Noise pollution is one of the common physical harmful factors in many work environments.The current study aimed to assess personal and environmental sound pressure level and project the sound-Isosonic map in one of th...Noise pollution is one of the common physical harmful factors in many work environments.The current study aimed to assess personal and environmental sound pressure level and project the sound-Isosonic map in one of the Razavi Khorasan Paste manufacture using Surfer V.14 and Noise at work V.5.0.This cross-sectional,descrip-tive study is analytical that was conducted in 2018 in the Paste factory that contains Canister,production and Brewing unit.Following ISO 9612:2009,Casella Cel-320 was used to measure personal sound pressure level,while CEL-450 sound level meter(manufactured by Casella-Cel,the UK)was employed to assess environmental sound pressure level.Statistical analyzes was done using SPSS V.18 and Linear Regression test.The sound-isosonic maps were projected using Surfer V.14 and Noise at work V.5.0.The results of assessing personal sound pressure level indicated that the highest received dose(172.21%)and personal equivalent sound level(87.36 dBA)were recorded for workers in the Canister unit.According to results of measuring of the environmental sound pressure level,out of 16 measurement stations in this unit,overall 87.5%were regarded as danger and caution areas.The lowest and highest sound pressure levels in this units were 61 dBA and 92 dBA that belong to Brewing and Canister units respectively.Results indicate Over 75%of the Canister and production units had a sound pressure level greater than 85 dBA and these two units were regarded as the most dangerous area in terms of noise pollution.It is there-fore necessary to implement noise control measures,apply hearing protection program and auditory tests among workers in these units.展开更多
In this study,the crowd has been investigated and analyzed in waiting areas in large general hospitals in China in order to find the rules the variations of sound environment with the change of crowd. The field invest...In this study,the crowd has been investigated and analyzed in waiting areas in large general hospitals in China in order to find the rules the variations of sound environment with the change of crowd. The field investigation,questionnaire,field-testing and computer simulation have been adopted. The results show that: the social /demographic characteristics of staff and patients are not significantly related to the satisfaction evaluation of sound environment; there is a significant correlation between the population density and LAeq of the background noise in waiting areas; when population density is 0,the LAeq of background noise is not 0 in waiting areas; the loudspeaker should be set in the waiting areas. Loudspeaker arrangements should be integrated into the ceiling lamp or construct facilities along the depth direction of the layout,and the two adjacent speakers recommended distance should be controlled at about 4 m. If the population density is controlled in the reasonable range,and sound absorption,noise reduction processing and electronic queuing system are adopted,sound environment of waiting areas will be built with noise interference relatively small in different population densities.展开更多
Environmental sound classification(ESC)involves the process of distinguishing an audio stream associated with numerous environmental sounds.Some common aspects such as the framework difference,overlapping of different...Environmental sound classification(ESC)involves the process of distinguishing an audio stream associated with numerous environmental sounds.Some common aspects such as the framework difference,overlapping of different sound events,and the presence of various sound sources during recording make the ESC task much more complicated and complex.This research is to propose a deep learning model to improve the recognition rate of environmental sounds and reduce the model training time under limited computation resources.In this research,the performance of transformer and convolutional neural networks(CNN)are investigated.Seven audio features,chromagram,Mel-spectrogram,tonnetz,Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients(MFCCs),delta MFCCs,delta-delta MFCCs and spectral contrast,are extracted fromtheUrbanSound8K,ESC-50,and ESC-10,databases.Moreover,this research also employed three data enhancement methods,namely,white noise,pitch tuning,and time stretch to reduce the risk of overfitting issue due to the limited audio clips.The evaluation of various experiments demonstrates that the best performance was achieved by the proposed transformer model using seven audio features on enhanced database.For UrbanSound8K,ESC-50,and ESC-10,the highest attained accuracies are 0.98,0.94,and 0.97 respectively.The experimental results reveal that the proposed technique can achieve the best performance for ESC problems.展开更多
By using the expressions for the maximum absorption per wavelength (αλ),and the relaxation frequency fr of the boric acid relaxation derived previously by the author and employing the related oceanographic literatur...By using the expressions for the maximum absorption per wavelength (αλ),and the relaxation frequency fr of the boric acid relaxation derived previously by the author and employing the related oceanographic literatures, the effects of pressure, temperature, pH and salinity on (αλ)r and ∫r of the boric acid relaxation in sea water have been estimated. Results show that ( αλ), not only increases with pH but also increases approximately linearly with pressure and temperature, and is nearly proportional to the 1. 35 power of salinity. However, pressure, pH and salinity have negligible effect on ∫r; therefore, ∫r, can be approximately expressed as a function of temperature only. Comparisons of the predicted with the measured ( αλ)r and ∫r in different ocean areas are given.展开更多
