,in which common intersection may be traversed by multiple interfaces.By using the adaptive mesh technique and the MPLS method,mesh resolution is updated automatically with time according to flow characteristics in the modeling process with higher resolution around the free surface and the solid boundary and lower resolution in less important area.The model has good performance in saving computer memory and CPU time and is validated by computational examples of small amplitude wave,second-order Stokes wave and cnoidal wave.Computational results also indicate that standing wave and wave overtopping are also reasonably simulated by the model.展开更多
The technique of adaptive tree mesh is an effective way to reduce computational cost through automatic adjustment of cell size according to necessity. In the present study, the 2D numerical N-S solver based on the ada...The technique of adaptive tree mesh is an effective way to reduce computational cost through automatic adjustment of cell size according to necessity. In the present study, the 2D numerical N-S solver based on the adaptive quadtree mesh system was extended to a 3D one, in which a spatially adaptive oetree mesh system and multiple particle level set method were adopted for the convenience to deal with the air-water-structure multiple-medium coexisting domain. The stretching process of a dumbbell was simulated and the results indicate that the meshes are well adaptable to the free surface. The collapsing process of water column impinging a circle cylinder was simulated and from the results, it can be seen that the processes of fluid splitting and merging are properly simulated. The interaction of second-order Stokes waves with a square cylinder was simulated and the obtained drag force is consistent with the result by the Morison＇s wave force formula with the coefficient values of the stable drag component and the inertial force component bein~ set as 2.54.展开更多
Research on thermal comfort has revealed various adaptive behaviours in a hostel room,such as changing cloth-ing,use of windows,doors,and ceiling fans.Hostel rooms are used for various activities and are typically fur...Research on thermal comfort has revealed various adaptive behaviours in a hostel room,such as changing cloth-ing,use of windows,doors,and ceiling fans.Hostel rooms are used for various activities and are typically fur-nished with a wardrobe,bed,study table,and chair.Recent studies indicate that ceiling fan fixed at the centre of the room may not provide adequate air velocity for different activities occurring in different parts of a room.Although students generally arrange furniture based on their preferences and room geometry,the influence of fan-induced air on furniture layout to improve thermal comfort is yet to be established.In this context,this study investigates spatial adaptation and identifies the factors affecting furniture layout preferences in hostel rooms.In a yearlong study,patterns of furniture layout were observed in twenty-one naturally ventilated hostel buildings to find their relationship with environmental and non-environmental factors.A total of 1665 observation data was collected from single,double,and triple occupancy rooms.Influence of various factors on arranging the furniture was identified through a questionnaire survey.Throughout the survey,outdoor temperature varied between 23 and 41°C and outdoor relative humidity varied between 32.3%and 97.5%.The spatial arrangement of furni-ture was evaluated against fan location.Results indicate that fan location and indoor temperature significantly influence the furniture arrangement.A logistic regression equation was developed to evaluate the trigger temper-ature when students began moving furniture towards ceiling fan.In a single occupancy room,above 34.2°C,the probability of moving the bed towards the fan was found to be maximum.In single and double occupancy rooms,students move the bed near the ceiling fan predominantly during night-time to get sufficient air movement.A cautious design of furniture layout and adding a personalised fan for various activities may improve the thermal comfort in hostel rooms.展开更多
We present a general formulation based on punctual kriging and fuzzy concepts for image restoration in spatial domain. Gray-level images degraded with Gaussian white noise have been considered. Based on the pixel loca...We present a general formulation based on punctual kriging and fuzzy concepts for image restoration in spatial domain. Gray-level images degraded with Gaussian white noise have been considered. Based on the pixel local neighborhood, fuzzy logic has been employed intelligently to avoid unnecessary estimation of a pixel. The intensity estimation of the selected pixels is then carried out by employing punctual kriging in conjunction with the method of Lagrange multipliers and estimates of local semi-variances. Application of such a hybrid technique performing both selection and intensity estimation of a pixel demonstrates substantial improvement in the image quality as compared to the adaptive Wiener filter and existing fuzzykriging approaches. It has been found that these filters achieve noise reduction without loss of structural detail information, as indicated by their higher structure similarity indices, peak signal to noise ratios and the new variogram based quality measures.展开更多
Stimulated emission depletion(STED) microscopy is one of far-field optical microscopy techniques that can provide sub-diffraction spatial resolution. The spatial resolution of the STED microscopy is determined by the ...Stimulated emission depletion(STED) microscopy is one of far-field optical microscopy techniques that can provide sub-diffraction spatial resolution. The spatial resolution of the STED microscopy is determined by the specially engineered beam profile of the depletion beam and its power. However, the beam profile of the depletion beam may be distorted due to aberrations of optical systems and inhomogeneity of a specimen's optical properties, resulting in a compromised spatial resolution. The situation gets deteriorated when thick samples are imaged. In the worst case, the severe distortion of the depletion beam profile may cause complete loss of the superresolution effect no matter how much depletion power is applied to specimens. Previously several adaptive optics approaches have been explored to compensate aberrations of systems and specimens. However, it is difficult to correct the complicated high-order optical aberrations of specimens. In this report, we demonstrate that the complicated distorted wavefront from a thick phantom sample can be measured by using the coherent optical adaptive technique. The full correction can effectively maintain and improve spatial resolution in imaging thick samples.展开更多
We introduce a new advection scheme for fluid animation.Our main contribution is the use of long-term temporal changes in pressure to extend the commonly used semi-Lagrangian scheme further back along the time axis.Ou...We introduce a new advection scheme for fluid animation.Our main contribution is the use of long-term temporal changes in pressure to extend the commonly used semi-Lagrangian scheme further back along the time axis.Our algorithm starts by tracing sample points along a trajectory following the velocity field backwards in time for many steps.During this backtracing process,the pressure gradient along the path is integrated to correct the velocity of the current time step.We show that our method effectively suppresses numerical diffusion,retains small-scale vorticity,and provides better long-term kinetic energy preservation.展开更多
Interactive architecture designs enable spatial forms to respond to human activities by integrating technology,programming,and spatial experience.Most interactive programs respond to established actions in a uniform m...Interactive architecture designs enable spatial forms to respond to human activities by integrating technology,programming,and spatial experience.Most interactive programs respond to established actions in a uniform manner and do not take into account the individual emotional state of the user.However,the emotional states of children and adolescents with emotional/behavioral disorders play a crucial role in their interactions,and uniform spatial responses cannot be adapted to different people.This study developed an interactive architectural system for children with emotional/behavioral disorders based on individual emotion recognition and corresponding spatial transformation.The method proposed in this study enables individuals in certain emotional categories,such as extroverted,introverted,aggressive,and defensive states,to receive matching spatial responses.Using this individuality-oriented interactive system,we built a practical pavilion in a primary school in Tianjin.This study demonstrates how combining individual emotions and spatial variations opens up new design possibilities for interactive architecture.展开更多
Vehicle wading is a complex fluid-structure interaction(FSI) problem and has attracted great attention recently from the automotive industry, especially for electric vehicles. As a meshless Lagrangian particle method,...Vehicle wading is a complex fluid-structure interaction(FSI) problem and has attracted great attention recently from the automotive industry, especially for electric vehicles. As a meshless Lagrangian particle method, smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH) is one of the most suitable candidates for simulations of vehicle wading due to its inherent advantages in modeling free surface flows, splash, and moving interfaces. Nevertheless, the inevitable neighbor query for the nearest adjacent particles among the support domain leads to considerable computational cost and thus limits its application in 3D large-scale simulations. In this work, a GPU-based SPH method is developed with an adaptive spatial sort technology for simulations of vehicle wading. In addition, a fast, easy-to-implement particle generator is presented for isotropic initialization of the complex vehicle geometry with optimal interpolation properties. A comparative study of vehicle wading on a puddle between the GPUbased SPH with two pieces of commercial software is used to verify the capability of the GPU-based SPH method in terms of convergence analysis, kinematic characteristics, and computing performance. Finally, different conditions of vehicle speeds, water depths, and puddle widths are tested to investigate the vehicle wading numerically. The results demonstrate that the adaptive spatial sort technology can significantly improve the computing performance of the GPU-based SPH method and meanwhile promotes the GPU-based SPH method to be a competitive tool for the study of 3D large-scale FSI problems including vehicle wading. Some helpful findings of the critical vehicle speed, water depth as well as boundary wall effect are also reported in this work.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51605302 and 51675329)
文摘Confocal laser scanning microscopy(CLSM) has emerged as one of the most advanced fluorescence cell imaging techniques in the field of biomedicine. However, fluorescence cell imaging is limited by spatial blur and additive white noise induced by the excitation light. In this paper, a spatially adaptive high-order total variation(SA-HOTV) model for weak fluorescence image restoration is proposed to conduct image restoration. The method consists of two steps: optimizing the deconvolution model of the fluorescence image by the generalized Lagrange equation and alternating direction method of multipliers(ADMM); using spatially adaptive parameters to balance the image fidelity and the staircase effect. Finally, an comparison of SA-HOTV model and Richardson-Lucy model with total variation(RL-TV model) indicates that the proposed method can preserve the image details ultimately,reduce the staircase effect substantially and further upgrade the quality of the restored weak fluorescence image.