Environmental sound classification (ESC) has gained increasing attention in recent years. This study focuses on the evaluation of the popular public dataset Urbansound8k (Us8k) at different sampling rates using hand c...Environmental sound classification (ESC) has gained increasing attention in recent years. This study focuses on the evaluation of the popular public dataset Urbansound8k (Us8k) at different sampling rates using hand crafted features. The Us8k dataset contains environment sounds recorded at various sampling rates, and previous ESC works have uniformly resampled the dataset. Some previous work converted this data to different sampling rates for various reasons. Some of them chose to convert the rest of the dataset to 44,100, as the majority of the Us8k files were already at that sampling rate. On the other hand, some researchers down sampled the dataset to 8000, as it reduced computational complexity, while others resampled it to 16,000, aiming to achieve a balance between higher classification accuracy and lower computational complexity. In this research, we assessed the performance of ESC tasks using sampling rates of 8000 Hz, 16,000 Hz, and 44,100 Hz by extracting the hand crafted features Mel frequency cepstral coefficient (MFCC), gamma tone cepstral coefficients (GTCC), and Mel Spectrogram (MelSpec). The results indicated that there was no significant difference in the classification accuracy among the three tested sampling rates.展开更多
This paper introduced the concept of soundscape, investigated sound environment of old urban residential districts, and explored soundscape elements and soundscape designs. In view of current sound environment feature...This paper introduced the concept of soundscape, investigated sound environment of old urban residential districts, and explored soundscape elements and soundscape designs. In view of current sound environment features of old urban residential districts and different population groups' preferences for different sound elements, this paper proposed soundscape design methods to improve sound environment of old urban residential districts.展开更多
In recent years, the quantity of our country＇s municipal damestic wustes increase rapidly, but the waste disposal still has problems, such as the simple way of processing, wasting the resources, the serious environme...In recent years, the quantity of our country＇s municipal damestic wustes increase rapidly, but the waste disposal still has problems, such as the simple way of processing, wasting the resources, the serious environmental pollution and so on. By holding waste minimization as the center, the developed countries have formed perfect waste management system, Based on analyzing the status quo and problems of processing in our country, on the principle of benefit, scale, waste minimization, reclamation and hazard-free treatment, according to the recycling model of processing, the article has constructed ant country＇s domestic wastes management system, proposed the meusures of promoting the operation of system. It has realized the traasformatian of waste management system from terminal disposal to source reduction. ewhieved the goals, including domestic wastes categorizing and reclaiming, industrialization and non-pollution processing, and finally brought sustainable development for resources, environment, economy and society.展开更多
To the editor:The superior semicircular canal dehiscence was first described by Minor et all in 1998 as a condition in which the superior semicircular canal lacks a bony covering and has gained constantly increasing i...To the editor:The superior semicircular canal dehiscence was first described by Minor et all in 1998 as a condition in which the superior semicircular canal lacks a bony covering and has gained constantly increasing interest since its discovery.2 The symptoms are varied but specific what is known as Minor syndrome or‘third mobile window’syndrome,'as patients may experience autophony with abnormally loud sounds like footsteps,chewing,breathing,eye movement,echoing voice,distortion of environmental sounds and pulsatile tinnitus.展开更多
The Swiss-Ghana Amendments to the Basel Convention mark a significant milestone in global e-waste(electronic waste)management,requiring Prior Informed Consent(PIC)for all transboundary movements of Waste Electrical an...The Swiss-Ghana Amendments to the Basel Convention mark a significant milestone in global e-waste(electronic waste)management,requiring Prior Informed Consent(PIC)for all transboundary movements of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment(WEEE),regardless of their hazard classification.However,developing nations encounter substantial challenges in adhering to these amendments due to regulatory gaps,limited infrastructure,and an increasing influx of illicit e-waste imports.This study uses Malaysia as a case study to evaluate the readiness of developing nations to implement amendments,highlighting transferable solutions and recommendations.This study employs a mixedmethods approach that combines qualitative thematic analysis and bibliometric mapping to analyze academic literature,official reports,and