文摘Wavelet estimation is an important part of high-resolution seismic data processing.However,itis difficult to preserve the lateral continuity of geological structures and eff ectively recover weak geologicalbodies using conventional deterministic wavelet inversion methods,which are based on the joint inversionof wells with seismic data.In this study,starting from a single well,on the basis of the theory of single-welland multi-trace convolution,we propose a steady-state seismic wavelet extraction method for synchronizedinversion using spatial multi-well and multi-well-side seismic data.The proposed method uses a spatiallyvariable weighting function and wavelet invariant constraint conditions with particle swarm optimization toextract the optimal spatial seismic wavelet from multi-well and multi-well-side seismic data to improve thespatial adaptability of the extracted wavelet and inversion stability.The simulated data demonstrate that thewavelet extracted using the proposed method is very stable and accurate.Even at a low signal-to-noise ratio,the proposed method can extract satisfactory seismic wavelets that refl ect lateral changes in structures andweak eff ective geological bodies.The processing results for the field data show that the deconvolution resultsimprove the vertical resolution and distinguish between weak oil and water thin layers and that the horizontaldistribution characteristics are consistent with the log response characteristics.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFC3800101)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA23100201)。
文摘Scientifically assessing the suitability,safety and resilience of urban development is the premise for high-quality regional development in China.Here we developed a high-precision coupling model for comprehensive assessing the spatially explicit adaptation,and livability and safety of urban development,based on urban expansion and nine types of natural disaster risks data in 1990–2020.Through remote sensing and big data mining methods,we revealed spatial differentiation characteristics of urban development's spatial adaptation and livability safety levels over the past three decades,diagnosing the expansion status of cities at varying potential safety risk levels.The results indicate that urban development was primarily concentrated in medium to high suitability level areas(83.23%,5.23×10^(4)km^(2))from 1990 to 2020,with 14.46%of urban expansion occurring in the lowest suitability areas,predominantly in the eastern coastal and western regions.From the safety aspect,urban development predominantly occurred in areas with medium to highest safety levels(49%),yet 13%of urban expansion areas exhibit relatively high safety risks.In the eastern coastal regions,the primary threat is water-related risks,with urban expansion in these risk areas accounting for 62%of total expansion.The western region is mainly threatened by geological earthquake risks,with urban expansion area in these risk zones exceeding by more than four times of that in the eastern,central,and northeastern regions.The central region is primarily at risk from high-temperature disaster,while the northeastern region faces risks from low-temperature and snow-related disasters.Overall,urban development in China over the past three decades has displayed a pattern of the highsuitability and high-expansion in the eastern regions,medium-suitability and medium-speed expansion in the central region,lowsuitability and low-expansion in the western region,and the high-suitability and slow-expansion in the northeastern region.This study provides scientific guidance for the“Beautiful China”initiative,facilitating the precise adaptation of high-quality regional development and resilient urban safety,and promoting the coordinated development of differentiated regional socioeconomic and ecological systems.
基金The Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.51021004the National Natural Science Foundation for Youth of China under contract No. 51109018+2 种基金the Open Foundation of Water & Sediment Science and Water Hazard Prevention Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory under contract No. 2011SS05the Open Foundation of Port,Coastal and offshore Engineering Hunan Provincial Key Discipline under contract No. 20110815001the Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety under contract No.HSSKLTJU-201208.