international case studies.The findings reveal that while Malaysia has foundational policies in place,significant challenges remain in addressing informal recycling practices,improving enforcement mechanisms,and building the institutional capacity to implement PIC procedures effectively.This study identifies key areas for improvement,including regulatory reforms,infrastructure development,and enhanced monitoring systems.To address these issues,this study proposes a six-key Integrated Decision Framework that emphasizes legislative and regulatory updates,infrastructure development,international cooperation,capacity building and training,public awareness and engagement,and robust monitoring and enforcement mechanisms.Although tailored to Malaysia,the framework offers transferable solutions to align e-waste management systems with the Swiss-Ghana Amendments,providing a pathway for developing nations to strengthen regulatory readiness,mitigate environmental risks,and contribute to global sustainability.展开更多
This paper describes a fundamental consideration on our works on the design of general Bayes' filters for the state estimation of non-stationary, non-linear, and non-Gaussian environmental sound and vibration syst...This paper describes a fundamental consideration on our works on the design of general Bayes' filters for the state estimation of non-stationary, non-linear, and non-Gaussian environmental sound and vibration systems. We have discussed an essential point of several Bayes' filters proposed by using the orthogonal or non-orthogonal expansion form of Bayes' theorem. They can estimate any kinds of statistics of arbitrary function type of state variables including the lower and the higher order statistics connected with the Lx evaluation index in the environmental sound and vibration systems. Here, we have mainly focussed on giving the fundamental viewpoints of their design policies. Some new estimation methods and new results not yet published are included.展开更多
A new sound source localization method with sound speed compensation is proposed to reduce the wind influence on the performance of conventional TDOA （Time Difference of Arrival） algorithms. First, the sound speed i...A new sound source localization method with sound speed compensation is proposed to reduce the wind influence on the performance of conventional TDOA （Time Difference of Arrival） algorithms. First, the sound speed is described as a set of functions of the unknown source location, to approximate the acoustic velocity field distribution in the wind field. Then, they are introduced into the TDOA algorithm, to construct nonlinear equations. Finally, the particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to estimate the source location. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can significantly improve the localization accuracy for different wind velocities, source locations and test area sizes. The experimental results show that the proposed method can reduce localization errors to about 40% of the original error in a four nodes localization system.展开更多
This article presents a comparative analysis of the technology status of CCS （carbon capture and storage） in Japan and Brazil. Japan＇s GHG （greenhouse Gas） emissions are declining while Brazil＇s are increasing. ...This article presents a comparative analysis of the technology status of CCS （carbon capture and storage） in Japan and Brazil. Japan＇s GHG （greenhouse Gas） emissions are declining while Brazil＇s are increasing. Among ESTs （environmentally sound technologies） the potential of GHG mitigation of CCS has gained prominence. The research identifies the main activities and positions of the actors involved in CCS technology implementation in Japan and Brazil, and contrasts and compares reasons for the large-scale use of the CCS technologies in the two countries. This analysis is based on a literature review and a field survey done to collect primary data via visits to organizations and experts. This data was enhanced by an analysis of patent deposits in the area of CCS in the two countries in last 20 years. As regards the legal framework for climate change, and for CCS in particular, while responses to the main international decisions can be found in Japan, in Brazil this is not the case. In Japan the public sector has an effective participation together with private sector and civil society. In Brazil CCS activities are conducted by the private sector which is in turn putting pressure on civil society in particular academia. Currently, Japan is focusing on CCS capture technologies, while Brazil is focusing on CCS storage technologies. In summary, the CCS framework is being more efficiently carried out in Japan than in Brazil.展开更多