文摘A spatially adaptive (SA) two-dimensional (2-D) numerical wave flume is presented based on the quadtree mesh system,in which a new multiple particle level set (MPLS) method is proposed to solve the problem of interface tracking,in which common intersection may be traversed by multiple interfaces.By using the adaptive mesh technique and the MPLS method,mesh resolution is updated automatically with time according to flow characteristics in the modeling process with higher resolution around the free surface and the solid boundary and lower resolution in less important area.The model has good performance in saving computer memory and CPU time and is validated by computational examples of small amplitude wave,second-order Stokes wave and cnoidal wave.Computational results also indicate that standing wave and wave overtopping are also reasonably simulated by the model.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51379143 and No.51109018)the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51021004)+1 种基金the Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of Water-Sediment Science and Water Disaster Prevention of Hunan Province(No.2014SS01)the Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety(No.HSSKLTJU-201208)
文摘The technique of adaptive tree mesh is an effective way to reduce computational cost through automatic adjustment of cell size according to necessity. In the present study, the 2D numerical N-S solver based on the adaptive quadtree mesh system was extended to a 3D one, in which a spatially adaptive oetree mesh system and multiple particle level set method were adopted for the convenience to deal with the air-water-structure multiple-medium coexisting domain. The stretching process of a dumbbell was simulated and the results indicate that the meshes are well adaptable to the free surface. The collapsing process of water column impinging a circle cylinder was simulated and from the results, it can be seen that the processes of fluid splitting and merging are properly simulated. The interaction of second-order Stokes waves with a square cylinder was simulated and the obtained drag force is consistent with the result by the Morison＇s wave force formula with the coefficient values of the stable drag component and the inertial force component bein~ set as 2.54.
文摘Research on thermal comfort has revealed various adaptive behaviours in a hostel room,such as changing cloth-ing,use of windows,doors,and ceiling fans.Hostel rooms are used for various activities and are typically fur-nished with a wardrobe,bed,study table,and chair.Recent studies indicate that ceiling fan fixed at the centre of the room may not provide adequate air velocity for different activities occurring in different parts of a room.Although students generally arrange furniture based on their preferences and room geometry,the influence of fan-induced air on furniture layout to improve thermal comfort is yet to be established.In this context,this study investigates spatial adaptation and identifies the factors affecting furniture layout preferences in hostel rooms.In a yearlong study,patterns of furniture layout were observed in twenty-one naturally ventilated hostel buildings to find their relationship with environmental and non-environmental factors.A total of 1665 observation data was collected from single,double,and triple occupancy rooms.Influence of various factors on arranging the furniture was identified through a questionnaire survey.Throughout the survey,outdoor temperature varied between 23 and 41°C and outdoor relative humidity varied between 32.3%and 97.5%.The spatial arrangement of furni-ture was evaluated against fan location.Results indicate that fan location and indoor temperature significantly influence the furniture arrangement.A logistic regression equation was developed to evaluate the trigger temper-ature when students began moving furniture towards ceiling fan.In a single occupancy room,above 34.2°C,the probability of moving the bed towards the fan was found to be maximum.In single and double occupancy rooms,students move the bed near the ceiling fan predominantly during night-time to get sufficient air movement.A cautious design of furniture layout and adding a personalised fan for various activities may improve the thermal comfort in hostel rooms.
基金This work has been sponsored by the Higher Education Commission,Government of Pakistan under the Scholarship Grant No.17-6(176)Sch/2001.
文摘We present a general formulation based on punctual kriging and fuzzy concepts for image restoration in spatial domain. Gray-level images degraded with Gaussian white noise have been considered. Based on the pixel local neighborhood, fuzzy logic has been employed intelligently to avoid unnecessary estimation of a pixel. The intensity estimation of the selected pixels is then carried out by employing punctual kriging in conjunction with the method of Lagrange multipliers and estimates of local semi-variances. Application of such a hybrid technique performing both selection and intensity estimation of a pixel demonstrates substantial improvement in the image quality as compared to the adaptive Wiener filter and existing fuzzykriging approaches. It has been found that these filters achieve noise reduction without loss of structural detail information, as indicated by their higher structure similarity indices, peak signal to noise ratios and the new variogram based quality measures.