The HKC （Hong Kong Convention） adopted by the IMO in 2009 is aimed at ensuring that ships, when being recycled after reaching the end of their operational lives, do not pose any unnecessary risk to human health and ...The HKC （Hong Kong Convention） adopted by the IMO in 2009 is aimed at ensuring that ships, when being recycled after reaching the end of their operational lives, do not pose any unnecessary risk to human health and safety of the marine environment. The text of the ship recycling Convention was developed with input from the IMO （International Maritime Organization） Member States and relevant NGOs （Non-Governmental Organizations）, and in co-operation with the ILO （International Labor Organization） and the Parties to the Basel Convention. The Convention intends to address all the issues around ship recycling, taking into account that ships sold for scrapping may contain environmentally hazardous substances. It addresses concerns raised about the working and environmental conditions at many of the world ship recycling locations. Regulations in the new Convention cover： the design, construction, operation and preparation of ships so as to facilitate safe and environmentally sound recycling, without compromising the safety and operational efficiency of ships; the operation of ship recycling facilities in a safe and environmentally sound manner; and the establishment of an appropriate enforcement mechanism for ship recycling, incorporating certification and reporting requirements. This paper will present and discuss the evaluation of the Hong Kong Convention. Also it will discuss implementing the Hong Kong convention to improve the recycling business, highlighting the effect of the convention on the maritime industry.展开更多
文摘Noise pollution is one of the common physical harmful factors in many work environments.The current study aimed to assess personal and environmental sound pressure level and project the sound-Isosonic map in one of the Razavi Khorasan Paste manufacture using Surfer V.14 and Noise at work V.5.0.This cross-sectional,descrip-tive study is analytical that was conducted in 2018 in the Paste factory that contains Canister,production and Brewing unit.Following ISO 9612:2009,Casella Cel-320 was used to measure personal sound pressure level,while CEL-450 sound level meter(manufactured by Casella-Cel,the UK)was employed to assess environmental sound pressure level.Statistical analyzes was done using SPSS V.18 and Linear Regression test.The sound-isosonic maps were projected using Surfer V.14 and Noise at work V.5.0.The results of assessing personal sound pressure level indicated that the highest received dose(172.21%)and personal equivalent sound level(87.36 dBA)were recorded for workers in the Canister unit.According to results of measuring of the environmental sound pressure level,out of 16 measurement stations in this unit,overall 87.5%were regarded as danger and caution areas.The lowest and highest sound pressure levels in this units were 61 dBA and 92 dBA that belong to Brewing and Canister units respectively.Results indicate Over 75%of the Canister and production units had a sound pressure level greater than 85 dBA and these two units were regarded as the most dangerous area in terms of noise pollution.It is there-fore necessary to implement noise control measures,apply hearing protection program and auditory tests among workers in these units.
基金Sponsored by the People's Republic of China Ministry of Education Foundation for PhD Bases (Grant No.20112302110045)the Training Program of Young Talent of Heilongjiang University of Science and Techonology
文摘In this study,the crowd has been investigated and analyzed in waiting areas in large general hospitals in China in order to find the rules the variations of sound environment with the change of crowd. The field investigation,questionnaire,field-testing and computer simulation have been adopted. The results show that: the social /demographic characteristics of staff and patients are not significantly related to the satisfaction evaluation of sound environment; there is a significant correlation between the population density and LAeq of the background noise in waiting areas; when population density is 0,the LAeq of background noise is not 0 in waiting areas; the loudspeaker should be set in the waiting areas. Loudspeaker arrangements should be integrated into the ceiling lamp or construct facilities along the depth direction of the layout,and the two adjacent speakers recommended distance should be controlled at about 4 m. If the population density is controlled in the reasonable range,and sound absorption,noise reduction processing and electronic queuing system are adopted,sound environment of waiting areas will be built with noise interference relatively small in different population densities.
基金the Taif University Researchers Supporting Project number(TURSP-2020/36),Taif University,Taif,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Environmental sound classification(ESC)involves the process of distinguishing an audio stream associated with numerous environmental sounds.Some common aspects such as the framework difference,overlapping of different sound events,and the presence of various sound sources during recording make the ESC task much more complicated and complex.This research is to propose a deep learning model to improve the recognition rate of environmental sounds and reduce the model training time under limited computation resources.In this research,the performance of transformer and convolutional neural networks(CNN)are investigated.Seven audio features,chromagram,Mel-spectrogram,tonnetz,Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients(MFCCs),delta MFCCs,delta-delta MFCCs and spectral contrast,are extracted fromtheUrbanSound8K,ESC-50,and ESC-10,databases.Moreover,this research also employed three data enhancement methods,namely,white noise,pitch tuning,and time stretch to reduce the risk of overfitting issue due to the limited audio clips.The evaluation of various experiments demonstrates that the best performance was achieved by the proposed transformer model using seven audio features on enhanced database.For UrbanSound8K,ESC-50,and ESC-10,the highest attained accuracies are 0.98,0.94,and 0.97 respectively.The experimental results reveal that the proposed technique can achieve the best performance for ESC problems.
基金This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘By using the expressions for the maximum absorption per wavelength (αλ),and the relaxation frequency fr of the boric acid relaxation derived previously by the author and employing the related oceanographic literatures, the effects of pressure, temperature, pH and salinity on (αλ)r and ∫r of the boric acid relaxation in sea water have been estimated. Results show that ( αλ), not only increases with pH but also increases approximately linearly with pressure and temperature, and is nearly proportional to the 1. 35 power of salinity. However, pressure, pH and salinity have negligible effect on ∫r; therefore, ∫r, can be approximately expressed as a function of temperature only. Comparisons of the predicted with the measured ( αλ)r and ∫r in different ocean areas are given.
文摘Environmental sound classification (ESC) has gained increasing attention in recent years. This study focuses on the evaluation of the popular public dataset Urbansound8k (Us8k) at different sampling rates using hand crafted features. The Us8k dataset contains environment sounds recorded at various sampling rates, and previous ESC works have uniformly resampled the dataset. Some previous work converted this data to different sampling rates for various reasons. Some of them chose to convert the rest of the dataset to 44,100, as the majority of the Us8k files were already at that sampling rate. On the other hand, some researchers down sampled the dataset to 8000, as it reduced computational complexity, while others resampled it to 16,000, aiming to achieve a balance between higher classification accuracy and lower computational complexity. In this research, we assessed the performance of ESC tasks using sampling rates of 8000 Hz, 16,000 Hz, and 44,100 Hz by extracting the hand crafted features Mel frequency cepstral coefficient (MFCC), gamma tone cepstral coefficients (GTCC), and Mel Spectrogram (MelSpec). The results indicated that there was no significant difference in the classification accuracy among the three tested sampling rates.
基金Sponsored by Scientific&Technological Program of Liaoning Provincial Department of Education(L2011044)
文摘This paper introduced the concept of soundscape, investigated sound environment of old urban residential districts, and explored soundscape elements and soundscape designs. In view of current sound environment features of old urban residential districts and different population groups' preferences for different sound elements, this paper proposed soundscape design methods to improve sound environment of old urban residential districts.
文摘In recent years, the quantity of our country＇s municipal damestic wustes increase rapidly, but the waste disposal still has problems, such as the simple way of processing, wasting the resources, the serious environmental pollution and so on. By holding waste minimization as the center, the developed countries have formed perfect waste management system, Based on analyzing the status quo and problems of processing in our country, on the principle of benefit, scale, waste minimization, reclamation and hazard-free treatment, according to the recycling model of processing, the article has constructed ant country＇s domestic wastes management system, proposed the meusures of promoting the operation of system. It has realized the traasformatian of waste management system from terminal disposal to source reduction. ewhieved the goals, including domestic wastes categorizing and reclaiming, industrialization and non-pollution processing, and finally brought sustainable development for resources, environment, economy and society.
文摘To the editor:The superior semicircular canal dehiscence was first described by Minor et all in 1998 as a condition in which the superior semicircular canal lacks a bony covering and has gained constantly increasing interest since its discovery.2 The symptoms are varied but specific what is known as Minor syndrome or‘third mobile window’syndrome,'as patients may experience autophony with abnormally loud sounds like footsteps,chewing,breathing,eye movement,echoing voice,distortion of environmental sounds and pulsatile tinnitus.
基金support through an MTUN matching grant[Grant No.INDUSTRI(MTUN)/MEGATRAX/2024/FTKIP/I00089]supported by the Kesidang Scholarship awarded by UTeM to the main author.