基金National Basic Research Program of China(2015CB352005)National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(61378091,61404123,61505118,61505121,61525503)+5 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2014M55226)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2014A030312008)Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan cooperation innovation platform&major projects of international cooperation in Colleges and Universities in Guangdong Province(2015KGJHZ002)National Institute of General Medical Sciences(NIGMS)(P20GM103499,R21GM104683)National Science Foundation(NSF)(1539034)Shenzhen Basic Research Project(JCYJ20150930104948169,GJHZ20160226202139185,JCYJ20160328144746940)
文摘Stimulated emission depletion(STED) microscopy is one of far-field optical microscopy techniques that can provide sub-diffraction spatial resolution. The spatial resolution of the STED microscopy is determined by the specially engineered beam profile of the depletion beam and its power. However, the beam profile of the depletion beam may be distorted due to aberrations of optical systems and inhomogeneity of a specimen's optical properties, resulting in a compromised spatial resolution. The situation gets deteriorated when thick samples are imaged. In the worst case, the severe distortion of the depletion beam profile may cause complete loss of the superresolution effect no matter how much depletion power is applied to specimens. Previously several adaptive optics approaches have been explored to compensate aberrations of systems and specimens. However, it is difficult to correct the complicated high-order optical aberrations of specimens. In this report, we demonstrate that the complicated distorted wavefront from a thick phantom sample can be measured by using the coherent optical adaptive technique. The full correction can effectively maintain and improve spatial resolution in imaging thick samples.
基金supported by NSERC (Grant RGPIN-04360-2014)JSPS KAKENHI (Grant 17H00752)
文摘We introduce a new advection scheme for fluid animation.Our main contribution is the use of long-term temporal changes in pressure to extend the commonly used semi-Lagrangian scheme further back along the time axis.Our algorithm starts by tracing sample points along a trajectory following the velocity field backwards in time for many steps.During this backtracing process,the pressure gradient along the path is integrated to correct the velocity of the current time step.We show that our method effectively suppresses numerical diffusion,retains small-scale vorticity,and provides better long-term kinetic energy preservation.
基金supported by the Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52378029)Tianjin Science Foundation(Grant No.19JCQNJC07300).
文摘Interactive architecture designs enable spatial forms to respond to human activities by integrating technology,programming,and spatial experience.Most interactive programs respond to established actions in a uniform manner and do not take into account the individual emotional state of the user.However,the emotional states of children and adolescents with emotional/behavioral disorders play a crucial role in their interactions,and uniform spatial responses cannot be adapted to different people.This study developed an interactive architectural system for children with emotional/behavioral disorders based on individual emotion recognition and corresponding spatial transformation.The method proposed in this study enables individuals in certain emotional categories,such as extroverted,introverted,aggressive,and defensive states,to receive matching spatial responses.Using this individuality-oriented interactive system,we built a practical pavilion in a primary school in Tianjin.This study demonstrates how combining individual emotions and spatial variations opens up new design possibilities for interactive architecture.
基金supported by the Laoshan Laboratory(Grant No.LSKJ202202000)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12032002,and U22A20256)Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(Grant No.L212023)。
文摘Vehicle wading is a complex fluid-structure interaction(FSI) problem and has attracted great attention recently from the automotive industry, especially for electric vehicles. As a meshless Lagrangian particle method, smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH) is one of the most suitable candidates for simulations of vehicle wading due to its inherent advantages in modeling free surface flows, splash, and moving interfaces. Nevertheless, the inevitable neighbor query for the nearest adjacent particles among the support domain leads to considerable computational cost and thus limits its application in 3D large-scale simulations. In this work, a GPU-based SPH method is developed with an adaptive spatial sort technology for simulations of vehicle wading. In addition, a fast, easy-to-implement particle generator is presented for isotropic initialization of the complex vehicle geometry with optimal interpolation properties. A comparative study of vehicle wading on a puddle between the GPUbased SPH with two pieces of commercial software is used to verify the capability of the GPU-based SPH method in terms of convergence analysis, kinematic characteristics, and computing performance. Finally, different conditions of vehicle speeds, water depths, and puddle widths are tested to investigate the vehicle wading numerically. The results demonstrate that the adaptive spatial sort technology can significantly improve the computing performance of the GPU-based SPH method and meanwhile promotes the GPU-based SPH method to be a competitive tool for the study of 3D large-scale FSI problems including vehicle wading. Some helpful findings of the critical vehicle speed, water depth as well as boundary wall effect are also reported in this work.