文摘The Swiss-Ghana Amendments to the Basel Convention mark a significant milestone in global e-waste(electronic waste)management,requiring Prior Informed Consent(PIC)for all transboundary movements of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment(WEEE),regardless of their hazard classification.However,developing nations encounter substantial challenges in adhering to these amendments due to regulatory gaps,limited infrastructure,and an increasing influx of illicit e-waste imports.This study uses Malaysia as a case study to evaluate the readiness of developing nations to implement amendments,highlighting transferable solutions and recommendations.This study employs a mixedmethods approach that combines qualitative thematic analysis and bibliometric mapping to analyze academic literature,official reports,and international case studies.The findings reveal that while Malaysia has foundational policies in place,significant challenges remain in addressing informal recycling practices,improving enforcement mechanisms,and building the institutional capacity to implement PIC procedures effectively.This study identifies key areas for improvement,including regulatory reforms,infrastructure development,and enhanced monitoring systems.To address these issues,this study proposes a six-key Integrated Decision Framework that emphasizes legislative and regulatory updates,infrastructure development,international cooperation,capacity building and training,public awareness and engagement,and robust monitoring and enforcement mechanisms.Although tailored to Malaysia,the framework offers transferable solutions to align e-waste management systems with the Swiss-Ghana Amendments,providing a pathway for developing nations to strengthen regulatory readiness,mitigate environmental risks,and contribute to global sustainability.
文摘This paper describes a fundamental consideration on our works on the design of general Bayes' filters for the state estimation of non-stationary, non-linear, and non-Gaussian environmental sound and vibration systems. We have discussed an essential point of several Bayes' filters proposed by using the orthogonal or non-orthogonal expansion form of Bayes' theorem. They can estimate any kinds of statistics of arbitrary function type of state variables including the lower and the higher order statistics connected with the Lx evaluation index in the environmental sound and vibration systems. Here, we have mainly focussed on giving the fundamental viewpoints of their design policies. Some new estimation methods and new results not yet published are included.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Fundation of China(61501374)Underwater Information and Control Key Laboratory Fundation(9140C230310150C23102)
文摘A new sound source localization method with sound speed compensation is proposed to reduce the wind influence on the performance of conventional TDOA （Time Difference of Arrival） algorithms. First, the sound speed is described as a set of functions of the unknown source location, to approximate the acoustic velocity field distribution in the wind field. Then, they are introduced into the TDOA algorithm, to construct nonlinear equations. Finally, the particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to estimate the source location. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can significantly improve the localization accuracy for different wind velocities, source locations and test area sizes. The experimental results show that the proposed method can reduce localization errors to about 40% of the original error in a four nodes localization system.
文摘This article presents a comparative analysis of the technology status of CCS （carbon capture and storage） in Japan and Brazil. Japan＇s GHG （greenhouse Gas） emissions are declining while Brazil＇s are increasing. Among ESTs （environmentally sound technologies） the potential of GHG mitigation of CCS has gained prominence. The research identifies the main activities and positions of the actors involved in CCS technology implementation in Japan and Brazil, and contrasts and compares reasons for the large-scale use of the CCS technologies in the two countries. This analysis is based on a literature review and a field survey done to collect primary data via visits to organizations and experts. This data was enhanced by an analysis of patent deposits in the area of CCS in the two countries in last 20 years. As regards the legal framework for climate change, and for CCS in particular, while responses to the main international decisions can be found in Japan, in Brazil this is not the case. In Japan the public sector has an effective participation together with private sector and civil society. In Brazil CCS activities are conducted by the private sector which is in turn putting pressure on civil society in particular academia. Currently, Japan is focusing on CCS capture technologies, while Brazil is focusing on CCS storage technologies. In summary, the CCS framework is being more efficiently carried out in Japan than in Brazil.
文摘The HKC （Hong Kong Convention） adopted by the IMO in 2009 is aimed at ensuring that ships, when being recycled after reaching the end of their operational lives, do not pose any unnecessary risk to human health and safety of the marine environment. The text of the ship recycling Convention was developed with input from the IMO （International Maritime Organization） Member States and relevant NGOs （Non-Governmental Organizations）, and in co-operation with the ILO （International Labor Organization） and the Parties to the Basel Convention. The Convention intends to address all the issues around ship recycling, taking into account that ships sold for scrapping may contain environmentally hazardous substances. It addresses concerns raised about the working and environmental conditions at many of the world ship recycling locations. Regulations in the new Convention cover： the design, construction, operation and preparation of ships so as to facilitate safe and environmentally sound recycling, without compromising the safety and operational efficiency of ships; the operation of ship recycling facilities in a safe and environmentally sound manner; and the establishment of an appropriate enforcement mechanism for ship recycling, incorporating certification and reporting requirements. This paper will present and discuss the evaluation of the Hong Kong Convention. Also it will discuss implementing the Hong Kong convention to improve the recycling business, highlighting the effect of the convention on the maritime industry.
